Amount Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Development of a Simple High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Method to Quantify Synergistic Compounds and Their Composition in Dried Leaf Extracts of Piper Sarmentosum Roxb.

There is a growing demand to enhance pharmaceutical and food safety using synergistic compounds from Piper sarmentosum Roxb., such as polyphenols and water-soluble vitamins. However, information on standardized analytical methods to identify and quantify these compounds of interest is limited. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD)-based method was developed to simultaneously detect and quantify the amounts of tannin, flavonoid, cinnamic acid, essential oil, and vitamins extracted from P. sarmentosum leaves using methanol, chloroform, and hexane. Commercially and non-commercially-cultivated P. sarmentosum leaves were subjected to seven different drying treatments (shade; sun; air oven at 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C; and freeze-drying) for three consecutive months. Most compounds were detected most efficiently at a detection wavelength of 272 nm. The developed method displayed good detection limits (LOD, 0.026–0.789 µg/mL; LOQ, 0.078–2.392 µg/mL), linearity (R2 > 0.999), precision (%RSD, <1.00), and excellent accuracy (96–102%). All P. sarmentosum leaf extracts were simultaneously tested and analytically compared without time-consuming fractionation. Methanolic plant extracts showed better peak area and retention time splits compared to chloroformic and hexanoic extracts. Differences in synergistic compound composition were dependent on the type of drying treatment but not on cultivation site and time of sampling. Flavonoid was identified as the dominant phytochemical component in P. sarmentosum leaves, followed by the essential oil, cinnamic acid, ascorbic acid, and tannin. Overall, we present a simple and reproducible chromatographic method that can be applied to identify different plant compounds.

Quantity and Quality of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) Affected by Precision Harvesting

The amount of active compounds of medicinal plants (e.g. essential oil) varies in different plant parts. Thus, it is important to harvest those parts containing the highest levels of active compounds. In the present study the effect of harvest height on quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis was investigated based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four harvest heights including 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm (in basipetal order) and the residual stalks. After measuring the essential oil, the component values analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Regarding essential oil content (% v/w), yield and dry matter of different heights, the 15 cm height had the highest amount of essential oil (1.02±0.01%) and the lowest yield (2.17±0.13 g/m2) and dry matter (213.72±15.32 g/m2). On the contrary, the 45 cm height had the lowest amount of essential oil (0.75±0.01%) and the highest yield (5.7±0.57 g/m2) and dry matter (757.52±63.5 g/m2). For all harvest heights, cis-pinocamphone (53.93-44.6%), β-pinene (15.33-12.5%) and trans-pinocamphone (12.2-8.17%) had the highest levels among the compounds of the essential oil. The findings obtained from present study revealed that, if the quality is the matter, the essential oil extracted from the top 15 cm had the highest quality and purity although it was less in quantity.

Chemical composition and antifungal activities of aromatic water of Zataria multiflora Boiss.

Background and Purpose: In Iranian culture, aromatic waters harboring a slight amount of essential oil have been popularly used for many years as a pleasant non-alcoholic drink with various medicinal properties.In this study, chemical composition of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM) aromatic water was determined and its in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties were investigated. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from aromatic water (AW) of ZM was analyzed by Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the AW against Candida species was determined by broth micro-dilution methods. Additionally, biofilm formation inhibition and antioxidant activity of the AW were measured using XTT reduction and DPPH methods, respectively. Antifungal activities of the AW in the prevention and/or treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis in animal models were also evaluated.Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of ZM AW were Carvacrol (46.56%) and Thymol (40.67%). The ZM AW inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of Candida species in the range of 0.25-0.5 V/V. Moreover, ZM AW significantly decreased Candida colonization in therapeutic groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: Given the wide therapeutic potential of ZM AW, including antifungal and antioxidant activities, it might be possible to use it in the management of mucocutaneous or alimentary candidiasis.

