Quantum Mechanics Research Articles

Hybridization of Learning Techniques and Quantum Mechanism for IIoT Security: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects

This article describes our point of view regarding the security capabilities of classical learning algorithms (CLAs) and quantum mechanisms (QM) in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosystem. The heterogeneity of the IIoT ecosystem and the inevitability of the security paradigm necessitate a systematic review of the contributions of the research community toward IIoT security (IIoTsec). Thus, we obtained relevant contributions from five digital repositories between the period of 2015 and 2024 inclusively, in line with the established systematic literature review procedure. In the main part, we analyze a variety of security loopholes in the IIoT and categorize them into two categories—architectural design and multifaceted connectivity. Then, we discuss security-deploying technologies, CLAs, blockchain, and QM, owing to their contributions to IIoTsec and the security challenges of the main loopholes. We also describe how quantum-inclined attacks are computationally challenging to CLAs, for which QM is very promising. In addition, we present available IIoT-centric datasets and encourage researchers in the IIoT niche to validate the models using the industrial-featured datasets for better accuracy, prediction, and decision-making. In addition, we show how hybrid quantum-classical learning could leverage optimal IIoTsec when deployed. We conclude with the possible limitations, challenges, and prospects of the deployment.

Void Almanac: A Political-Geologic Rubbing of Nuclear Testing in Mississippi

Although classical physics states that the void lacks matter or energy, the misunderstanding of emptiness as a spatial concept extends far beyond the sciences. The essay explores the concept of empty space, debunking classical physics’ notion of voidness by delving into quantum mechanics, where energy and particles continually manifest through a site investigation of the Salmon & Sterling Nuclear Test Site (located in Lumberton, MS, USA). This revelation challenges colonial ideologies, exemplified by terra nullius, which justified empire-building by claiming certain lands devoid of inhabitants. Operating through a political-geological exploration of repetitive cycles of extraction, speculation, and vacancy at the Salmon & Sterling Site spanning from the Mesozoic Era to the present day, I scrutinize spatial constructions and their reinforcement of prevailing socio-political systems. Juxtaposed against Faulkner’s Southern Gothic literature and Sartre’s existentialism, this essay underscores a modern dialectic between spatial arrangements and anticipations of cataclysmic endings. Through a passenger-traveler account of void-encounter, I propose a reconsideration of “emptiness” through examining its broader spatio-temporal origins and implications in relation to the nuclear detonations. This perspective allows for the synthesis of the inherent paradox of this site: initially conceived from Cold War anxieties to solidify social structures, yet also harboring unpredictable and potentially mutant futures.

Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Catalysis: Hydroxylation of Paclitaxel by Human CYP2C8.

Paclitaxel (PTX, or Taxol), a chemotherapeutic agent widely employed in the treatment of various cancers, undergoes metabolic transformations through the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. CYP3A4 catalyzes the aromatic hydroxylation reaction of PTX, whereas CYP2C8 demonstrates a distinct reactivity pattern, producing 6α-hydroxypaclitaxel via alkane hydroxylation. Despite the significant impact of PTX metabolism on its anticancer efficacy, the detailed mechanisms underlying these transformations have remained largely unclear. In this study, we employed hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations to elucidate the mechanism of PTX metabolism by human CYP2C8. Our QM/MM results reveal that the hydroxylation of PTX by CYP2C8 follows an atypical rebound mechanism. Either of the two hydrogen atoms at the C6 position of PTX can be abstracted, leading to a common radical intermediate. Although the subsequent rebound barrier is unusually high, stereochemical scrambling is unlikely, as the rebound barrier for the formation of the 6α-hydroxylated PTX─the actual product─is significantly lower than that for the 6β-hydroxylated metabolite. Thus, product selectivity is determined by the non-rate-determining rebound step. Furthermore, the hydroxyl group at the C7 position of PTX plays a catalytic role by facilitating the hydrogen abstraction and rebound steps. Our study also confirms a pronounced stability of the transition state in the high-spin sextet spin state, enabled by the enzyme's specific substrate positioning.

Vanadium incorporation in 2D-layered MoSe2.

Recent advances in experimental techniques have made it possible to manipulate the structural and electronic properties of two-dimensional layered materials (2DM) through interaction with foreign atoms. Using quantum mechanics calculations based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), we explored the dependency of the structural, energetic, electronic, and magnetic properties of the interaction between Vanidium (V) atoms and monolayer (ML) and bilayer (BL) \ce{MoSe2}. The spin-polarized metallic behavior was observed for high V concentration, and a semiconductor/metal interface emerged due to V adsorption on top of BL \ce{MoSe2}.
Our research demonstrated that the functionalization of 2D materials makes an important contribution to the design of spintronic devices based on a 2D-layered materials platform.

