Quantum Computer Technology Research Articles

Corporate Digital Responsibility and the Business Implications of Quantum Computing

While artificial intelligence has been attracting increasing investment and controversy, a new, and potentially much more powerful technology, Quantum Computing, is on the business horizon. Already, organizations are assessing its potential for addressing a range of computationally challenging issues, such as last-mile optimization and cryptanalysis to break encryption algorithms, and are exploring possible applications in a range of business areas. While the advent of Quantum Computing may bring an array of opportunities and benefits, the companies developing and applying Quantum Computing technologies will face, and have to address, new sets of corporate social, ethical, economic, technical and environmental responsibilities. Using a qualitative research method based on secondary sources, this article examines the implications for Quantum Computing for corporate digital responsibility, and assesses the guidance currently being offered by leading consultancies for organisations deploying Quantum Computing. The results suggest that although there is some guidance on how companies can apply and exploit Quantum Computing technology, there is as yet little consideration of the possible downsides, including, for example, potential negative environmental impacts. Further research is needed to develop a more balanced assessment of benefits and disbenefits as Quantum Computing is deployed in the corporate world and wider global society.

A Detailed Review on Quantum Computing Technologies

Modern computing approaches like quantum computing are based on the remarkable occurrences of quantum mechanics. It is a combination of information theory, computer science, mathematics, and physics. The study of quantum computing includes the design and development of computer-based technologies based on quantum theory, which explains the nature and behaviour of energy and matter at atomic and sub-atomic levels. Sub-atomic particles such as electrons and photons are used in quantum computing. These particles exist in two different states (i.e., 1 and 0) based on quantum bits or qubits. Compared to conventional computers, quantum computing offers higher computing capacity, lower energy utilization, and high speed. This article reviews the state-of-the-art quantum computing technologies and different ways in which the qubits can exponentially increase the efficiency of quantum computers and sort various possibilities and identify potential solutions to different challenges.

A Detailed Review on Quantum Computing Technologies

Modern computing approaches like quantum computing are based on the remarkable occurrences of quantum mechanics. It is a combination of information theory, computer science, mathematics, and physics. The study of quantum computing includes the design and development of computer-based technologies based on quantum theory, which explains the nature and behaviour of energy and matter at atomic and sub-atomic levels. Sub-atomic particles such as electrons and photons are used in quantum computing. These particles exist in two different states (i.e., 1 and 0) based on quantum bits or qubits. Compared to conventional computers, quantum computing offers higher computing capacity, lower energy utilization, and high speed. This article reviews the state-of-the-art quantum computing technologies and different ways in which the qubits can exponentially increase the efficiency of quantum computers and sort various possibilities and identify potential solutions to different challenges.

Various matching keys for asymmetric topology encryption

With the fast development of quantum computer technology, one has to focus on the security of information running in real networks. Topological coding is a technology of basic topological structure, number theory and algebra has potential application value in asymmetric encryption system. The public key and private key of topological graph encryption system designed by topological coding may be able to resist attacks equipped with artificial intelligence technology and quantum computer. In order to further investigate topology encoding, we propose new techniques for designing public and private keys using graph coloring and labeling.

A nonvolatile memory element for integration with superconducting electronics

We demonstrate a nonvolatile cryogenic magnetic memory element needed to support emerging superconducting- and quantum-computing technologies. The central element is a switchable tri-layer thin film magnetic dot comprising two semiconducting ferromagnetic GdxSm1−xN layers separated by an exchange-blocking Al layer. The materials are explored for their tunable magnetic responses, the potential to engineer compensating magnetic moments in the anti-parallel tri-layers. The stability of the parallel and anti-parallel states and the reproducibility over repeated cycles are also demonstrated. We show that the tri-layer stacks can be formed into dots as small as 4 μm diameter, without affecting their magnetic behavior.

Exploring the Advantages of Layout Procedure with Fully‐Connected Quantum Computing Technologies

AbstractEven though quantum algorithms are designed using an idealised high‐level quantum circuit description, the execution on real devices must consider the backend physical properties. Contemporary noisy intermediate‐scale quantum (NISQ) computers are characterized by limited inter‐qubit connectivity and an exclusive set of native gates, whose execution is affected by non‐negligible errors and non‐idealities. Quantum compilation, consisting of logic and layout synthesis, aims to recast the original circuit description to the target hardware by solving the coupling‐constraint and to minimize the execution time and the error rate. While a previous article addresses the first phase, the second one is the aim of this manuscript. Currently available layout tools mainly target superconducting technology. This article tries to match the unmet need for a layout synthesis library supporting a wider range of technologies. The most promising algorithms already present in the state of the art are adapted to extend the compatibility to all the supported technologies, and new approaches, which exploit the awareness of the coupling strength in fully‐connected topologies, are proposed. The integrated procedures are benchmarked against IBM's Qiskit and Cambridge Quantum Computing's compilation toolchains, and even though these strategies can be further improved, the results are encouraging.

