Amount Of Residues Research Articles

Enhancing compost quality through biochar and oyster shell amendments in the co-composting of seaweed and sugar residue

Aquaculture and agricultural production generate substantial amounts of waste, including seaweed (which has plant-stimulating properties), oyster shells, and sugar residues. Through composting and appropriate management, these wastes have the potential to be converted into beneficial soil amendments. However, there is a lack of research exploring the potential of composting in promoting the conversion of seaweed into more stable humified forms, as well as in assessing whether composted seaweed retains its beneficial effects on plant growth. Additionally, studies on using oyster shells as additives to reduce waste pressure and comparing their effectiveness with biochar are relatively scarce. This study examines the impact of incorporating 5% corn stover biochar (T1), 10% biochar (T2), and 10% oyster shell powder (T3) on key physicochemical properties, product quality, and microbial community dynamics during the co-composting of seaweed and sugar residues. Results indicate that organic matter (OM) loss in T1 and T2 increased by 31.2% and 26.4%, respectively, compared to the control (CK). Moreover, Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that humic substances in T1 and T2 surged by 434% and 423%, respectively, far exceeding the 289% increase in CK. The 10% biochar treatment also improved alginate degradation and seed germination index, due to the presence of biostimulants in seaweed and an increased abundance of Cobetia. Microbial analysis post-composting showed that T2 and T3 significantly enhanced the diversity and richness of bacterial communities. Notably, although oyster shell powder did not improve the humification degree of compost as significantly as biochar, it achieved effective weight reduction of waste (OM loss of 43.57%, far exceeding CK's 35.34%) without hindering the composting process. All four compost treatments retained the plant-stimulating effects of seaweed and facilitated alginate degradation. These results underscore the potential of biochar to enhance composting efficiency and utilize composting to process large quantities of oyster shell waste.

Development of ready-to-eat nutri bar from black soybean (Kala Bhatt) and millets: Exploring traditional foods of Uttarakhand

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition, particularly insufficient intake of certain micronutrients, limits a child’s ability to survive, grow, and develop. It increases the rate of morbidity and mortality among the most vulnerable populations, which significantly lowers their productivity as an adult. While adopting strategies to tackle malnutrition, regional diets must also be considered. METHODS: Based on the nutritive values, some staple ingredients from Uttarakhand, such as black soybean, finger millet, and foxtail millet, have been utilized to develop a ready-to-eat (RTE) packaged nutri-bar. A sensory characteristic evaluation of the product has been carried out. The product has been evaluated in the laboratory for its proximate composition, some minerals, presence of heavy metals, pesticide, and shelf-life. RESULTS: The proximate composition of RTE nutri-bar includes protein content 18.16%, carbohydrate content 54.82%, total fats 12.13%, moisture 12.21%, and an ash value of 2.68%. Dietary fiber content is found to be 8.09%, and the energy evaluated for a 100-g sample is 401.09 Kcal. Calcium is present in very good amounts, that is, 478.44 mg/100 g. The amount of pesticide residues and added anti-oxidants are found below the level of quantification. CONCLUSION: The use of traditional foods in local communities has declined, but it may be revived with an appropriate framework, policy, and information sharing in conjunction with contextual food-based treatments.

Mechanism and kinetics of efficient removal of as from a high arsenic-bearing ZnSO4 solution using ultrasound enhanced oxygen

The traditional lime method for arsenic (As) removal from high arsenic-bearing ZnSO4 solution has disadvantages such as high cost, large amount of wet residue, significant secondary hazards, and long process flow. This study developed a new technology for efficient As removal using ultrasound enhanced oxygen. The effects of zinc roasting dust (ZRD) addition, reaction temperature, oxygen flow rate, and ultrasound power on As removal efficiency were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the removal rate of As reached 97.90 %. The1O2, O2∙- and •OH radicals generated during the ultrasound-enhanced oxygen process significantly enhance the oxidation efficiency of As(III) and Fe2+. Ultrasound can also refine particle size and improve the removal efficiency of As. Compared with traditional lime method, the reaction time and wet residue amount have been reduced by 40 % and 70.37 %, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that As in ZnSO4 solution was primarily removed through by Fe(OH)3 colloidal adsorption and amorphous FeAsO4. Kinetic analysis revealed that the neutralization and As removal process using ZRD under ultrasound and oxygen action conforms to the internal diffusion control model. Ultrasound-enhanced oxygen As removal can reduce the reaction activation energy from 26.94 to 21.02 kJ/mol, effectively lowering the reaction barrier for As removal and demonstrating faster reaction rates under ultrasound conditions. Ultrasound-enhanced oxygen removal of As from high arsenic-bearing ZnSO4 solution provides an efficient and low-cost potential solution for enterprises.

