Amount Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Potential impacts of future climate changes on agriculture

Climatic change impacts on agriculture, livestock and human health are being witnessed all around the world. The agricultural sector is a driving force in the gas emissions and land use effects thought to cause climate change. The agricultural food system is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Food availability is the most important issue that takes the priority places in the policies of all countries all over the world. The climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways; among these ways are productivity (in terms of quantity and quality of crops); agricultural practices (through changes of water use and agricultural inputs such as herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers). Moreover, climate change could affect food security, insects, plant diseases and weeds as global warming could lead to an increase in pest insect populations, harming yields of crops like wheat, soybeans, and corn. While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.

Development of a model for energy efficiency management of a ship at different stages of its lifecycle

The problem of increasing energy efficiency in commercial shipping has been in the focus of attention of many specialists over the past few decades. The adopted and entered into force resolutions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) require ship-owners to develop and implement energy efficiency management plans. Considerable and increased attention is now being paid to the solution of this problem.
 However, it has not yet been possible to achieve real practical results – commercial shipping already accounts for more than 3 % of greenhouse gas emissions, and this value is growing from year to year.
 The reason for this effect is the practically absence of a systematic scientifically grounded approach to the issue. Management of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is mainly in the operational phase of the ship, although the foundations are laid during the design, construction, modernization and refurbishment phases.
 This study is aimed at developing a comprehensive model for managing the energy efficiency of a ship throughout the entire life cycle. It is proposed to use the cost of a full cycle and the coefficient of energy efficiency as target functions of the model. A method for solving the problem of two-criterion optimization is proposed. The use of this model will be able to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions

A VaR-Based Methodology for Assessing Carbon Price Risk across European Union Economic Sectors

The latest European Union measures for combating climate adopted in the “Fit for 55 package” envisage the extension of the Emissions Trading System, the first “cap-and-trade” system in the world created for achieving climate targets, which limits the amount of greenhouse gas emissions by imposing a price on carbon. In this context, our study provides an integrated assessment of carbon price risk exposure of all economic sectors in the European Union Member States, thus supporting decision making in determining the energy transition risk. We propose a novel approach in assessing carbon risk exposure using the Value at Risk methodology to compute the carbon price under the EU ETS, based on historical price simulation for January–August 2021 and ARMA-GARCH models for the October 2012–August 2021 period. We further built a value erosion metric, which allowed us to establish each sector’s exposure to risk and to identify differences between Eastern and Western EU countries. We find that the refining sector appears to be highly vulnerable, whereas there is higher potential for large losses in the energy supply and chemical sectors in Eastern EU Member States, given a different pace of industry restructuring.

Case Study on Developing a Comprehensive Voluntary Environmental Performance and Process Standard for Alpine Resorts Using Four Business Management Principles

In 2018, Jackson Hole Mountain Resort (JHMR) in Teton Village, WY, USA, discontinued its International Standards Organization 14001 environmental management system. JHMR needed a replacement voluntary environmental program (VEP) that would empower resort employees to directly mitigate climate change, reduce waste and pollution, minimize water use, and restore biodiversity, along with improving building, education, and purchasing. I developed the Model for Alpine Resort Sustainability (MARS) based on 2 research objectives of improving existing industry-specific VEPs and empowering employees to directly mitigate resort environmental impacts through their work. MARS involves 4 business management principles: (1) use ski industry-specific criteria to drive accountability comprehensively across 25 resort departments; (2) quantify greenhouse gas emissions, using both absolute and intensity or normalized bases, and apply quantification to solid waste production and water consumption; (3) employ modern management techniques and software to focus on action over documentation; and (4) strategically align with the core business objective of alpine resorts to provide profitable outdoor recreation by decreasing costs and increasing revenues. MARS provides the most comprehensive, research-based accounting to date of alpine resort environmental impacts and mitigation indicators. MARS could be applied to larger resorts receptive to change.

Методология оценки выбросов парниковых газов от цехов судостроительного предприятия

The article provides a general overview of the methodological approach to quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from any workshop of a shipbuilding enterprise, in general. The approach consists in collecting information on the economic and economic activities of the enterprise and products, the production of which is accompanied by the emission of greenhouse gases, the collection of parametric indicators that determine the specific value of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of activities performed or products manufactured.