Observation of quantum entanglement in top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions ats=13 TeV.

Entanglement is an intrinsic property of quantum mechanics and is predicted to be exhibited in the particles produced at the Large Hadron Collider. A measurement of the extent of entanglement in top quark-antiquark (tt¯) events produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is performed with the data recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb-1. The events are selected based on the presence of two leptons with opposite charges and high transverse momentum. An entanglement-sensitive observableDis derived from the top quark spin-dependent parts of thett¯production density matrix and measured in the region of thett¯production threshold. Values ofD<-1/3are evidence of entanglement andDis observed (expected) to be-0.480-0.029+0.026(-0.467-0.029+0.026) at the parton level. With an observed significance of 5.1 standard deviations with respect to the non-entangled hypothesis, this provides observation of quantum mechanical entanglement withintt¯pairs in this phase space. This measurement provides a new probe of quantum mechanics at the highest energies ever produced.

Classicalization of Quantum Mechanics: Classical Radiation Damping Without the Runaway Solution

In this paper, we review a new treatment of classical radiation damping, which resolves a known contradiction in the Abraham–Lorentz equation that has long been a concern. This radiation damping problem has already been solved in quantum mechanics by the method introduced by Friedrichs. Based on Friedrichs’ treatment, we solved this long-standing problem by classicalizing quantum mechanics by replacing the canonical commutation relation from quantum mechanics with the Poisson bracket relation in classical mechanics.

Pseudo-Hermitian Chebyshev differential matrix and non-Hermitian Liouville quantum mechanics

Abstract The spectral collocation method (SCM) exhibits a clear superiority in solving ordinary and partial differential equations compared to conventional techniques, such as finite difference and finite element methods. This makes SCM a powerful tool for addressing the Schrodinger-like equations with boundary conditions in physics. However, the Chebyshev differential matrix (CDM), commonly used in SCM to replace the differential operator, is not Hermitian but pseudo-Hermitian. This non-Hermiticity subtly affects the pseudospectra and &amp;#xD;leads to a loss of completeness in the eigenstates.Consequently, several issues arise with these eigenstates. In this paper, we revisit the non-Hermitian Liouville quantum mechanics by emphasizing the pseudo-Hermiticity of the CDM and explore its expanded models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spectral instability can be influenced by the compactification parameter.

RKFD Scheme for Quantum Reflection Model of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) from Silicon Surface

We applied the numerical combination of Runge-Kutta and Finite Difference (RKFD) scheme for a quantum reflection model of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) from a silicon surface. It is by the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE), a non-linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) in the context of quantum mechanics. The role of cut-off potential δ and negative imaginary potential Vim is essential to estimating non-interacting BEC reflection models. Relying on these features, we performed a numerical simulation of the BEC quantum reflection model and calculated the effect of reflection probability R versus incident speed vx. The model is based on the three rapid potential variations: positive-step potential +Vstep, negative-step potential -Vstep, and Casimir-Polder potential VCP. As a result, the RKFP numerical scheme was successfully set up and applied to the quantum reflection model of BEC from the silicon surface. The numerical simulations results show that the reflection probability R decays exponentially to the incident speed vx.

Love must imagine the world: Quantum mechanics in Barbie

I highlight and discuss some of the scientific references made in the film Barbie (2023), with a particular focus on Einsteinian physics and quantum mechanics. I compare such references to similar ones made in the film Oppenheimer (2023) and make some suggestions for possible directions for further study.

A new model describing improved bound-state and statistical properties in the framework of deformed Schrödinger equation for the improved Coshine Yukawa potential in 3D-NR(NCPS) symmetries

In this paper, within the three-dimensional non-relativistic non-commutative phase–space (3D-NR(NCPS)) symmetries, we examined the 3D deformed Schrödinger equation (3D-DSE) using the improved Coshine Yukawa potential (ICYP) model composed from Coshine Yukawa potential (CYP) ([Formula: see text]) and other terms produced from the effect of phase–space deformation ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). For this study, the 3D-DSE in the 3D-NR(NCPS) symmetry is solved and discussed with standard independent time perturbation theory and the generalized Bopp’s shifts method. For the homogeneous (H2 and N2) and heterogeneous (LiH, ScH, and HCL) diatomic molecules, it is obtained that the improved non-relativistic energy equation and eigenfunction for the ICYP in the presence of deformation phase–space are dependent on the discrete atomic quantum numbers ([Formula: see text],m), the dissociation energy [Formula: see text], the equilibrium bond length the screening parameter [Formula: see text], the deformation phase parameters ([Formula: see text]) and the deformation space parameters ([Formula: see text]). Additionally, the thermal properties of the CYP and ICYP with 3D Schrödinger equation (3D-SE) and 3D-DSE are thoroughly examined in the three-dimensional non-relativistic quantum mechanics (3D-NR(QM)) known in the literature symmetry and 3D-NR(NCPS) symmetries, including the partition function, mean energy, free energy, specific heat, and entropy. Furthermore, we discussed particular cases of thermodynamic characteristics for the ICYP model. In our study, we have shown that all the physical values related to energy and thermodynamic properties within the framework of the 3D(NR)NCPS symmetry are equal to the corresponding values within the framework of 3D-NR(QM) symmetry known in the literature, in addition to minor effects resulting from their interaction with the topological properties of the deformed phase–space. This study has multiple applications in various domains, including atomic and molecular physics.

