Amount Of Inert Gas Research Articles

Central venous bubbles and mixed venous nitrogen in goats following decompression.

Decompression of awake goats from saturation at 1, 2, and 3 ATA of air has been carried out using ultrasonic Doppler bubble detection, central venous blood inert gas measurement, and cardiac output measurement. The results of these experiments indicate that the decrease in nitrogen elimination rate as an apparent result of decompression cannot be due to excessive cardiac output or mass transport of a large amount of inert gas to the lungs as bubbles. Rather, the rapid drop in mixed venous nitrogen content is consistent with a generalized decrease in tissue-to-blood nitrogen elimination. This in turn appears to be due to a cardiovascular response to the decompression insult as was previously reported for dogs (D'Aoust et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 348--355, 1976) at 1, 2, and 3 ATA; addition of ultrasonic Doppler monitoring and cardiac output in the present studies allowed measurement of the degree of latency in the appearance of bubbles at a central venous location. This time period includes that required for bubble formation, growth, and vascular transport of the bubbles to the Doppler detector. All results of these studies are consistent with the interpretation that due to a decompression insult, which probably includes bubble formation, some degree of hemostasis, and other hematologic sequelae, the transport of tissue inert gas to the capillary venous blood is retarded, thus providing the rapid apparent decrease in mixed venous blood inert gas content. These results demonstrate what is most likely a general response to a severe but not crucial decompression by the cardiovascular system.

A vitreous Kr·2SiO2

THERE are many studies1–7 of the presence of inert gases in glasses. Because they have no electron affinity and high ionisation potentials (12 eV for Xe to 24 eV for He) the solubility of inert gases in glasses has been considered a simple physical process with no strong chemical interaction within the glass network. Recent work on pressure dependence of inert gas in vitreous1 and crystalline2 silica (SiO2) showed that the equilibrium solubility may be explained qualitatively by a statistical thermodynamic model3. At non-equilibrium conditions, however, a large quantity of inert gases can be incorporated into SiO2 by processes such as glow discharge8,9 and sputtering10,11, and here, the amount of inert gases in SiO2 far exceeds the equilibrium solubility. Using a high-rate sputtering technique, we prepared a SiO2 deposit containing 16.1 at. % Kr, expressed by a glass formula, Kr·2SiO2 and we report here the unique characteristics of this material.

P/Z Behavior for Geothermal Steam Reservoirs

Abstract Certain of the natural geothermal-energy reservoirs are of the type called "vapor dominated." These reservoirs contain steam in the top of the reservoir and may contain boiling water below. Some simplifying assumptions were made to predict the pressure and temperature vs production history of pressure and temperature vs production history of such reservoirs. These predictions are compared with normal hydrocarbon gas reservoirs using the standard p/Z plots.The results show that the presence of a boiling water phase will have a considerable effect on the pressure behavior of such systems. Further, the pressure behavior of such systems. Further, the porosity of the system will have a marked effect. porosity of the system will have a marked effect. Extrapolations of early data will be optimistic if the porosity is low and pessimistic if the porosity is high. In all cases, the steam zone will remain at the original temperature, though the temperature of the boiling water drops as the pressure declines. Introduction Two basic types of geothermal reservoirs are being used commercially worldwide to produce electric power. One type produces hot water from the reservoir. This water is partially flashed at the surface, producing steam to drive the turbo-generators. The two largest installations of this type are at Wairekei in New Zealand and Cerro Prieto in Mexico, just south of the Imperial Valley of California. The other type of reservoir has been called vapor dominated. The fluid is slightly superheated steam at reservoir conditions and nearly all the produced fluid is steam, with small amounts of inert gases. The two major installations of this type are at the Geysers in northern California and at Lardarello in Tuscany, Italy.Although these latter reservoirs contain large volumes of steam as vapor, there is a possibility that they also contain boiling water at great depths. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of steam and steam-water systems as they are produced. We would like to know whether the pressure vs production characteristics of these pressure vs production characteristics of these systems differ from each other enough to give clues as to the original nature of the reservoir. Such information might be extremely useful in predicting the reserves of such systems.We will look at three basic systems. The first is a system completely filled with steam but no water present. The second is a system where there is present. The second is a system where there is water on the bottom and steam on top. As steam is produced, some of the water will boil and the liquid produced, some of the water will boil and the liquid level will drop with production. The third system also will contain liquid water on the bottom, but we will assume that the liquid boils throughout the liquid system and that the liquid level will not drop. In this system a steam saturation builds up within the boiling liquid zone.We will assume that for all these reservoirs the fluid influx is negligible. We recognize that in an actual reservoir system, the fluid influx rate might be important compared with the production rate, but this simplifying no-influx assumption usually should be used in first-step analyses of reservoirs. Further, there is evidence that this assumption is valid for at least the Geysers and the Wairekei reservoirs. MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES Normally in oil and gas reservoirs, only a material balance is necessary. Although boiling and condensation occur in such reservoirs, the heat effects are so small that an energy balance is not necessary. The reservoirs remain essentially isothermal. STEAM ONLY If only steam is in the reservoir (with no water), the same isothermal characteristics hold as for oil and gas reservoirs. This is because the heat capacity of the rock is so large compared with that of steam. Thus, a steam reservoir can be treated in the same way as an ordinary gas reservoir; we can plot p/Z vs cumulative production and get a plot p/Z vs cumulative production and get a straight line. The intercept on the abscissa is equal to the original fluid in place. The equation is (1) SPEJ P. 407

Non-condensing gases produced in the vacuum distillation of residual fuel

As a result of study of eight industrial distillation plants the ranges of output and composition of uncondensed gases in the vacuum parts were determined 1. The hydrocarbon part of the uncondensed gas is in the range 0.005–0.42%. On average this gas includes 70% paraffin (from C1 to C6, and above), 5–15% naphthenes, 15–20% olefins. The mean molecular weight of the hydrocarbon gas is 36–68. 2. The quantity of inert gas that the ejector removes from the column ranges from 0.001 to 0.14% of the fuel oil. This gas contains 70–90% air, the greater part of which enters through leaks in the system. 3. When operating on high sulfur crude more decomposition products are formed than on low sulfur crude. 4. When the furnace has panel heaters the gas output is 0.005–0.006% which is a tenth to a twentieth of that in installations with other types of furnace, even with lower preheating temperatures. Alternating the flow diagram of feed in a sloping-roof furnace by transferring the evaporation zone to the less severely thermally loaded floor screens, also reduces decomposition gas output to 0.04–0.07% against 0.24–0.42% in a furnace with a normal feed flow circuit. 5. On increasing the heating temperature of fuel oil in the furnace by 10–15°C in individual cases the gas output is raised by a factor of 1.5 to 2.0

STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: I. A NEW PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON BLACK BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROCARBON GASES

A method is described whereby carbon black is produced from hydrocarbon gases such as methane or propane-butane by thermal decomposition of these gases in a heated tube. The essential feature of the process is the use of a porous refractory tube through which a certain amount of inert gas is allowed to pass. By this means the reacting gas is unable to touch the walls of the system, and deposition of carbon thereon is prevented. Yields as high as 60% of the carbon in the gas, corresponding to 65 lb. per thousand cubic feet, have been obtained from a 70–30 propane-butane mixture, and 19 lb. from methane. The carbon black produced by this process is similar to the "soft" blacks in that it has a high density, low sorptive power, it accelerates the cure in a rubber stock and gives similar resistance to aging and abrasion. It imparts greater stiffness to a rubber stock, however, and in many ways occupies a position between the channel and the "soft" blacks.