Life cycle assessment of pasture-based agrivoltaic systems: Emissions and energy use of integrated rabbit production

Agrivoltaic systems, which deliberately maximize the utility of a single parcel of land for both solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and agriculture, have been demonstrated as a viable technology that can ameliorate competing land uses and meet growing energy and food demands efficiently. The goal of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of a novel pasture-based agrivoltaic concept: co-farming rabbits and solar PV. A life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified the impacts of 1) the integrated agrivoltaic concept in comparison to conventional practices including 2) separate rabbit farming and PV production and 3) separate rabbit farming and conventional electricity production. The impact assessment methods employed to determine the environmental impacts were IPCC 2013 global warming potential 100a V1.03 and fossil energy demand V1.11. The results indicate that the pasture-based agrivoltaic system produces the least amount of greenhouse gas emissions (3.8 million kg CO₂ equivalent) and demands the least amount of fossil energy (46 million MJ) per functional unit of cumulative MWh output of electricity and cumulative kg of meat over 30 years in comparison to the two other scenarios under study. The pasture-based agrivoltaic system features a dual synergy that consequently produces 69.3 ​% less emissions and demands 82.9 ​% less fossil energy compared to non-integrated production. The potential for agrivoltaic systems to significantly reduce environmental impacts revealed by this LCA demonstrates that integrated solar and pasture-based agricultural systems are superior to conventional practices in terms of their comparatively lower emission and energy intensity. These findings provide empirical support for increased agrivoltaic system development more broadly.

Assessment of the applicability of methodological guidelines and guidelines for the quantitative determination of greenhouse gas emissions

The article deals with the problem of climate change. The aim of the study is to analyze and improve methodological recommendations for calculating greenhouse gas emissions. The urgency of reducing the volume of greenhouse gas emissions has been substantiated. Statistical data of emissions volumes are analyzed, the reason for the growth of emissions and the main contributors are determined. The main gases that give the greenhouse effect are identified, and their brief characteristics are given. The need to improve the monitoring and reporting system of greenhouse gas emissions at the global level has been substantiated. The goal of a perfect system for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is to timely obtain relevant data for the systematic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The methodological tools for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Russia, are analyzed from the point of view of their applicability by organizations. Measures for their improvement are proposed, based on the international experience of building guidelines for the IPCC greenhouse gas inventory. The results obtained may be of interest to energy companies when developing corporate guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions.

Impact of seawater desalination and wastewater treatment on water stress levels and greenhouse gas emissions: The case of Chile

Many regions around the world are suffering from water stress, and desalinated water and recycled water are seen as alternatives for meeting the water demand. However, high energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions are some of the main environmental impacts. This is notable for many arid and semi-arid countries where desalination and water recycling are considered options for ensuring water resources availability. This research presents the incorporation of the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions generated during the operation of desalination and wastewater treatment plants in the assessment of water stress levels using the water stress indicator adopted by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Chile was chosen as a case study, as it is a country where there is a considerable difference between the availability of conventional water sources and the water demand, and the electrical grid is fed mainly by fossil fuels. The methodology proposed allows calculating the indirect greenhouse gas emissions due to electrical consumption for the operation of desalination and wastewater treatment plants, and the direct greenhouse gas emissions coming from biological processes used in wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that Chilean arid climate zones will not experience water stress in the future at the regional level, mainly because of the installation of several desalination plants by 2030. Meanwhile, recycled water from the urban sector will slightly contribute to the reduction in the level of water stress in almost all Chilean regions by 2030. Moreover, desalination and wastewater treatment plant will contribute only between 0.34% and 0.75% of total greenhouse gas emitted in Chile by 2030. Therefore, the operation of these industrial systems for facing water scarcity problems in northern and central zones of Chile is a suitable alternative because it does not generate large environmental problems.