2D High-Temperature Superconductor Integration in Contact Printed Circuit Boards.

Inherent properties of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x films, such as the high superconducting transition temperature Tc, efficient Josephson coupling between neighboring CuO layers, and fast quasiparticle relaxation dynamics, make them a promising platform for advances in quantum computing and communication technologies. However, preserving two-dimensional superconductivity during device fabrication is an outstanding experimental challenge because of the fast degradation of the superconducting properties of two-dimensional flakes when they are exposed to moisture, organic solvents, and heat. Herein, to realize superconducting devices utilizing two-dimensional (2D) superconducting films, we develop a novel fabrication technique relying on the cryogenic dry transfer of printable circuits embedded into a silicon nitride membrane. This approach separates the circuit fabrication stage requiring chemically reactive substances and ionizing physical processes from the creation of the thin superconducting structures. Apart from providing electrical contacts in a single transfer step, the membrane encapsulates the surface of the crystal, shielding it from the environment. The fabricated atomically thin Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x-based devices show a high superconducting transition temperature of Tc ≃ 91 K close to that of the bulk crystal and demonstrate stable superconducting properties.

Advances and New Research Opportunities in Quantum Computing Technology by Integrating it with Other ICCT Underlying Technologies

Purpose: To explore the vast potential and possibilities that arise from synergizing quantum computing with other foundational technologies in the field of Information, Communication, and Computing Technologies (ICCT). By integrating quantum computing with other ICCT technologies, such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, cryptography, and communication networks, researchers aim to unlock unprecedented computational power and efficiency, thereby revolutionizing various industries and scientific domains. This research seeks to unravel novel applications, enhance the robustness and scalability of quantum computing systems, and pave the way for transformative advancements that will shape the future of information processing and communication paradigms. Ultimately, this interdisciplinary exploration holds the key to unleashing the full capabilities of quantum computing and opens doors to groundbreaking innovations that were once considered beyond reach. Methodology: Exploratory research method is used to analyse and interpret various related information collected using secondary sources using Google search engine and Google Scholar search engine as well as using quasi-secondary sources including AI engine supported GPT and Bard. ABCD analysis framework is used to study the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of integration of Quantum computing technology with other ICCT Underlying Technologies. Finally, the results are interpreted and concluded by developing 12 postulates. Findings: The results demonstrate the potential of integrating quantum computing with other ICCT underlying technologies, offering transformative improvements in computational power, security, and efficiency across various industries and applications. As quantum computing continues to advance, its integration with other ICCT technologies will lead to new opportunities for innovation and the development of more sophisticated and powerful information and communication systems. Originality/Value: The paper evaluates advances and new research opportunities in the area of quantum computing technology. A new idea of integration of quantum computing technology with other ICCT underlying technologies is proposed and the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of integration of Quantum computing technology with other ICCT Underlying Technologies are analysed using the ABCD analysis framework. The results are interpreted in the form of 12 new postulates. Type of Paper: Exploratory research

Optimization of Computed Tomography Data Acquisition by Means of Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing (QC) technology has made tremendous progress recently. Today, first real QC systems are operational. The Fraunhofer Institute of Integrated Circuits IIS, Division Development Center X-ray Technology is participating in the project BayQS, which aims at identifying and evaluating potential applications of quantum computing in the field of non-destructive testing by means of X-ray imaging. Computed tomography (CT) is a well-established method of 3-D imaging in medicine and industry since several decades. The quality of the resulting volumetric datasets depends essentially on a set of around 20 physical parameters controlling the set-up of X-ray source, X-ray digital detector array, movable mechanical components, sample rotation, and image processing. Hence, we started investigating the potential use of a quantum-based optimization method to optimize CT data acquisition. As a first approach, we focused on the task to minimize the number of projection images required to achieve unaltered image quality when compared to an acquisition over the full 4π solid angle. Minimizing involves a cost function. There are several ways to define this cost function. In order to transfer the task to a QC system, the problem is reformulated as a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). A decisive feature of the QUBO is, that is can be solved by a hybrid implementation on quantum devices, which combines a classical part to iteratively find the maximum of the cost function and a quantum circuit to evaluate the respective cost function for each combination of projections. This procedure is called quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). The experiments were performed via the qiskit script language on an IBM Quantum System One located in Ehingen, Germany. This QC system offers 27 qubits and enables first real world experiments with small test datasets.

