Quark Antiquark Research Articles

Morbidity of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Myth, Reality, or Hidden Iceberg?

We study the interaction of scalar glueball with quark–antiquark and four-quark spinless meson fields within the framework of a generalized linear sigma model in which the trace anomaly of QCD is exactly realized. To determine the pure scalar glueball mass (mh), we consider the decoupling limit in which the scalar glueball decouples from the meson fields. We find the exact relationship mh=2h0 where h0 is the vacuum expectation value of the scalar glueball field independent of the properties of the framework used.

Search for a massive resonance decaying to a pair of Higgs bosons in the four b quark final state in proton–proton collisions at [formula omitted

A search for a massive resonance decaying into a pair of standard model Higgs bosons, in a final state consisting of two b quark–antiquark pairs, is performed. A data sample of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is used, collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb−1. The Higgs bosons are highly Lorentz-boosted and are each reconstructed as a single large-area jet. The signal is characterized by a peak in the dijet invariant mass distribution, above a background from the standard model multijet production. The observations are consistent with the background expectations, and are interpreted as upper limits on the products of the s-channel production cross sections and branching fractions of narrow bulk gravitons and radions in warped extra-dimensional models. The limits range from 126 to 1.4 fb at 95% confidence level for resonances with masses between 750 and 3000 GeV, and are the most stringent to date, over the explored mass range.

Parton Theory of Magnetic Polarons: Mesonic Resonances and Signatures in Dynamics

When a mobile hole is moving in an anti-ferromagnet it distorts the surrounding Neel order and forms a magnetic polaron. Such interplay between hole motion and anti-ferromagnetism is believed to be at the heart of high-Tc superconductivity in cuprates. We study a single hole described by the t-Jz model with Ising interactions between the spins in 2D. This situation can be experimentally realized in quantum gas microscopes. When the hole hopping is much larger than couplings between the spins, we find strong evidence that magnetic polarons can be understood as bound states of two partons, a spinon and a holon carrying spin and charge quantum numbers respectively. We introduce a microscopic parton description which is benchmarked by comparison with results from advanced numerical simulations. Using this parton theory, we predict a series of excited states that are invisible in the spectral function and correspond to rotational excitations of the spinon-holon pair. This is reminiscent of mesonic resonances observed in high-energy physics, which can be understood as rotating quark antiquark pairs. We also apply the strong coupling parton theory to study far-from equilibrium dynamics of magnetic polarons observable in current experiments with ultracold atoms. Our work supports earlier ideas that partons in a confining phase of matter represent a useful paradigm in condensed-matter physics and in the context of high-Tc superconductivity. While direct observations of spinons and holons in real space are impossible in traditional solid-state experiments, quantum gas microscopes provide a new experimental toolbox. We show that, using this platform, direct observations of partons in and out-of equilibrium are possible. Extensions of our approach to the t-J model are also discussed. Our predictions in this case are relevant to current experiments with quantum gas microscopes for ultracold atoms.

High-energy resummation in heavy-quark pair photoproduction

We present our predictions for the inclusive production of two heavy quark–antiquark pairs, separated by a large rapidity interval, in the collision of (quasi-)real photons at the energies of LEP2 and of some future electron–positron colliders. We include in our calculation the full resummation of leading logarithms in the center-of-mass energy and a partial resummation of the next-to-leading logarithms, within the Balitsky–Fadin–Kuraev–Lipatov (BFKL) approach.

Associated production of Z bosons and b-jets at the LHC in the combined $$k_T$$ k T + collinear QCD factorization approach

We consider the production of Z bosons associated with beauty quarks at the LHC using a combined k_T + collinear QCD factorization approach, which interpolates between small x and large x physics. Our consideration is based on the off-shell gluon–gluon fusion subprocess g^* g^* rightarrow Z Qbar{Q} at the leading order mathcal{O}(alpha alpha _s^2) (where the Z boson further decays into a lepton pair), calculated in the k_T-factorization approach, and several subleading mathcal{O}(alpha alpha _s^2 ) and mathcal{O}(alpha alpha _s^3 ) subprocesses involving quark–antiquark and quark–gluon interactions, taken into account in conventional (collinear) QCD factorization. The contributions from double parton scattering are discussed as well. The transverse momentum dependent (or unintegrated) gluon densities in a proton are derived from Catani–Ciafaloni–Fiorani–Marchesini (CCFM) evolution equation. We achieve reasonably good agreement with the latest data taken by CMS and ATLAS Collaborations. The comparison of our results with next-to-leading-order pQCD predictions, obtained in the collinear QCD factorization, is presented. We discuss the uncertainties of our calculations and demonstrate the importance of subleading quark-involving contributions in describing the LHC data in the whole kinematic region.

