Quart Of Milk Research Articles

Hazards of Radioactive Fallout

Many of my patients are aware of the poisonous attributes of strontium-90 and its particular affinity for the bones of growing children. It would be an immense relief to them and to me to have available decontaminated milk and formula. It is my understanding that there is now available a relatively inexpensive process for removing radioactive strontium-90 from milk. This method involves the use of a simple ion-exchange resin column, and its estimated use would increase the cost of a quart of milk from five to ten cents.

When is a Quart of Milk a Quart?

When is a Quart of Milk a Quart?

Effect of Milk on Short Duration, Sprint, and Power Types of Athletic Performance

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of varied amounts of milk in a balanced diet as it relates to short duration, sprint, and power types of athletic performance. Since milk contributes substantial amounts of protein to the diet, it was felt that protein might be a contributing factor in any cause and effect relationship between milk, diet, and physical performance. Hence protein at three levels were included as a variable by combining the three amounts with the changing levels of milk. Learning and conditioning tests were conducted before the start of the experiment and for the final three days of each diet period. Performance on the tests used in the study was not altered by the use of one or two quarts of milk per day in the diet as compared to the absence of all milk from the diet. At the different levels of protein used in this study, performance was unchanged.

MULTIPLE CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY IN INFANTS

The possible causes of hypochromic anemia were sought in a study of 272 infants whose blood had been found to contain less than 9 Gm. of hemoglobin per 100 cc. The most common factor was prematurity or a birth weight of less than 3,000 Gm. Prematurity was present in 80% of the patients with a hemoglobin concentration of less than 5 Gm. per 100 cc. The incidence of severe hypochromic anemia in infants weighing more than 4,000 Gm. is extremely low. A first child was less liable to become anemic than were later siblings; single children were less liable than twins; and girls less liable than boys. Dietary information was incomplete, but the most frequent dietary pattern, before treatment, was found to have been two quarts of milk daily, supplemented with mashed potatoes, dried beans, crackers, or bread. The evidence showed, however, that deficient iron intake was not the sole cause of severe hypochromic anemias. Prevention therefore depends largely on the recognition of susceptible infants in the population. These should be watched carefully and treated prophylactically with adequate doses of medicinal iron.

Lady in Waiting

of maternity patients. This special afternoon gives the nurse an opportunity to explain the clinic routine to the new patient and it gives the patient an opportunity to discuss her problems without feeling that she is being rushed. I met Maxine when she came to the health clinic for her first visit. She was approximately four months pregnant and weighed 146 pounds-six pounds above her normal weight. She was pale and she looked tired. Since Maxine had had a Wassermann test, a urinalysis, and a hemoglobin test, I looked on her record for the reports. I noted that the Wassermann was negative, the urinalysis normal, but her hemoglobin was only 60 per cent. In discussing Maxine's diet with her I discovered that it was low in calcium, phosphorous, iron, and all the vitamins except vitamin C. I told her about the importance of these food elements and urged her to drink at least a quart of milk each day, as it is important for the baby's bones and teeth. I knew that fresh milk was expensive so I suggested that she use powdered skim milk which is just as nourishing, yet lower in calories. The cost of the powdered milk is approximately eight cents a quart, whereas fresh milk is 27 cents a quart. When the powdered milk is mixed and chilled, it tastes like fresh milk. Flavoring may be used to make it more palatable or it may be hidden in prepared dishes. Maxine seemed very pleased to hear about this much cheaper but wholesome product and promised that she would try it. Although milk is very important during pregnancy, I also explained the value of other foods-lean meat, especially liver, fresh vegetables, fruits, and whole grain cereals. I suggested that she avoid starchy, sweet, and greasy foods to prevent a too rapid gain in weight. Maxine told me that at times she was bothered by constipation. I explained that this was not uncommon, and could be corrected. Usually, simple steps will do this, such as drinking fluids and eating plenty of fruit and vegetables. I also told her to practice regular habits and to follow a routine of light exercises. The clinic has some illustrated booklets which show how the baby grows inside the uterus. Maxine was interested and while she looked at the pictures I stressed the fact that the

Calcinosis due to treatment of duodenal ulcer.