Investigation the Thermal Behavior of Lemon and Orange Peels Composite Fuel Diesel

Background: The aim of this research is to investigate the thermal behavior of a composite fuel prepared by mixing diesel fuel with citrus peel powder in the presence of activators and combustion accelerators. The study focused on utilizing abundant citrus waste, such as lemon and orange peels, as sustainable bioresources to reduce environmental pollution and optimize fuel efficiency. The research explored the thermal properties of the composite fuel and compared it with pure diesel through combustion experiments conducted at atmospheric pressure and combustion pressure in the engine. Methods: The study set the limits of the investigation to various proportions of lemon and orange peel powder mixed with diesel, ranging from 5% to 15% by mass of the total fuel composite. Two catalysts, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), along with calcium oxide (CaO) powder were incorporated into the mixtures as activators to enhance combustion efficiency. The composite fuel characterization included thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermographmetric station experiments to observe the combustion processes and assess the thermal behavior of the composite fuel. Results: The results revealed four distinct phases of combustion during the burning time of 60 seconds: volatile combustion, liquid combustion, combustion of solid materials, and the interaction of active substances with combustion residues. Using activators and catalysts significantly enhanced combustion efficiency and minimized the amount of residue produced during the process, resulting in thermal behavior that is more similar to that of pure diesel. Lemon peel powder with activators demonstrates better thermal behavior compared to orange peel powder. Conclusions: Based on the findings, some recommendations are proposed for further development such as the optimization of activator ratios, exploration of different proportions of lemon and orange peel powder, and investigation of other catalysts. Real-world engine performance tests and emission profile analysis can validate the thermal behavior results obtained from combustion experiments.

Hybrid organic - inorganic filter system for cadmium ions adsorption from aqueous solutions

The study reflects on the problem of heavy metals, namely cadmium, polluting the natural environment. The goal was to select the most efficient adsorber enabling ion exchange between calcium and cadmium in an aqueous environment and subsequently design a material hybrid organic-inorganic, particle-fiber system that adsorbs cadmium from aqueous environments and will be easily included in the technological process. The novelty of this study lies in the use of waste food material – eggshells as a source of biogenic nanoparticles. These are applied to a nanofibrous structure made of polyvinyl butyral in amounts of 8 to 10 %wt by weight by the AC electrospinning. (The experiment was performed with these boundary conditions: temperature was 23°C, and humidity was 42%. The high-electrical voltage amplifier generated a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of 32 kV) and were used for ion exchange. In ion exchange, cadmium ions are exchanged with calcium ions based on the principle of chemical similarity of the two elements expressed by the z/r ratio (charge/ radius ratio), the z/r ratio is 2.02 for calcium ions Ca2+ and 2.06 for cadmium Cd2. Separateted nanoparticles of calcium carbonate obtained by burning eggshells (727°C) with dimensions from 100 to 200 nm and a specific surface area of 3.9 m2/g showed the highest adsorption capacity of 99.8%, synthetic calcium carbonate at 71.8%, and ground eggshells the lowest at 25.0%. Designed and laboratory-tested filter system of nanoparticles - nanofibers captures 95.6% and 96.8% of cadmium ions from an aqueous solution within 10 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively, at a concentration of cadmium ions of 10 mg/l, and at several nanoparticles of 0.3 g. The ion exchange is carried out only on the filter surface, and after a specific time, the calcium carbonate nanoparticles are released from the filter probably due to absence of chemical bond between nanoparticles and nanostructures or the low density of the nanofibrous structure. SEM, EDX, FTIR, BET and TGA analysis were used for material evaluation. The adsorption capacity of used nanoparticles and filter adsorbers was evaluated according to residual amounts of cadmium ions in aqueous solutions using ICP-IOS.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme triacylglycerol lipase from the non-genetically modified Limtongozyma cylindracea strain AE-LAYH (B).