Assessing soil fertility status and land suitability for patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) in Lamala District, Banggai Regency

Besides influenced by genotype, the quality and quantity of patchouli essential oil were controlled by soil as a growing medium. The development of patchouli plantation in Lamala District is still hampered by negative stigma from the community. It is believed, the strong absorption rate from patchouli could lead to soil nutrient deficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine soil fertility status and evaluate its suitability for patchouli plant in 3 land units (e.g., uncultivated, cultivated with fertilization, and cultivated without fertilization). The method used is an Exploratory-Descriptive Survey. The determination of soil properties was based on physical properties such as texture, and chemical properties such as pH, organic-C and nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O, base cations and cation exchange capacity/CEC, and Fe. The data then matched to Soil Fertility and Land Suitability Criteria for the patchouli plant. The result showed that the chemical properties in 3 land units had slightly acidic, high CEC, medium base saturation, moderate P2O5 content, and moderate organic-C content. Meanwhile, the K2O content of the land without patchouli was very low and the patchouli with and without fertilizer was low. Soil fertility status in 3 land units was classified as marginally suitable (S3-rc,na), this is due to the limiting factors; soil texture (rc) and P2O5 (na).

Agroecological approach to seed protection using basil essential oil

Essential oils have been widely studied for the protection of crops and their products against pests and diseases, as an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides, mainly because they are less harmful to the environment and human health. Basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is known for its antimicrobial properties. In this study, basil aromatic oil was obtained by hydrodistillation for different times (20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min), to estimate and evaluate variations in chemical composition. Basil essential oil and linalool, the major substance in the essential oil, were submitted to toxicity tests against three common storage fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium spp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and for their effect on the germination of commercial seeds (lettuce and tomatoes). Considering the estimates based on the extraction kinetics, hydrodistillation times longer than 60 min proved to be disadvantageous, considering the variations observed in the quantity and quality of essential oil, which did not constitute a considerable gain in essential oil mass, as well as, a different chemical profile. The basil essential oil and linalool showed toxicity against the fungi F. oxysporum (median inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 13.18 and 12.60 μg/mL), Penicillium spp. (IC50 = 17.5 and 8.77 μg/mL) and C. gloeosporioides (IC50 = 12.91 and 9.15 μg/mL), respectively. The tomato and lettuce seeds’ germination were not significantly affected by the essential oils. The results indicate the potential use of basil essential oil for the protection of tomato and lettuce seeds.

Growth responses and essential oil profile of Salvia officinalis L. Influenced by water deficit and various nutrient sources in the greenhouse.

Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant extensively used in foods, traditional medicine, and the pharmacological industry. In the current study, the effects of different irrigation regimes [irrigation after 70 ± 5 (regular), 105 ± 5 (moderate drought stress), and 140 ± 5 (severe drought stress) mm evaporation] and nutrient sources (control, NPK, farmyard manure, foliar fertilizer, and hydrogel) were investigated on the growth parameters and essential oil (EO) components of S. officinalis in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested two times. The regular irrigation treatment had the most significant effect on plant height (51 cm), fresh and dry herb weight (51.5 and 18.1 g plant−1), and fresh and dry leaf weight (40.1 and 13.1 g plant−1). The highest amount of EO was observed after moderate drought stress (1.48%). The NPK treatment had the greatest effect on plant height (40 cm), branch number (19 per plant), fresh and dry herb weight (53.4 and 18.9 g plant−1), fresh and dry leaf weight (41.2 and 13.6 g plant−1), and EO content (1.67%). The 1st cutting was superior in EO amount, while the 2nd cutting had a high agronomic yield. α-Thujone (from 21.6 to 34.2%) was identified as the predominant compound. Additionally, the content of α-thujone in the 2nd cutting was higher after moderate drought stress, NPK, and hydrogel treatments. Moreover, 1,8-cineole, β-thujone, camphene, α-pinene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, borneol, and bornyl acetate were the other main compounds. As a general result, regular irrigation and NPK treatments improved the agronomic yield of S. officinalis. The plants under drought stress produced high amounts of EO. The farmyard manure also improved plant yield by providing a part of the plant's nutritional needs. Therefore, it could be concluded that it is crucial to determine the effects of limited water availability and various nutrient sources on yield and chemical compositions for medicinal and aromatic plant growth.