In 1949, Burnett, Commons, Albright, and Howard 1 reported six cases of hypercalcemia, calcinosis, and renal insufficiency, without hypercalciuria or hypophosphatemia, in patients with a history or symptoms of peptic ulcer, who had received excessive amounts of milk and absorbable alkali. The following case demonstrates many of the features of this syndrome. REPORT OF A CASE A 41-year-old white man was admitted to the Veterans Administration Hospital, Fort Howard, Md., on June 26, 1949, complaining of weakness, nausea, and vomiting, of three to four days' duration. He had noted epigastric pain in September, 1942, while in the United States Navy. Relief had been obtained from self-medication with about a quart of milk a day. He was admitted to a hospital while in service for pain and swelling of the left arm. While there he asked for sodium bicarbonate and milk to relieve his epigastric pain, and investigation revealed a duodenal

The Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Milk in the New York Metropolitan Area during Cool Weather as Determined by Bacterial Counts, Presence of Coliform Bacteria, and Flavor Scores

The Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Milk in the New York Metropolitan Area during Cool Weather as Determined by Bacterial Counts, Presence of Coliform Bacteria, and Flavor Scores

Grading, A Study in Semantics

The first thing to realize about grading as a psychological process is that it precedes measurement and counting. Judgments of the type “A is larger than B” or “This can contains less milk than that” are made long before it is possible to say, e.g., “A is twice as large as B” or “A has a volume of 25 cubic feet, B a volume of 20 cubic feet, therefore A is larger than B by 5 cubic feet,” or “This can contains a quart of milk, that one 3 quarts of milk, therefore the former has less milk in it.” In other words, judgments of quantity in terms of units of measure or in terms of number always presuppose, explicitly or implicitly, preliminary judgments of grading. The term four means something only when it is known to refer to a number which is “less than” certain others, say five, six, seven, arranged in an ordered series of relative mores and lesses, and “more than” certain others, say one, two, three, arranged in an ordered series of relative mores and lesses. Similarly, a foot as a unit of linear measure has no meaning whatever unless it is known to be more than some other stretch, say an inch, and less than a third stretch, say a yard.

Nutrition study in pregnancy: Food habits of 514 pregnant women

Only 3 per cent of the women in this group consumed one quart of milk daily. Twenty-five per cent of them had less than 8 ounces daily.Only 59 per cent of them chose one serving or more of citrus fruits and vitamin C rich foods daily.Only 54 per cent ate at least one leafy, green, or yellow vegetable daily.A large number of women did not realize the need in the diet for potatoes, legumes, and other vegetables and fruits not mentioned above.Only 47 per cent consumed three or four eggs weekly.Twenty per cent reported an intake of lean meat, poultry, and fish of one and one-half servings daily.Seventeen per cent ate one-half of their bread and cereals in the whole grain form.Only about 21 per cent used one ounce of butter or fortified butter substitute daily.

Reducing Cost of Distributing Milk in California

A great deal of popular misconception is current regarding the economies that can be made in fluid-milk distribution and regarding the ways such economies can be effected. Generalizations about overlapping routes and excessive advertising costs tend to confuse rather than clarify the issue, because such generalizations overlook the fact that certain types of operation are responsible usually for only a relatively small proportion of the total expenses of distributing milk. For example, the advertising expenditures of most distributors usually account for considerably less than one-quarter of a cent a quart of milk. Attention should be focused on rationalization of the milk-distribution industry as a whole rather than on one or two aspects or phases of distribution. All things considered, the fluid-milk-distributing industries of our various cities are probably no more inefficient-in many ways perhaps more efficient-than most other industries involving processing and distribution. Because of the vital importance of the product handled, however, it is logical for the general public to expect that every effort should be made to eliminate inefficiencies in fluid-milk distribution, even though they may be tolerated in other industries. With this most enlightened distributors would

Further observations on the comparative antirachitic value of crystalline vitamin D administered in milk, corn oil, or in propylene glycol