THE DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF THE LINEAR ENGINE GENERATOR USED FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM OF THE MARINE TRANSPORTATION AND OFFSHORE GAS/OIL PLATFORMS

Maritime shipping and offshore gas/oil platforms account for a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. It is beneficial to use the linear engine generator (LEG) fuelled by low or zero-carbon fuel as the electric propulsion system for marine transportation and offshore gas/oil platforms to achieve net-zero carbon emission. The LEG could replace the diesel engine and gas turbine for marine applications, with its advantages of simple mechanical structure and adaptability to various fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia, methane, biofuels, and various energy sources like nuclear and solar energy. This article introduces the ammonia/hydrogen-fuelled LEG prototype for electric propulsion system for marine transportation. The LEG parametric sensitivity analyses are done for performance evaluation through simulation modelling. Furthermore, a detailed design of 1.8 kW electrical output LEG is presented.

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from decommissioned oil and gas steel structures: Can current policy meet NetZero goals?

To help achieve global aims to reach Net Zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a clearly structured method for calculating emissions from decommissioning oil and gas structures is required. In order to understand the GHG consequences of recycling secondary steel from decommissioned structures, this paper presents a new methodology in decommissioning, based on the UN’s International Resource Panel (IRP)’s Value Retention method that combines life cycle assessment principles, the waste hierarchy and the circular economy to holistically calculate GHG emissions produced as a consequence of manufacturing primary and secondary steel, manufacturing a product from this steel and the associated transport emissions. The Value Retention Model presented here combines the concept of material value and product value to obtain realistic GHG emission calculations based on end-of-use and end-of-life scenarios, including recycling and reuse options. The results show that reusing a steel jacket structure in situ will retain 55,040 tCO2(eq) in GHG emissions, not including removal operations or transport emissions. New regulation is urgently required to update the current outdated emissions calculation guidelines, enable the provision of both realistic baseline emissions figures and to provide a mechanism for reporting ‘after operations’ figures.

Effective Mainstreaming of Agricultural Emissions into Climate Action Agenda: The Case of Institutions and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems, Western Kenya

Small-scale farming production systems are integral drivers of global sustainability challenges and the climate crisis as well as a solution space for the transition to climate compatible development. However, mainstreaming agricultural emissions into a climate action agenda through integrative approaches, such as Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), largely reinforces adaptation–mitigation dualism and pays inadequate attention to institutions’ linkage on the generation of externalities, such as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. This may undermine the effectiveness of local–global climate risk management initiatives. Literature data and a survey of small-scale farmers’ dairy feeding strategies were used in the simulation of GHG emissions. The effect of price risks on ecoefficiencies or the amount of GHG emissions per unit of produced milk is framed as a proxy for institutional feedbacks on GHG emissions and effect at scale. This case study on small-scale dairy farmers in western Kenya illustrates the effect of local-level and sectoral-level institutional constraints, such as market risks on decision making, on GHG emissions and the effectiveness of climate action. The findings suggest that price risks are significant in incentivising the adoption of CSA technologies. Since institutional interactions influence the choice of individual farmer management actions in adaptation planning, they significantly contribute to GHG spillover at scale. This can be visualised in terms of the nexus between low or non-existent dairy feeding strategies, low herd productivity, and net higher methane emissions per unit of produced milk in a dairy value chain. The use of the Sustainable Food Value Chain (SFVC) analytical lens could mediate the identification of binding constraints, foster organisational and policy coherence, as well as broker the effective mainstreaming of agricultural emissions into local–global climate change risk management initiatives. Market risks thus provide a systematic and holistic lens for assessing alternative carbon transitions, climate financing, adaptation–mitigation dualism, and the related risk of maladaptation, all of which are integral in the planning and implementation of effective climate action initiatives.