Empiricism and Realism Reconciled in Agazzi’s Conception of Scientific Objectivity

Evandro Agazzi has shown the possibility of a reconciliation between logical empiricism and realism through the proposal of his conception of scientific objectivity, which replaces the notion of entity with that of object, conceived as a structured set of properties. This conception, on the one hand, has been developed from a more empiricist perspective, according to which the reality of the object is shifted to one of its predictable properties, and on the other hand, has produced his fruitful criticism of the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics and his demand for a realist interpretation based on the introduction of new non-classical concepts.

Quantum-Inspired AI for Optimized High-Frequency Trading

This article explores the transformative role of quantum-inspired AI in optimizing financial practices, particularly within high-frequency trading (HFT) in the financial sector. As HFT operates in an environment of rapid transactions and significant market volatility, the need for advanced optimization techniques becomes paramount. Quantum-inspired algorithms leverage principles from quantum mechanics, such as superposition and tunneling, to enhance various aspects of trading strategies. These algorithms enable rapid optimization of asset allocation, real-time trade execution, and proactive fraud detection, effectively addressing the challenges posed by traditional financial models. By facilitating simultaneous evaluation of multiple strategies and enabling real-time analysis of complex trading patterns, quantum-inspired AI significantly improves decision-making speed and accuracy. The financial implications of this advancement are profound, leading to higher profitability, improved market integrity, and enhanced trust among market participants. Ultimately, integrating quantum-inspired AI in finance represents a crucial step towards harnessing cutting-edge technology to reshape trading dynamics, paving the way for innovative strategies that can adapt to the evolving landscape of financial markets. This study underscores the potential of quantum-inspired AI to redefine operational efficiency in finance, ensuring competitiveness in an increasingly complex trading environment.

An Uncertain Perspective on Consciousness

This should be considered as an addendum to Fundamental Cosmology and Physics Beyond the Standard Model [1] and ideas from pilot/wave theory [2]. It is more accurate to say that this is a philosophical perspective that comes from common basic observations and we can give a simple demonstration of this Pilot Wave theory by showing several examples of scale invariance [3]. It is not only just at the smallest levels of quantum mechanics we can observe these properties. Consider large flocks of birds or schools of fish moving together at the human scales of perception. We may show each bird is a particle being piloted by the wave of birds in the flock. But, each bird is also a small part of the wave and has the freedom to change the waveform simultaneously, dynamically. As some might say, “That’s all there is folks.” A living fish or bird, with simpleconsciousness, can change the waveform based on internal freewill. There is something happening internally that sets life apart from that which can only be influenced externally. Life has internal dynamics. Particles interacting at the sub-atomic level have no choice in their interaction with the waveform, as this is solely influenced by its own (external) properties. Indeed there is a Markov blanket separating internal and external states. There is a repeating pattern of scale invariance when comparing brain holography theory and ADS-CFT correspondence [4], as black hole holography, as we will show.

Teaching quantum mechanics using Ant–Man

Abstract The integration of popular culture, particularly superhero films, into physics education has gained traction as a means to enhance student engagement and comprehension. In this paper, we present a pedagogical approach aimed at introducing quantum mechanics concepts to high school students using the superhero paradigm, focusing on Ant–Man. Our approach addresses the lack of resources utilizing quantum physics in superhero films by outlining a sequence of activities centred around the Uncertainty Principle, position, momentum, superposition of states, and the Planck scale. Through a series of classroom activities, students were encouraged to reflect on quantum mechanical concepts, propose solutions to fictional scenarios inspired by superhero narratives, and apply their understanding to new problem–solving situations. Analysis of student responses indicates that the activities effectively stimulated introductory discussions and curiosity about quantum mechanics, suggesting potential for further exploration and adaptation in physics education.