Summary In order to determine the prophylactic dosage of crystalline vitamin D, as well as the influence of the menstruum on the effectiveness of this antirachitic substance, 441 young infants were given, at the beginning of the winter, 145, 290, or 1,450 U.S.P. X (revised, 1934) units of crystalline vitamin D incorporated in 28 ounces of milk, in 7 drops of corn oil, or in 7 drops of propylene glycol. At the end of the winter the incidence of rickets among these various groups of infants was determined by roentgenologic examination of the wrists. The results of this investigation demonstrated that in infants receiving crystalline vitamin D in the daily ration of milk, rickets developed less frequently than in those receiving a comparable number of units of this antirachitic agent in 7 drops of corn oil or of propylene glycol. An explanation was thus offered for the greater effectiveness, from the standpoint of rat units, of irradiated milk and yeast milk, as compared with viosterol. It was found that 1,450 units of crystalline vitamin D in oil daily protected 41 of 42 infants against rickets, and this may be regarded as a satisfactory protective dose. The addition of 332 U.S.P. units of crystalline vitamin D to the quart of milk provided a highly satisfactory antirachitic milk inasmuch as only 1 of 51 infants receiving milk of this unitage developed rickets.

Utilization of Calcium Salts by Children

Children 4-12 years of age have been given calcium salts in amounts such that the calcium content was equivalent to that in a pint or quart of milk. The retentions of calcium and phosphorus have been determined and compared with the retentions from the equivalent quantities of milk. The calcium and phosphorus retentions of children from 1 to 4 years of age have been determined when a quart of milk was given as the chief source of calcium, and when a calcium salt was substituted for one pint of the milk. A few studies were made wherein the salt was substituted for all of the milk. The protein intake of each diet was kept approximately constant during the salt and milk periods. The salts used were calcium lactate, carbonate, gluconate, and the di- and tri-phosphates. The latter was given either as the salt or in the form of a purified bone meal. No difference was observed in the relative retentions from the two sources. The results are summarized in Table I. In general, the calcium and phosphorus retentions when the calcium phosphates were fed, were approximately equal to those from equivalent quantities of milk. The very high retentions observed when these salts were fed after periods of low calcium intake indicate that all forms used are well absorbed by the average child of these ages. The retentions with the other calcium salts, the gluconate, lactate and the one study with calcium carbonate, are not so consistent as those obtained with the calcium phosphates. A greater individual variation was observed in the quantity of calcium and phosphorus retained by the different children. In general, it appeared that when the intake levels of calcium and phosphorus were approximately equal, the retentions of both these elements were good in relation to the intake, but that the greater the difference between the intake levels of calcium and phosphorus, the less satisfactory were the relative retentions of these elements.

RELATION OF INGESTION OF MILK TO CALCIUM METABOLISM IN CHILDREN

The dictum quart of milk a day for every child is largely the result of an investigation by Sherman and Hawley 1 in which it was shown that the optimum amount of calcium is retained only when approximately 1 quart of milk is included in the diet. Calcium from other sources was found to be less available, lower amounts being retained when the calcium was supplied more largely from vegetables and fruits. The variations in the retentions of calcium of children who were living under comparable conditions as well as the results reported in more recent studies with both children and adults 2 suggest that the difference in the amounts of calcium retained may be due in part to the lack of uniformity in the physiologic condition of the persons studied. For example, the potentialities of growth in children or the physiologic balance in adults may have been less

Relation of Milk Ingestion to Calcium Metabolism in Children

Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen retention studies comprising 46 metabolism periods with 8 children between 3 and 5 years of age lead to the conclusion that a pint of milk, furnishing 75% of the calcium, when included as part of a diet containing adequate amounts of phosphorus, protein, fat and vitamins from other sources will supply enough calcium to meet the needs of normal children of the ages considered. The conclusions are based on a comparison of the retentions of these essential growth constituents when the children were taking diets containing a pint and a quart of milk respectively. In one series of tests the children received cod liver oil; in a second, cod liver oil and Viosterol; and in a third during June and July they were given no cod liver oil, but spent a large part of the day out of doors. The average retentions following the various diet modifications are given in the table.Seemingly the difference in the amount of calcium retained by children receiving different levels of milk above a ...