Ethics of Quantum Computing: an Outline

This paper intends to contribute to the emerging literature on the ethical problems posed by quantum computing and quantum technologies in general. The key ethical questions are as follows: Does quantum computing pose new ethical problems, or are those raised by quantum computing just a different version of the same ethical problems raised by other technologies, such as nanotechnologies, nuclear plants, or cloud computing? In other words, what is new in quantum computing from an ethical point of view? The paper aims to answer these two questions by (a) developing an analysis of the existing literature on the ethical and social aspects of quantum computing and (b) identifying and analyzing the main ethical problems posed by quantum computing. The conclusion is that quantum computing poses completely new ethical issues that require new conceptual tools and methods.

Stone-Wales Defect in Graphene.

2D graphene the most investigated structures from nanocarbon family studied in the last three decades. It is projected as an excellent material useful for quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and next generation advanced technologies. Graphene exists in several forms and its extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, principally depend on the kind of perfection of the hexagonal atomic lattice. Defects are always considered as undesired components but certain defects in graphene could be an asset for electrochemistry and quantum electronics due to the engineered electronclouds and quantum tunnelling. The authors carefully discuss the Stone-Wales imperfections in graphene and its derivatives comprehensively. A specific emphasis is focused on the experimental and theoretical aspects of the Stone-Wales defects in graphene with respect to structure-property relationships. The corroboration of extrinsic defects like external atomic doping, functionalization, edge distortion in the graphene consisting of Stone-Wales imperfections, which are very significant in designing graphene-based electronic devices, are summarized.

The Future of Encryption in the Face of Advancing Quantum Computing Technology

The Future of Encryption in the Face of Advancing Quantum Computing Technology

A Secure Scheme Based on a Hybrid of Classical-Quantum Communications Protocols for Managing Classical Blockchains.

Blockchain technology affords data integrity protection and building trust mechanisms in transactions for distributed networks, and, therefore, is seen as a promising revolutionary information technology. At the same time, the ongoing breakthrough in quantum computation technology contributes toward large-scale quantum computers, which might attack classic cryptography, seriously threatening the classic cryptography security currently employed in the blockchain. As a better alternative, a quantum blockchain has high expectations of being immune to quantum computing attacks perpetrated by quantum adversaries. Although several works have been presented, the problems of impracticality and inefficiency in quantum blockchain systems remain prominent and need to be addressed. First, this paper develops a quantum-secure blockchain (QSB) scheme by introducing a consensus mechanism-quantum proof of authority (QPoA) and an identity-based quantum signature (IQS)-wherein QPoA is used for new block generation and IQS is used for transaction signing and verification. Second, QPoA is developed by adopting a quantum voting protocol to achieve secure and efficient decentralization for the blockchain system, and a quantum random number generator (QRNG) is deployed for randomized leader node election to protect the blockchain system from centralized attacks like distributed denial of service (DDoS). Compared to previous work, our scheme is more practical and efficient without sacrificing security, greatly contributing to better addressing the challenges in the quantum era. Extensive security analysis demonstrates that our scheme provides better protection against quantum computing attacks than classic blockchains. Overall, our scheme presents a feasible solution for blockchain systems against quantum computing attacks through a quantum strategy, contributing toward quantum-secured blockchain in the quantum era.

Effects of Quantum Mechanical Properties of Complex Systems on Advanced Technological Applications in Japan

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of quantum mechanical properties of complex systems on advanced technological applications in Japan.
 Materials and Methods: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Results: The literature review and research findings highlight the significant effects of quantum mechanical properties of complex systems on various technological applications in Japan. The study reveals that quantum entanglement, quantum coherence, and quantum interference can be exploited for quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum sensing, quantum cryptography, quantum metrology, and other advanced technologies. The study also discusses the challenges and limitations of utilizing quantum mechanical properties in technological applications, such as decoherence, environmental interactions, and technical feasibility.
 Recommendations: This study offers a unique contribution to understanding the effects of quantum mechanical properties of complex systems on advanced technological applications in Japan. The research advances the knowledge in the field of quantum information science, quantum technology, and interdisciplinary research between quantum mechanics and technology. The findings provide insights into the potential applications of quantum mechanical properties in various technological fields, and their implications for theory, practice, and policy. The study has practical implications for researchers, engineers, policymakers, and industries involved in quantum technology research and development in Japan and beyond, guiding the future direction of quantum technology innovation and policy formulation