Towards sustainable construction through the application of low carbon footprint products

The production of cement generates a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions; in addition, the scarcity of natural resources used in the development of building materials and products has propelled many governments, non-government organizations, construction and cement industries, and researchers around the globe to invest their time and energy towards reducing the dependency of the natural materials; one possible way of achieving sustainability is through the utilization of the locally available waste or industrial by-products as a partial or whole replacement for the conventional materials. University of Malaya (UM) has made a meaningful contribution in the development of sustainable building materials and demonstration projects. UM is the first university in Malaysia to build a cement-free house on its campus. Two single-storey houses, namely Low-Cost Model House (LCMH) and Geopolymer Concrete House (GPCH) have been built using environmentally friendly materials within the university campus. Locally available agricultural and industrial waste and by-products such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA), palm oil clinker (POC), manufactured sand (M-sand), and steel slag aggregate (SSA), were used in the development and construction of these houses. Apart from the materials, environmentally friendly methods of construction were also adopted. This article mainly evaluates the system of construction and the application of sustainable building materials used in the LCMH & GPCH along with its advantages in terms of environment, economy and the social aspects. Overall, it can be concluded that adopting green technology and incorporating waste by-products in concrete has numerous advantages. The revision in the concrete mixes by using alternative substitute materials from waste products would pave the way for reducing environmental problems, harmful effects of waste due to improper disposal methods, reliance on non-renewable substances and promotion of sustainable construction. The prime idea of building the LCMH and GPCH in University of Malaya campus is to raise awareness on the utilization of waste and industrial by-product materials; further, the dissemination of the information is to expand the use of these materials and construction practice not only in Malaysia, but also in other countries.

Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Soybean Cultivation Fertilized with Biochar from Various Utility Plants

Organic matter is an indispensable element of soil. Its quantity and quality affect its properties, e.g., structure, buffering, sorption capacity, air–water relations, and thermal properties. The purpose of the research was to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in soybean cultivation, fertilized with biochar from various crops. Two experimental factors were included: the dose of biochar and the type of biochar used as per raw material used in its production. The adopted functional unit was 1 ton of soybeans. To reach the adopted goal, a strict field experiment was carried out. The total amount of GHG emitted by the cultivation was calculated according to the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The system boundaries included: GHG emissions from fertilizers and seeds used, GHG emissions related to biochar production, emissions related to fossil fuel combustion, and emissions related to the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and the decomposition of biochar. The results of the research indicate a significant potential of biochar to reduce GHG emissions in agricultural production. From the environmental and production perspective, the addition of biochar at 60 Mg ha−1 is the most advantageous. A further increase in the addition of biochar was related to a decrease in plant yield and an increase in GHG emissions per functional unit of the product. The use of biochar in soybean cultivation resulted in a 25% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the object without the biochar addition. The amount of GHG emissions for soybeans ranged from 846.9 to 1260.1 kg of CO2/Mg. The use of biochar from forest biomass resulted in a higher yield, 12% on average, compared to sunflower husk biochar. The introduction of biochar to soils can be an effective improvement in the economic and environmental efficiency of plant production, as it increases the use of nutrients by the plant and intensifies carbon sequestration in soils.

Defining Focus Areas for Digitization to Reduce Construction Industry Generated CO2 Emissions

The amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the construction industry is significant, therefore it should be addressed to protect our environment in the 21st century. The present research is the starting point for a more complex analysis in bioengineering science. It examines the possibilities of implementing digital technologies and the gains that their application can achieve. The research provides an overview of CO2 emissions from construction processes and identifies areas that may focus on future detailed analysis. The study consists of two main parts: a literature review and an interview with digitization experts focused on the issues identified. The present research guides future development focus areas comparing interviews by market and scientific studies. It is essential to determine how significant results can be achieved by using modern digital tools and methodologies. In this way, the extent to which they affect global emissions can be examined, and their impact can be quantified. In the research, the full spectrum of the construction industry was explored, hence we comprehensively analyzed the impact and problems of the processes belonging to each phase of the lifecycle. Although the environmental impact of raw material extraction and processing is significant, its techniques can be improved primarily through innovative solutions that require organizational or governmental intervention. By examining the building phase and post-building phases of the lifecycle, significant reductions in emissions can be achieved through more detailed design, optimized construction, and well-thought-out operation and demolition processes. As a result, immediate interventions are needed in existing methods and procedures. Sustainable construction can be supported by applying new, more accurate, innovative, and higher quality design, construction, operation, and demolition methods. These changes will facilitate the implementation of digitization processes in the construction industry at a higher level and prepare proposals for the solution of environmental problems in the construction industry.