Trends in High Performance Computing and Quantum Computing

High Performance Computing (HPC) applies different techniques to complex or large-volume applications, relying on both parallel software and hardware, to reduce their execution time compared to running them on a simple computer. On the other hand, Quantum Computing (QC) emerges as a new paradigm that leverages the properties of Quantum Mechanics for computation. QC has an inherently parallel nature and it is expected to solve some problems faster than classical computing. This paper carries out a bibliographic review to examine the point of view of different authors regarding the relationship between HPC and QC. The objective is to determine the trend of this relationship: Will QC replace classical HPC computing?or Will they complement each other? Also, if they were complementary tools, the aim is to answer: How could they be integrated? How will users access these resources?

Novel, soluble 3-heteroaryl-substituted tanshinone mimics attenuate the inflammatory response in murine macrophages

The RNA binding protein Human Antigen R (HuR) has been identified as a main regulator of the innate immune response and its inhibition can lead to beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. To this aim, we previously synthesized a novel class of small molecules named Tanshinone Mimics (TMs) able to interfere with HuR-RNA binding, and that dampen the LPS-induced immune response. Herein, we present a novel series of TMs, encompassing thiophene 3/TM9 and 4/TM10, furan 5/TM11 and 6/TM12, pyrrole 7b/TM13, and pyrazole 8. The furan-containing 5(TM11) showed the greatest inhibitory effect of the series on HuR-RNA complex formation, as suggested by RNA Electromobility Shift Assay and Time-Resolved FRET. Molecular Dynamics Calculation of HuR − 5/TM11 interaction, quantum mechanics approaches and Surface Plasmon Resonance data, all indicates that, within the novel heteroaryl substituents, the furan ring better recapitulates the chemical features of the RNA bound to HuR. Compound 5/TM11 also showed improved aqueous solubility compared to previously reported TMs. Real-time monitoring of cell growth and flow cytometry analyses showed that 5/TM11 preferentially reduced cell proliferation rather than apoptosis in murine macrophages at immunomodulatory doses. We observed its effects on the innate immune response triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages, showing that 5/TM11 significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines as Cxcl10 and Il1b.

Noise Transfer Approach to GKP Quantum Circuits.

The choice between the Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures can significantly impact the computational resources needed to solve a problem, even though they are equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics. Here, we present a method for analysing Bosonic quantum circuits based on the Heisenberg picture which allows, under certain conditions, a useful factoring of the evolution into signal and noise contributions, similar way to what can be achieved with classical communication systems. We provide examples which suggest that this approach may be particularly useful in analysing quantum computing systems based on the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubits.

Effective modeling of open quantum systems by low-rank discretization of structured environments.

The accurate description of the interaction of a quantum system with its environment is a challenging problem ubiquitous across all areas of physics and lies at the foundation of quantum mechanics theory. Here, we pioneer a new strategy to create discrete low-rank models of the system-environment interaction, by exploiting the frequency and time domain information encoded in the fluctuation-dissipation relation connecting the system-bath correlation function and the spectral density. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology by combining it with tensor-network methodologies and simulating the quantum dynamics of complex excitonic systems in a highly structured bosonic environment. The new modeling framework sets the basis for a leap in the analysis of open quantum systems, providing controlled accuracy at significantly reduced computational costs, with benefits in all connected research areas.

Out-of-time-ordered-correlators for the pure inverted quartic oscillator: classical chaos meets quantum stability

Out-of-time-ordered-correlators (OTOCs) have been suggested as a means to diagnose chaotic behavior in quantum mechanical systems. Recently, it was found that OTOCs display exponential growth for the inverted quantum harmonic oscillator, mirroring the fact that this system is classically and quantum mechanically unstable. In this work, I study OTOCs for the inverted anharmonic (pure quartic) oscillator in quantum mechanics, finding only oscillatory behavior despite the classically unstable nature of the system. For higher temperature, OTOCs seem to exhibit saturation consistent with a value of –2⟨x2⟩T ⟨p2⟩T at late times. I provide analytic evidence from the spectral zeta-function and the WKB method as well as direct numerical solutions of the Schrödinger equation that the inverted quartic oscillator possesses a real and positive energy eigenspectrum, and normalizable wave-functions.

Adsorbate Resonance Induces Water-Metal Bonds in Electrochemical Interfaces.

This study delves into the intricate interactions between surface-near species, OH and H2O, on electrodes in electrochemical interfaces. These species are an inevitable part of many electrocatalytic energy conversion reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction. In our modeling, we utilize high statistics on a dataset of complex solid solutions with high atomic variability to show the emergence of H2O-metal covalent bonds under specific conditions. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations ofadsorption energies onmany thousands of different surface compositions, we provide a quantifiable physical understanding of this induced water covalency, which is rooted in simple quantum mechanics. Directional hydrogen bonding between surface-near H2O and OH, enables surface bonding electrons to delocalize mediatedby near-symmetrical adsorbate resonance structures. The different adsorbate resonance structures differ by surface coordination explaining the induced H2O-metal bonding.