Renormalized quark–antiquark Hamiltonian induced by a gluon mass ansatz in heavy-flavor QCD

In response to the growing need for theoretical tools that can be used in QCD to describe and understand the dynamics of gluons in hadrons in the Minkowski space–time, the renormalization group procedure for effective particles (RGPEP) is shown in the simplest available context of heavy quarkonia to exhibit a welcome degree of universality in the first approximation it yields once one assumes that beyond perturbation theory gluons obtain effective mass. Namely, in the second-order terms, the Coulomb potential with Breit–Fermi spin couplings in the effective quark–antiquark component of a heavy quarkonium, is corrected in one-flavor QCD by a spin-independent harmonic oscillator term that does not depend on the assumed effective gluon mass or the choice of the RGPEP generator. The new generator we use here is much simpler than the ones used before and has the advantage of being suitable for studies of the effective gluon dynamics at higher orders than the second and beyond the perturbative expansion.

Cross section measurement of t-channel single top quark production in pp collisions at [formula omitted

The cross section for the production of single top quarks in the t channel is measured in proton–proton collisions at 13TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The analyzed data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.2fb−1. The event selection requires one muon and two jets where one of the jets is identified as originating from a bottom quark. Several kinematic variables are then combined into a multivariate discriminator to distinguish signal from background events. A fit to the distribution of the discriminating variable yields a total cross section of 238±13(stat)±29(syst) pb and a ratio of top quark and top antiquark production of Rt-ch.=1.81±0.18(stat)±0.15(syst). From the total cross section the absolute value of the CKM matrix element Vtb is calculated to be 1.05±0.07(exp)±0.02(theo). All results are in agreement with the standard model predictions.

Quarksonic matter at high isospin density**Supported by Thousand Young Talents Program of China, Shanghai Natural Science Foundation, (14ZR1403000) and NSFC (11535012), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (KLH1512072)

Analogous to the quarkyonic matter at high baryon density in which the quark Fermi seas and the baryonic excitations coexist, it is argued that a “quarksonic matter” phase appears at high isospin density where the quark (antiquark) Fermi seas and the mesonic excitations coexist. We explore this phase in detail in both large Nc and asymptotically free limits. In the large Nc limit, we sketch a phase diagram for the quarksonic matter. In the asymptotically free limit, we study the pion superfluidity and thermodynamics of the quarksonic matter by using both perturbative calculations and an effective model.

The effect of real and virtual photons in the di-lepton channel at the LHC

We present a study of di-lepton production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider with a particular focus on the contribution resulting from both real and virtual photons in the initial state. We discuss the region of phase space in which the invariant mass of the lepton pair is of the order of several TeV, where searches for new physics phenomena yielding a di-lepton signature are presently carried out. We study both the yield and associated uncertainties for all possible topologies in photon-induced di-lepton production and compare these with what is expected in the standard Drell–Yan channel, where quark–antiquark pairs are responsible for the production of lepton pairs. We analyse the impact of these QED contributions on the expected Standard Model background and on searches for new physics. In this latter case, we use the production of an extra heavy Z′-boson predicted by the Sequential Standard Model (SSM) as a benchmark process.

Heavy photophilic scalar at the LHC from a varying electromagnetic coupling

We investigate the phenomenology of a heavy scalar ϕ of the type involved in Bekenstein's framework for varying electromagnetic coupling theories, with the difference that the scalar in our model has a large mass. The model has only two free parameters, the mass Mϕ of the scalar and the scale Λ of new physics. The scalar is dominantly produced through photon–photon fusion at the LHC and leads to a diphoton final state. It can also be produced by quark–antiquark fusion in association with a photon or a fermion pair. Its dominating decay is to diphotons, but it also has a large three-body branching to a fermion pair and a photon, which can provide an interesting search channel with a dilepton–photon resonance. We derive exclusion limits on the Mϕ−Λ plane from the latest 13 TeV LHC diphoton resonance search data. For a benchmark mass of Mϕ∼1 TeV, we find a lower limit on Λ of 18 TeV. We discuss the more complex possibility of varying couplings in the full electroweak theory and comment on the possibility that the new physics is related to extra dimensions or string theory.