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Desert Steppes of China’s Hexi Corridor

Stock estimates are critical to quantifying carbon and nitrogen sequestration, quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, and understanding key biogeochemical processes (i.e., soil carbon and nutrient cycling). Many studies have assessed soil organic matter and nutrients in different ecosystems. However, the spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen and the key influencing factors in arid desert steppe remain unclear. Here, we investigated the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) to a depth of 100 cm at 126 sites in a desert steppe in northwestern China.SOCandSTNcontents decreased with increasing depth; the highest averageSOCandSTNcontents were 12.70 and 0.65 g kg−1in the surface 5 cm, and the lowest were from 80 to 100 cm (4.49 and 0.16 g kg−1, respectively).SOCdensity (SOCD) andSTNdensity (STND) to a depth of 100 cm averaged 8.94 and 0.45 kg m−2, respectively. The top 1 m of the soils stored approximately 1,041 TgSOCand 52 TgSTNin the study area. Geostatistical analysis showed strong and moderate spatial autocorrelation forSOCDin different soil layers, but the autocorrelation forSTNDgradually weakened with increasing depth.SOCDandSTNDdecreased from southwest to northeast in the study area, along an elevation gradient. Both were significantly positively correlated with topographic variables, precipitation, and the normalized-difference vegetation index, but negatively correlated with temperature and aridity. More than 40% of theSOCDandSTNDspatial variation was explained by elevation, which was the dominant factor. The data and high-resolution maps from this study will support future soil carbon and nitrogen analyses.

Energy consumption and CO2 emissions of petroleum coke-to-methanol with/without carbon capture using process modeling and life cycle analysis

Petroleum coke is an important by-product of oil refineries. It is characterized by high carbon content and calorific value with increasing sulfur content due to the use of the inferior crude oil. The application of petroleum coke combustion will inevitably produce a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Gasification technology can efficiently convert it to syngas and then for methanol production. However, the petroleum coke-to-methanol also faces serious CO2 emissions when adjusting syngas composition. Therefore, this study establishes the model of the petroleum coke-to-methanol with/without carbon capture and compares their energy consumption and CO2 emissions from the production and life cycle aspect. The CO2 emissions of the petroleum coke conversion rates of 75%, 85%, and 95% without carbon capture are 2439 kg/t, 2269 kg/t, 2146 kg/t with exergy efficiencies of 38.35%, 45.31%, and 52.23%. With the help of the carbon capture devices, their CO2 emissions are reduced to 316 kg/t, 297 kg/t, and 285 kg/t with decreasing exergy efficiencies by about 1%. From the aspect of life cycle, the greenhouse gas emissions of the petroleum coke-to-methanol are 3602, 3299, and 3077 kg CO2 eq/t, which are reduced by about 54.58–55.79% with involving carbon capture.

Highly selective photocatalytic synthesis of ethylene-derived commodity chemicals on BiOBr nanosheets

The synthesis of ethylene-derived commodity chemicals is an important process in industry. However, the current manufacturing process is energy-intensive and contributes a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Photocatalytic conversion of ethylene to target products is a more sustainable and green alternative. In this work, we designed a bromide-mediated photocatalytic approach for highly selective synthesis of ethylene oxide or ethylene glycol from ethylene. The bromine/hypobromous acid (Br2/HOBr) generated in photocatalytic process are effective active species for conversion of gaseous ethylene to liquid intermediates, bromoethanol and dibromoethane. These intermediates were further converted to ethylene oxide or ethylene glycol via a facile alkali treatment in different temperatures, giving rise to a high selectivity of 92% and 100%, respectively. Interestingly, the BiOBr could oxidize its crystal Br− to generate Br2/HOBr efficiently, which is a more favorable process thermodynamically than oxidation of aqueous Br−. Furthermore, long-term stability (> 40 h) of BiOBr is maintained by adding KBr in the reaction system to automatically replenish Br− in BiOBr. This work provides a potential alternative to current industrial method for green synthesis of ethylene-derived commodity chemicals.