The food enzyme, a triacylglycerol lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase; EC 3.1.1.3), is produced with the non-genetically modified Limtongozyma cylindracea strain AE-LAYH (B) by Amano Enzyme Inc. It is intended to be used in six food manufacturing processes. Since residual amounts of food enzyme-total organic solids (TOS) are removed in one process, dietary exposure was calculated only for the remaining five food manufacturing processes. It was estimated to be up to 0.315 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. As the production strain qualifies for the quality presumption of safety (QPS) approach of safety assessment and no issue of concern arising from the production process of the food enzyme were identified, the Panel considered that no toxicological studies other than the assessment of allergenicity were necessary. A homology search for the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was made and one match with a honeybee venom allergen was found. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure, particularly in individuals allergic to honey, cannot be excluded, but is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the QPS status of the production strain and the absence of issues of concern arising from the food enzyme manufacturing process, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

CO-PROCESSING OF COTTON SOAPSTOCK, COAL DUST AND POLYMER WASTE BY PYROLYSIS METHOD

The work is aimed at solving the problems of rational consumption of secondary raw materials on the basis of carbon-containing waste of industries, saturation of the market with additional products and protection of the environment from the toxic effects of waste. Aim of work: the study of the co-pyrolysis process of gossypol resin (GR) from cotton soapstock of "Shymkentmay" JSC, coal dust (CD) of Kulan deposit and plastics waste (PW) in N2 medium. The methodology of work included the establishment of optimal modes of the process, determination of yield, composition and properties of pyrolysis products. Analysis of pyrolysis products by IR spectroscopy, XRD, chromatomass spectrometry. Study of the component composition of liquid pyrolysis products by the method of extraction separation in Soxhlet apparatus into oils, asphaltenes and resins. Assessment of perspectivity of co- pyrolytic processing of carbon-containing wastes from different industries for industrial development. Results and discussion. The optimum temperature of GR pyrolysis (T=450 ⁰С) was established, at which the yield of liquid product was on average 33.01 wt.%, gas yield – 60.33 wt.%, yield of solid residue – 6.65 wt.%. The co-pyrolysis of GR and CD at 1:1 ratio and T=500 ⁰C in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. A high yield of liquid product – 47.34 wt.%, low gas formation – 2.31 wt.% and a large amount of solid residue – 50.34 wt.% were observed, which is apparently due to the formation of coal semicoke and coke. The process of co- pyrolysis of GR, CD with D=90 μm and PW (PE:HPPP – 1:1) at the ratio of 1:1:1 and temperatures of 500 ⁰С-700 ⁰С in N2 atmosphere was investigated for the first time. It is shown that the main contribution to the formation of liquid products in the given temperature regimes is made by GR and PW. Conclusion. Co-processing of carbon-containing wastes was found to be of interest and practical importance, both in terms of obtaining marketable products and maintaining a safe ecology.

Влияние лесозаготовительной техники на динамику естественного возобновления леса после рубки хвойно-лиственного насаждения средней тайги

The work presents the results of experimental studies on assessment of preliminary and subsequent reforestation depending on the disturbance of the soil cover by logging equipment. The initial survey of the reforestation in the clearing showed the uneven settlement of the territory by woody plants in most parts and individual technological elements. According to morphological characteristics and a set of soil genetic horizons, the soil can be classified as typical Albic Retisols, which develop on loamy soil-forming rocks in well-drained landscapes. We found that the soil of the skidding trail is morphologically close to the original soil. The drag soils have undergone both morphological and chemical changes. The key difference is the change in the composition of the organic horizon following the arrival of a large amount of felling residues and changes in the composition of the ground cover plants. The morphometric parameters of the trees in the mixed stand and undergrowth are of high lability. The stand was dominated by small trees and small undergrowth. The stand and undergrowth are characterized as “healthy”. Relatively good uniformity of its settlement by woody plants was revealed only on portages in ruts with a predominant regeneration of small-leaved species. When the trails are heavily littered, there is no appearance of woody plants. There is no regeneration in the reclaimed felling areas in the first and second years. There is no resumption in sections with aligned tracks in the first and second year.