Confinement at Finite Temperature

We show the flux tubes produced by static quark–antiquark, quark–quark and quark–gluon charges at finite temperature. The sources are placed on the lattice with fundamental and adjoint Polyakov loops. We compute the squared strengths of the chromomagnetic and chromoelectric fields above and below the critical temperature. Our results are for pure gauge SU(3) gauge theory, they are invariant and all computations are done with GPUs using CUDA.

Strangeness production in high-energy collisions and Hawking–Unruh radiation

The assumption that the production of quark–antiquark pairs and their sequential string-breaking takes place, likely as a tunneling process, through the event horizon of the color confinement determines the freezeout temperature and gives a plausible interpretation for the thermal pattern of elementary and nucleus–nucleus collisions. When relating the black-hole electric charges to the baryon-chemical potentials, it was found that the phenomenologically deduced parameters from the ratios of various particle species and the higher-order moments of net-proton multiplicity in the statistical thermal models and Polyakov linear-sigma model agree well with the ones determined from the thermal radiation from charged black hole. Accordingly, the resulting freezeout conditions, such as normalized entropy density [Formula: see text] and average energy per particle [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GeV, are confirmed at finite chemical potentials as well. Furthermore, the problem of strangeness production in elementary collisions can be interpreted by thermal particle production from the Hawking–Unruh radiation. Consequently, the freezeout temperature depends on the quark masses. This leads to a deviation from full equilibrium and thus a suppression of the strangeness production in the elementary collisions. But in nucleus–nucleus collisions, an average temperature should be introduced in order to dilute the quark masses. This nearly removes the strangeness suppression. An extension to finite chemical potentials is introduced. The particle ratios of kaon-to-pion ([Formula: see text]), phi-to-kaon ([Formula: see text]) and antilambda-to-pion ([Formula: see text]) are determined from Hawking–Unruh radiation and compared with the thermal calculations and the measurements in different experiments. We conclude that these particle ratios can be reproduced, at least qualitatively, as Hawking–Unruh radiation at finite chemical potential. With increasing energy, both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] keep their maximum values at low SPS energies. But the further energy decrease rapidly reduces both ratios. For [Formula: see text], there is an increase with increasing [Formula: see text], i.e., no saturation is to be observed.

Heavy quark potential from deformed AdS5 models

In this paper, we investigate the heavy quark potential in some holographic QCD models. The calculation relies on a modified renormalization scheme mentioned in a previous work of Albacete et al. After studying the heavy quark potential in Pirner–Galow model and Andreev–Zakharov model, we extend the discussion to a general deformed AdS5 case. It is shown that the obtained potential is negative definite for all quark–antiquark separations, differs from that using the usual renormalization scheme.

Interpreting 750 GeV diphoton excess with R-parity violating supersymmetry

We propose a supersymmetric explanation of the diphoton excess in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with the leptonic R-parity violation. In our model, sneutrino serves as the 750 GeV resonance and produced through quark–antiquark annihilation. With introducing appropriate trilinear soft parameters, we show that the diphoton branching ratio is significantly enhanced compared with the conventional MSSM. For current dijet and W-pair LHC constraints, we can successfully fit the observed diphoton signal rate in sizeable parameter regions, the resulting parameter space strongly favor the masses of light smuon and stau within the range from 375–500 GeV, which depends on the choice of electroweakino masses and soft trilinear terms. While after taking into account the compatibility of diphoton excess between the 8 TeV and 13 TeV LHC, only the coupling involved with the second generation quarks is survived. In this case, the corresponding parameter space favors a narrow mass range of smuon and stau with [Formula: see text]. Even if the 750 GeV diphoton excesses were not confirmed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments, we point out that our proposal can still be used to explain the current and future tentative diphoton excesses.