Review of biowastes to energy in Malaysia: Current technology, scalability and socioeconomic analysis

Malaysia is experiencing rapid urbanisation leading to an increase in the demand of energy. The use of renewable energy can satisfy energy demands and mitigate environmental issues such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion from different feedstock such as food waste (FW), palm oil mill effluent (POME), garden waste (GW), landfill, sewage sludge (SS) and animal manure can be utilised to reduce the need of fossil fuel. This review paper will focus on the current biogas technologies, their scalability and socio-economic analysis on biowastes to energy in Malaysia. If all FW generated in Malaysia (approximately 15,000 tonnes per day) could be converted to energy, it has a potential to replace fossil fuel totally, as it produces 10 times more than the annual requirement of energy. Consequently, there is a significant advantage obtained from offsetting huge amounts of GHG emissions that would otherwise be contributing to the global warming effect. Several issues and challenges have been identified for the scale-up of laboratory scale to industrial scale where parameters including pH, temperature, organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and mixing rate must be treated carefully. The socio-economic survey conducted as part of this study has revealed the strong acceptability of this technology and the readiness of the population in Malaysia to contribute and be part of this effort. However, the survey has also identified the limitations of the sorting and preparation facilities of food waste segregation for potential biogas generation.

A Review on the Feasibility of Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources for Electric Vehicles under Smart Grid Environment

Nowadays, Energy consumption in the field of transportation comes next to industrial consumption worldwide. If transportation is completely powered by renewable energy, the utilization of fossil fuels can be drastically reduced, which will result in a lesser amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) can act as an alternative to make transportation pollution-free. Large-scale usage of EVs causes high electricity demand on the supply system. This problem can be overcome by utilizing renewable energy sources (RESs) for Electric Vehicle charging. Due to the unpredictability of RESs, coordinating EV charging with other loads and renewable generation is problematic. By using EVs as energy units, power fluctuations in the electric grid can be compensated. This paper presents a summary of recent research in the domain of integration of renewable energy sources with electric vehicles (EVs) under the smart grid environment. Electric vehicles-smart grid integrated systems face several issues related to communication, grid infrastructure and control in the future power system. Feasibility of integration of solar and wind energy systems with electric vehicles is discussed in section 2. The existing research articles in this area are classified into two based on the purpose: EVs integration into the electric grid and Vehicle to grid services. The function of V2G in the electricity market, as well as its management concerns, are investigated in section 3. Finally, the research gaps and future scope of incorporating electric vehicles with renewable energy sources and the Smart grid are highlighted.

Assessment of the Multiannual Impact of the Grape Training System on GHG Emissions in North Tajikistan

The overarching goal of agricultural sciences is to optimize production technology to rationalize the use of production resources, energy, and space. Due to its high fertilization and water requirements, the vine is a plant with a high potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The modifying factor in the production technology is plantation management. To reach the assumed goal, a field experiment was conducted in the years 2001–2020, and the following training systems were used: multi-arm fan system (A) trunk height <30 cm, (B) 80 cm, (C) 120 cm, one-side multi-arm, paired planting (D) 120 cm, (E) 140 cm. The total amount of GHGs emitted in vine cultivation was calculated according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The system boundaries were: establishing the plantation, the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides, energy consumption for agricultural treatments, and gas emissions from the soil. The amount of GHG emissions for cultivation using the systems A, B, C ranged from 426.77 to 556.34 kg of CO2-eq Mg of yield−1, while in the case of D and E systems, the value was approx. 304.37 to 306.23 CO2-eq Mg of yield−1. When comparing this stage with total annual emissions related to cultivation (for 1 ha), the amount of emitted GHGs at this stage is from approx. 42% to 58% higher than from annual emission related to cultivation. Concrete poles are the main element related with GHG emission during stage of plantation establishment, from 97 to 98% of emission. In the case of annual production, nitrogen fertilizers are responsible for approx. 36%. Moreover, the results show that systems D and E increased the average annual fruit yield (per 19 years of research) by approx. 68% compared to the A, B, C systems. There was no difference in the yield of plants with different height of shoots in the D and E systems. The “one-side, multi-arm, paired planting system” was characterized by the highest production and environmental efficiency.