Correlation Between Urethral Length and Urethral Stricture After Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Aim: To show the effects of urethral length, and surgical or patient related parameters on urethral strictures after Transurethral Prostate Resection (TURP). Materials and Methods: The study included 127 patients who underwent TURP for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) unresponsive to medical treatment in our clinic between May XXX and February XXX. The patients were separated into two subgroups as those who underwent second surgery because of urethral stricture and those who did not. These two groups were compared in respect of age, height, weight, total prostate specific antigen, fall in hemoglobin values, increase in urine peak flow rate, decrease in the post-micturition residual volume, prostate volume, operating time, tissue amounts, resection rate, and urethral length. Results: Urethral stricture was determined in 13.4% of the patients. A statistically significant difference was determined between the two groups in respect of age and urethral length (p

Realizing the single-crystalline LiNi0.90Mn0.05Co0.05O2 cathode with long-life and high-safety property driven by polysiloxane covering and PO43− doping

As a promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries, the ultra-high nickel content layered oxide LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 demonstrates the great attention for the high discharging capacity. However, the serious capacity attenuation resulted from the instable interface, crystal structure degeneration and strong side-reactions on cathode-electrolyte interphase with charging-discharging drastically restricts its extensive application. To alleviate the intrinsic drawbacks, the combination improvement strategy for polysiloxane covering and PO43− doping is adopted to lower the surface residual alkali amounts, defend the HF/F− attacking and enhance the cation location order of LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to evaluate the synthesized samples. The cathodes after the polysiloxane covering and PO43− doping deliver the improved crystal structure, larger lattice parameters and superior electrochemical properties. The polysiloxane coated and PO43− doped sample exhibits a high discharging capacity of 147.5 mAh g−1 at 10.0C rate and 155.4 mAh g−1 at −30 °C, remains a capacity of 193.2 mAh g−1 at 1.0C after 300 cycles with a retention of 91.2 %. Besides, when applied in pouch full batteries, it could pass the rigorous safety tests of Bar impact, Overcharging test and Nail penetration successfully, and still maintain the superior cycling stability in practice application.

LCA analysis on the management of typical lignocellulosic agricultural wastes: Case studies and comparison in Greece and China

Significant quantities of lignocellulosic agricultural residues are produced worldwide, and their management is quite problematic. In Greece and in general in the Mediterranean, large quantities of prunings are produced, especially from olive trees. The common practice of managing these residues is by burning them in the fields. On the other hand, in China, but also globally, huge amounts of residues are produced from cotton cultivation and efforts are being made to avoid the residues' usual burning in the fields. Beyond the development and refinement of energy and material utilization technologies for this waste, as well as the necessary economic analyses, very important for the scientific community is the study of the environmental impacts concerning the conventional management practices versus alternative ones that involve the wastes’ utilization.In this work and through the analysis of case studies in Greece and China for the management of the aforementioned typical lignocellulosic agricultural residues, comparative life cycle assessments of open-field burning practices versus energy production practices through gasification or pyrolysis are attempted. The results proved to be interesting and both cases agree with each other qualitatively despite the use of different tools and the application in different countries and agricultural residues. The comparative results highlight the need for immediate adoption of sustainable practices against the highly damaging conventional ones.

N Stress Alleviation in Crops—A System Approach Analysing Residual N From Winter Crops in a Late‐Maize‐Wheat Sequence

ABSTRACTNitrogen (N) is crucial for crop production. Crop sequences with different legume participation affect N availability and therefore N fertiliser management. The study aimed to assess the inclusion of winter crops (WC) with different amounts of residues and different C:N ratios on the following: (i) the response to N fertilisation in the following late‐maize (Zea mays L.), and to carry that comparison into a subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.), and (ii) identify soil N indicators associated with these responses. Two field experiments (E1 and E2) were conducted in the Argentinean Pampas during two growing seasons to evaluate a WC/late‐maize‐wheat sequence under no‐tillage. In each experiment, late‐maize was sown after a bare‐fallow and three WC: wheat, vetch (Vicia villosa L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.), where five rates of N fertilisation were evaluated. An area of late‐maize that was not fertilised with N within each previous WC was used to evaluate the response to N fertilisation in the subsequent wheat crop. Indigenous N was estimated by using N uptake in the non‐N‐fertilised treatments. Soil N indicators and C:N ratio of WC residues were evaluated as indicators of response to N fertilisation in both crops. Significant responses to N fertilisation in grain yield and N uptake were observed in late‐maize when bare‐fallow and wheat were the previous treatments in both experiments. In contrast, vetch and field pea supplied 32 and 40 kg N ha−1 in E1 and E2, respectively, and showed no response to N fertilisation, satisfying the N required by late‐maize. However, this supply was not enough to sustain the N demand of the subsequent wheat, where the response to N addition ranged from 36% to 74% when vetch and wheat were the previous WC, respectively. Only soil inorganic N indicators were associated with indigenous N supply. Moreover, the apparent net WC effect was linked to late‐maize (r2 = 0.91) and subsequent wheat (r2 = 0.67) grain yield response, which was also related to the C:N ratio of the WC residues in late‐maize and the subsequent wheat (r2 = 0.78), suggesting that mineralisation occurs when C:N ratio is below 18. Consequently, in future studies the C:N ratio of the WC residues can be included in N fertilisation recommendation schemes when late‐maize is sown as a double crop in more intensified crop sequences.