Quarkonium Suppression in a Strongly-Coupled Quark–Gluon Plasma

We compute the quarkonium nuclear modification factor in a strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma for quarkonia that are S-wave Coulombic bound states. We perform the analysis in a non-relativistic effective field theory framework that is accurate at leading-order in the heavy-quark density expansion and at next-to-leading order in the multipole expansion. We write and solve the Lindblad equation for the heavy quark–antiquark density. Thermal mass shift, width and the Lindblad equation depend on only two non-perturbative parameters: the heavy-quark momentum diffusion coefficient and its dispersive counterpart. Finally, we provide preliminary numerical results for the nuclear modification factors of the 1S and 2S bottomonium states.

Energy density of light quark jet using AdS/CFT

We study the energy loss rate of light quarks via the AdS/CFT correspondence in both a static and an expanding plasma. Unlike heavy quarks, light quark energy loss in AdS/CFT is surprisingly dependent on both the string initial conditions and the very definition of the jet itself in the gravity theory. We aim to more closely match the string initial conditions to those expected from perturbative quantum chromodyanics (pQCD)-the theory known to describe the physics of high-momentum particles at early times in heavy ion collisions-by computing the energy-momentum tensor associated with the propagation of the classical string solution. The jet energy-momentum tensor in a strongly-coupled calculation can be found by a superposition of contributions from a collection of point particles whose paths approximate the evolution of the string world-sheet. My results show that some times after creation the pair of quark-anti quark, the energy density is not time dependent. This means that the corresponding jet does not lose energy and the associated nuclear modification factor would be one as expected. Also, the results reveal the virtuality dependency of energy density distribution over space. As expected, the energy of a more virtual jet is spread over wider angles.

A study of diquark and meson condensation in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model and Fermi momentum

Using a three- and four-dimensional Pauli–Villars regularization scheme, we investigate quark–antiquark and diquark condensation in the framework of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. Using the particle Fermi momentum as a cutoff parameter, we study the energy gap width and coherence length for the meson condensate 〈\(q\bar q\) 〉. We also study the energy gap width and critical coherence length (the distance over which there would be no diquark condensation) for the diquark 〈qq〉 and the dependence on the Fermi momentum. We obtain an estimate of the Fermi momentum value for meson and diquark condensates with an energy gap width of the order of 100 MeV.

Lower and upper bounds on the mass of light quark–antiquark scalar resonance in the SVZ sum rules

The calculation of the mass of light scalar isosinglet meson within the Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov (SVZ) sum rules is revisited. We develop simple analytical methods for estimation of hadron masses in the SVZ approach and try to reveal the origin of their numerical values. The calculations of hadron parameters in the SVZ sum rules are known to be heavily based on a choice of the perturbative threshold. This choice requires some important ad hoc information. We show analytically that the scalar mass under consideration has a lower and upper bound which are independent of this choice: [Formula: see text] GeV.

R-matrix calculations for few-quark bound states

The R-matrix method is implemented to study the heavy charm and bottom diquark, triquark, tetraquark, and pentaquarks in configuration space, as the bound states of quark–antiquark, diquark–quark, diquark–antidiquark, and diquark–antitriquark systems, respectively. The mass spectrum and the size of these systems are calculated for different partial wave channels. The calculated masses are compared with recent theoretical results obtained by other methods in momentum and configuration spaces and also by available experimental data.

Near-threshold production of heavy quarks with QQbar_threshold

We describe the QQbar_threshold library for computing the production cross section of heavy quark–antiquark pairs near threshold at electron–positron colliders. The prediction includes all presently known QCD, electroweak, Higgs, and nonresonant corrections in the combined nonrelativistic and weak-coupling expansion. Program summaryProgram title:QQbar_thresholdProgram Files doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/883wgrb86h.1Licensing provisions: GNU GPLv3.Programming language: C++, Wolfram Language.External Routines: Boost (http://www.boost.org), GSL (http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/).Nature of problem: Precision predictions for the pair-production cross section near threshold are essential in order to determine the properties of heavy quarks.Solution method: Formulas for all known perturbative corrections are implemented, so that QQbar_threshold provides a state-of-the-art theory prediction.Restrictions: Non-perturbative effects are not accounted for. This limits the applicability in the case of bottom quarks and excludes all lighter quarks. Due to the nonrelativistic approximation predictions for the cross section are only reliable near threshold.Running time: Typically about 5 ms per parameter point.