ACIDIFIED MILKS

<i>To the Editor:</i>—In my review of acidified milks, in the March issue of the<i>American Journal of Diseases of Children</i>, I failed, through an oversight, to give credit to Dr. Roy M. Greenthal of Milwaukee, who appears to have been the first in this country to use milk soured by additions of acid for infant feeding. In a paper read in June, 1922, and published in January, 1923 (Greenthal, R. M., The Role of Acidified Milk in Infant Feeding,<i>J. Michigan M. Soc</i>.<b>22</b>:9 [Jan.] 1923), Dr. Greenthal reported the successful use of milk soured by the addition of from 6 to 8 cc. of pure lactic acid to the quart of milk, approximately the proportions later advised by Marriott. Dr. Cowie referred to Dr. Greenthal's work in his discussion of my paper at the 1923 meeting of the American Pediatric Society. Stanford University School of Medicine.

The Bacterial Content of Cow Feces

In estimating the importance of the different factors which have to do with the contamination of market milk, fecal contamination has sometimes been underestimated. In the past it has been assumed that 5,000,000 bacteria per gram is a fair average for the cow feces which contaminates milk. For fresh feces this average might stand. But it is the feces which has dried on the cows body at near blood heat which generally contaminates milk. When the bacterial content of this type of feces is determined it is found to contain about a billion bacteria per gram. I t is easily seen that only a slight amount of contaminating material containing a billion bacteria per gram is needed to increase the bacterial content of milk tremendously. One-tenth of one gram per quart of milk might add half a million bacteria per cubic centimeter of milk. The above facts were brought out pointedly by Dr. M. J. Prucha 1 in results read before the nineteenth annual meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists. I t is the object of the work reported here to add further data to tha t already mentioned. The media used was standard beef extract agar of reaction about pH = 6.8. Two hundred and fifty representative colonies were taken from the plates of fresh feces and were placed in litmus milk tubes

Amputation Stumps: Their Care and After Treatment.

The author states that he was responsible for the treatment of some 3,000 amputation cases during the past year. He describes the original operation, and discusses corrective measures and the fitting of adequate artificial limbs. The book covers the subject fully, and presents illustrations from actual cases. As a record of a large personal experience the book deserves consideration in the forming of any conclusions as to the disposition of military casualties in which amputation has been performed. <h3>Milk as a Food.</h3> —A quart of milk is equivalent in fuel value to a pound of lean meat, or eight eggs. It is, therefore, a very much cheaper source of fuel than either one of these foods. —<i>Good Health</i>.

Experimental Bovine Mastitis Produced with Hemolytic Streptococci of Human Origin

The Chicago epidemic of septic sore throat reported by Capps and Miller1 was traced to a contaminated milk-supply at Batavia, Ill. It was found that on a number of farms supplying milk to Dairy X, sore throat occurred in the milkers, and mastitis appeared in the cows; in some instances the sore throat appeared first, and in other instances the mastitis preceded the throat infections. These facts bring up the question whether or not it is possible for milkers suffering with sore throat to infect the teats or udders of cows by contaminated hands or otherwise during the process of milking. The question of the susceptibility of the cow to human streptococci is also involved. In an attempt to clear up these points some experiments were designed to test the pathogenicity of human streptococci for cows, and to determine possible avenues of udder infection through the teats. For this purpose a healthy milch cow was obtained, giving at the time about 16 quarts of milk in twenty-four hours. Examination of the udder revealed no lesions, and examination of the milk from each quarter after proper cleansing of the teats showed no hemolytic streptococci on blood agar plates. Leukocytes in the milk from the quarters numbered from 10,000 to 30,000.2

Profits That Farmers Receive

Many wrong impressions prevail in regard to the real profits in farming. The consumer in the city believes that the farmer must certainly be growing rich. His impression is due to the fact that he has to pay high prices for the things the farmer sells. He little realizes the amount of capital and labor utilized in the production of these products, neither does he consider carefully the difference between the price the farmer receives for the quart of milk or bushel of potatoes and what the consumer pays. Within the last few years the Office of Farm Management of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, has made certain investigations with the view of determining the profits in farming and those factors that seem to control them. These investigations, called Farm Management Surveys, were made in representative farming areas in seven states, the results from which, with those found by the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell, give an excellent indication of the profits farmers receive for their year's work. Each district surveyed usually comprised a group of three or four townships and included all the farms within the area selected. In this way average conditions were studied, otherwise there would be a tendency on the part of the enumerator to select certain farms and pass by others. All data were collected bytrained agricultural students working under the supervision of persons acquainted with the work and who exercised the utmost care to obtain accurate results.