Effect of metal-modified sewage sludge biochar tubule on immobilization of chromium in unsaturated soil: Groundwater table fluctuations induced by rainfall

Many studies have studied biochar immobilizing chromium (Cr) in soil. However, few studies were conducted to reduce the environmental risks due to biochar aging in soil. In this study, we adopt FeCl3, MgCl2, and AlCl3 to activate sewage sludge to form modified biochar and produce biochar tubules. Then, the column experiments were carried out to study the effect of fluctuating groundwater table on Cr leaching behavior, total Cr, and fractions distribution with the insertion of biochar tubule. Results showed that the Cr immobilization performance was improved by metal-modification biochar, the biochar tubules can significantly decrease the Cr leaching amounts, retard the Cr downward migration in the soil, and there was a better effect with slightly Cr-contaminated soil. In addition, the immobilization effect is also impacted by the biochar's application mode and the hydrodynamic conditions. Detailedly, the Cr leaching amounts maximally decreased by 33.39%, the residual amounts maximally increased by 10.05% in the soil column, and the exchangeable (EX) and carbonates-bound (CB) fractions were maximally increased by 85.18%, 151.78% at the equal depth of soil column, respectively. BET, SEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR analyses revealed that biochars' immobilization mechanisms on Cr involved reduction(predominately), physisorption, precipitation, and complexation. Risk assessment demonstrated that the sewage sludge biochar has very low environmental risk. This study indicates that the biochar tubule applied to immobilize Cr in soil has potential and provides new insights into reducing environmental risks due to biochar aging.

Removal of tricyclazole residues from water by sorption on metal organic frameworks (MOFs): A theoretical insight of the experimental data

All over the world, there are stringent regulations in place concerning the acceptable amount of pesticide residues in various food commodities, including cereals. The majority of the water tainted with pesticides comes from agricultural drainage, making it imperative that this water be cleansed of any lingering traces of the chemicals. The presence of unacceptable levels of pesticides residues is another issue hindering India's ability to export Basmati rice and other commodities. Tricyclazole, a fungicide has been found in rice in recent years, leading to the rejection of a number of bulk consignments. Therefore, three metal organic frameworks (MOFs) viz., MIL-53(Al), Fe-BTC, and ZIF-8, based on three different metal ions (aluminium, iron, and zinc) and three different organic "struts" were investigated for the removal of TRCZ from water. Interestingly, TRCZ was found to be selective towards both metal ions and linkers. The maximum adsorption capacities of TRCZ onto MIL-53(Al), Fe-BTC and ZIF-8 were 980.0, 896.7 and 904.6 μg g−1 (@1 ppm aqueous solution), respectively. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and best fit the Sips isotherm. The adsorption of TRCZ molecules onto the surface of the MOFs were confirmed using Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. MIL-53(Al) showed the best regeneration capacity (> 90 % efficiency after the 4th cycle). The adsorption of pesticide molecules onto MOF surfaces was studied (in vacuo and in aqueous) circumstances using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations revealing the prime competitive role of water molecules aided by π-π stacking and π-lone pair interactions during adsorption. Metal organic frameworks have the potential to replace costly commercial activated carbons in the future to treat pesticide-contaminated water.

The utilization of pulverized waste tire rubber in a soil–cement composite for sustainable compressed earth brick production

This study examined the suitability of blending waste tires with cement in indigenous soil for producing compressed earth bricks (CEB) to achieve a sustainable environment. CEB was produced with clay soil and a combination of cement at 5 and 10% levels with varying dosages of pulverized waste tire at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% mixture. Classification tests were conducted to determine engineering properties such as the particle size distribution, Atterberg limit, specific gravity, optimum moisture and unit weight of the soil. The physical properties of the pulverized tire were evaluated. Moreover, density, water absorption, and compressive strength were determined for hardened CEB samples produced from mixtures of soil and various proportions of blended cement and pulverized waste tire materials. The classification results showed that the soil was silty clay of low plasticity. The density of the CEB samples was observed to increase slightly with the addition of blended cement-tire residue. Furthermore, a considerable improvement in the compressive strength development of the CEB was observed; however, compared with those of the control, the peak compressive strength of the CEB samples was greater when the soil was stabilized with 7.5% pulverized waste tire material and 10% cement. A decrease in the water absorption capacity of CEB was observed with an increase in the amount of pulverized waste tire and cement in the soil mixture. The response models corroborate the experimental findings indicating that amount of waste tire rubber residue and cement had significant effects on the CEB performance. This study ensure the beneficial recycling of waste tires blended with cement in soil for making medium-strength CEB to achieve sustainable, resilient masonry construction applications.Graphical