제4차 산업혁명 시대의 윤리와 반부패 방향

The 4th Industrial Revolution is bringing about great changes in various social fields worldwide. As the entire world is connected to the network, tremendous data has exploded and various information can be easily accessed anytime, anywhere, and new technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicle, robotics, Internet of Things, 3D printing, biotechnology, nanotechnology, material engineering, quantum computing, and energy storage technology are being developed. The 4th Industrial Revolution consists of various innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things based on technologies firmly built by the digital revolution. Recently, network-based intelligence, led by digital technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, has led to economic and industrial growth, creating a wide range of innovative changes throughout the nation's cooperation system and society.
 It is necessary to actively discuss anti-corruption and ethical issues related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution by analyzing factors that threaten the fundamental value of humans with artificial intelligence, genetic information, and genetic technology. The policy direction to cope with ethical risks with innovative changes caused by the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution lies in human dignity and values, and philosophy and education on ethics such as human understanding and value judgment should be conducted by applying human science and technology. It is necessary to propose ethical issues and anti-corruption policy directions in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution with the importance of ethics based on wide convergence, culture, and basic education.
 In the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, our society has raised ethical issues due to the growth of innovative science and technology, and at the same time, we are proposing alternatives in line with the trend of change in the legal and institutional, policy, and education sectors. As a representative technology area of the 4th Industrial Revolution era, artificial intelligence, big data, genetic technology, and virtual reality are increasing opportunities for human disease prevention and treatment, and many changes will occur in life. However, as with all science and technology, innovative technology in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution can lead to a debate about value neutrality, so discussions on various forms of social and ethical effects of research and development and growth of innovative technology are continuing. Guidelines and legal and institutional devices are already being prepared to help artificial intelligence, big data, and dielectric technologies achieve beneficial purposes worldwide, and at the same time, discussions on ethical core matters have been actively underway. In addition, countries and developers in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution should be able to cultivate critical thinking and decision-making skills on ethical issues that may arise from the introduction of science and technology by giving fundamental meaning to human dignity and values based on ethical awareness in research and development.

Multiplexed random-access optical memory in warm cesium vapor.

The ability to store large amounts of photonic quantum states is regarded as substantial for future optical quantum computation and communication technologies. However, research for multiplexed quantum memories has been focused on systems that show good performance only after an elaborate preparation of the storage media. This makes it generally more difficult to apply outside a laboratory environment. In this work, we demonstrate a multiplexed random-access memory to store up to four optical pulses using electromagnetically induced transparency in warm cesium vapor. Using a Λ-System on the hyperfine transitions of the Cs D1 line, we achieve a mean internal storage efficiency of 36% and a 1/e lifetime of 3.2 µs. In combination with future improvements, this work facilitates the implementation of multiplexed memories in future quantum communication and computation infrastructures.

The effect of superposition and entanglement on hybrid quantum machine learning for weather forecasting

Recently, proposed algorithms for quantum computing and generated quantum computer technologies continue to evolve. On the other hand, machine learning has become an essential method for solving many problems such as computer vision, natural language processing, prediction and classification. Quantum machine learning is a new field developed by combining the advantages of these two primary methods. As a hybrid approach to quantum and classical computing, variational quantum circuits are a form of machine learning that allows predicting an output value against input variables. In this study, the effects of superposition and entanglement on weather forecasting, were investigated using a variational quantum circuit model when the dataset size is small. The use of the entanglement layer between the variational layers has made significant improvements on the circuit performance. The use of the superposition layer before the data encoding layer resulted in the use of less variational layers.

Quantum Computing and Blockchain Technologies over IoT Applications: A R

In cybersecurity, blockchain is essential for achieving privacy of IoT data as it provides the immutability feature. Blockchain is currently one of the most cutting-edge technologies, and it has received a lot of attention and research. The majority of current cryptography techniques could be broken with the efforts made to realize large-scale quantum computers. In order to create blockchain frameworks, a quantum tool must be able to execute at the level of digital computers and fend off potential attacks from both digital and quantum computers. A thorough analysis of the current literature on implementing Blockchain and Quantum Computing over IoT network will be crucial. In order to comprehend the state-of-the-art of this developing technology, this work aims to highlight unresolved issues that the IoT community will need to deal with in the upcoming years. This article also presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Computing and Blockchain Technologies deployed over IoT applications. Keywords Quantum Computing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), Blockchain, Cryptography, Quantum resistant Cryptosystems

Importance of quantum entanglement

An electron has a binary intrinsic property (spin “up” and “down”) and can have binary shifts (move to the right or left). Its spin can be combination of these two, and can have moves that can be combinations of those two. It can also be formed four pairs (intrinsic property, motion): up-left, up-right, down-left, down right. Even combinations of these four possibilities, which is an example of quantum entanglement. Similarly, photons have a binary intrinsic property, polarization. John Clauser and Alain Aspect experimentally observed that photon pairs can be in quantum entangled states formed with their polarization states. The third 2022 Nobel laureate in physics, along with the above researchers, Anton Zeilinger, experimentally demonstrated that quantum entanglement is applicable in information and quantum communication. Such applications, along with the quantum computing, quantum metrology, quantum microscopy, and others technologies, are called the “second quantum revolution”.

The Future Combat Pilot - Asleep at the Wheel?

Technology is a key driver for Air Force capability. There is always debate on the future technology that can advance our future combat aircraft such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing and stealth technology. But what about the human in this human-machine team? There appears to be little debate about the humans in this team.