Mathematical Model of the Process of Thermal Destruction of Polymer Binders under Arbitrary Heating Conditions

A mathematical model of the process of thermal destruction of polymer binders has been developed, taking into account experimentally established dependences of the decomposition depth on temperature and the amount of coke residue on the heating rate. A method for determining the kinetic parameters of the process by the method of inverse problems has been developed. Kinetic parameters of the model for six binders are determined.

Optimization and modeling of process parameters for nutrient recovery from sewage wastewater

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contamination in wastewater pose significant environmental challenges. Recovering these elements as struvite not only mitigates environmental pollution but also aligns with sustainable development goals by recycling valuable resources. This research hypothesizes that optimized recovery methods can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of struvite crystallization, addressing existing challenges in conventional techniques. To achieve optimal removal and recovery of N and P from sewage, a response surface model was employed. This model allowed for the identification of optimal process conditions and the elucidation of interactions among various components. Key variables impacting struvite recovery were identified using the Plackett–Burman design, while the central composite design was used for further optimization. The study determined the optimized parameters for phosphate recovery to be an Mg:P ratio of 1:2, pH of 10.5, additive concentration of 350 ppm, and a precipitation time of 30 min. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the residual amounts were below 50%. Additionally, the size and surface morphology of the final product were influenced by the process parameters, particularly the Mg:P ratio and pH. An inexpensive, quick, and efficient method to recover struvite fertilizer with a minimum demand of time and chemicals is established toward SDG 2 and 6.

Citric acid production by Brazilian garlic Aspergillus welwitschiae strains using orange residues

The global production of citrus fruits has expressively grown resulting in large amounts of residue. Orange residues are rich in carbon and could be used as substrates for production of biomolecules such as citric acid. In this study, wild and mutant Aspergillus welwitschiae strains isolated from Brazilian garlic were used to produce citric acid from orange residues, using solid-state fermentation. The results showed that the mutant A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262/35 produced great amount of citric acid in the fourth day of solid-state fermentation using total and reducing sugars and producing cellulases. On the other hand, there was no production of citric acid by wild A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262. The use of total and reducing sugars and the production of cellulases by A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262 were detected, suggesting the use of carbon sources for the production of other metabolites. The great use of reducing sugars and cellulases production by A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262/35 indicated the consume of carbon sources from the orange residue to produce citric acid at early times of fermentation. These findings lead to the possibility of biotechnological valorization of orange residues for acid organic production by A. welwitschiae strain.

Increased nest temperature during winter does not affect residual yolk metabolism of hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta).

Rising global temperatures have a wide range of effects at organismal, population, and ecosystem levels. Increased winter temperatures are expected to alter the energetics of species that are dormant during this time. Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) spend their first ∼8 months in shallow nests on land, where they putatively rely on residual yolk reserves to fuel energetic demands during this period of inactivity before they emerge in the spring. We performed a laboratory experiment to characterize changes in residual yolk quantity in hatchling C. picta and experimentally tested the effect of temperature on residual yolk, hatchling size, and survival over the winter brumation period. We manipulated winter nest temperature by simulating two natural thermal regimes ("low" vs "high" treatments) and one regime that approximates warmer temperatures expected by 2100 ("future" treatment). Because high temperature increases metabolism, we predicted that the future temperature treatment would decrease the amount of residual yolk remaining by the end of winter and reduce hatchling mass and survival. Residual yolk over winter did not differ from that before winter, and the temperature had no effect on the quantity of residual yolk or hatchling survival by the following spring. However, hatchlings that experienced future temperatures lost more mass over winter than those from the other treatments. These results correspond with previous work indicating that residual yolk does not fuel the energetic needs of hatchlings during winter. The effect of future warming temperatures on body mass may have negative consequences during energetically demanding activities during spring emergence and dispersal.

223 Exploring the relationship between corn grain yield and residue quantity and quality

223 Exploring the relationship between corn grain yield and residue quantity and quality