A new green insecticide for stored wheat grains: Efficiency against Rhyzopertha dominica and risk assessment

This work evidenced the insecticidal activity of encapsulated Mentha spicata essential oil (EO) against Rhyzopertha dominica in presence of stored wheat grain and evaluated the residual EO amount in wheat grains after treatment. EO distribution in the different fractions recovered after grain milling was also determined. The mortality rate against R. dominica reached more than 90% and was dependent on the amount of EO released from the encapsulation matrix. The quantification of the two major compounds of EO, (R)-limonene and (R)-carvone, showed that wheat grains contained different amount depending on the storage conditions. When wheat grains were stored in open jars, the EO residual amount in grains was especially low (1.98 mg/kg) compared to amount in closed jar (51.6 mg/kg). The flour resulting from milling contained lower amount of EO compounds in comparison with the bran fractions. The contact of wheat grains with EO clearly modified the native aromatic profile of the wheat flour as the most represented compounds were those belonging to the EO. In the native flour, ten volatile compounds, mainly alcohols and aldehydes due to oxidation of lipids were identified, which represented only 14% of the aromatic profile when the wheat grains were treated by EO. However, when the storage condition of grains mimics the silos conditions, the level of (R)-carvone, the major component of spearmint EO is found around 3 mg/kg of flour which was far below its currently use in bakery products.

Plant hydrolates – Antioxidant properties, chemical composition and potential applications

Hydrolates, are by-products of the hydrodistillation of plants. They consist of the distillation water in which very small amounts of essential oils remain dispersed. Hydrosols are widely used in cosmetics. One of the greatest challenges in skin care, whether it is healthy or affected by a pathological condition, is how to minimize oxidative stress. Extract also lend themselves to applications in the agri-food industry, to inhibit the development of pathological microorganisms in food and to remove biofilms constituting a threat to public health in food, pharmaceuticals and beauty products. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the antioxidant potential of hydrosols available in the cosmetics market, taking into account for the first time in scientific literature not only plant species, but also origin (country, farming system, part of plant) and method of preservation. Antioxidant activity, expressed as percentage inhibition of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and content of polyphenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu method), was determined in seventeen hydrosols by spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant potential was in the range of 4.43–39.87% of DPPH radical inhibition and 1325.65–5794.38 µM Fe(II)/L. Total phenolic content (TPC) in the hydrosols amounted to 9.33–44.23 mg GAE/L, while total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 1.48 to 14.82 mg rutin/L. The hydrosols had a pH in the range of 3.31–5.42. Conclusions: Plant hydrosols appear to have a high antioxidant potential, which depends on not only the plant species, but also its origin, part of the plant from which the hydrosol was obtained and the preservation method used in the finished product.

Wound-aided semi-solid poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels incorporating essential oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles

The potential of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) loaded with essential oil (EO) incorporated into semi-solid PVA hydrogels for use in wound management was studied. Two types of essential oil were compared including clove essential oil (CEO) and turmeric essential oil (TEO). The EO-loaded CSNPs were prepared by a two-step method; oil-in-water (o/w) emulsification followed by ionic gelation using different ratios of chitosan:EO (i.e., 1:0.25, 1:0.50, 1:0.75, and 1:1.00 w/w). The increasing amount of EO caused more aggregate structure as observed from SEM images. The TEO-loaded CSNPs showed a higher extent of aggregation than the CEO-loaded CSNPs. The adhesiveness of the semi-solid PVA hydrogels containing TEO-loaded CSNPs was the highest. The use of EO-loaded CSNPs in the semi-solid PVA hydrogel helped to sustain and prolong the release rate of EO from the hydrogels as compared to just the EO alone. The studied semi-solid PVA hydrogels were non-toxic to both NCTC clone 929 and NHDF cells. Overall results suggested that these semi-solid hydrogels are good candidates for use in wound management.

PREPARATION OF SALVIA OFFICINALIS L. EXTRACT AND STUDY OF ITS EFFECT ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN ALBINO RATS

Salvia officinalis is one of the most valued herbs because of its high amount of essential oil and its many components. It has many health-related uses such as improving cognition, as well as reducing the amount of nursing mother's milk during weaning, also recommended for the gargling of the infectious throat, and to treat cardiovascular diseases and nervous disturbance, depression, cerebral ischemia and acts as an antiseptic for wounds. This study aim was to prepare the plant extract of Salvia officinalis L. from the Iraq local areas, determine its chemical properties and study its effect on some physiological and immunological variables in white rats. The plant leave Extract was Prepared and its effects were assessed on several physiological parameters using 20 male rats. The rats were divided into four groups. the control group(G1) received standard food and water; the negative control group (G2) received fat rich diet; G3 rats were given Salvia officinalis with a concentration of 100 mg\ kg\day. G4: rats were given Salvia officinalis 100mg/kg body weight and received fat rich diet. Roche/Hitachi, cobas c 501/502 were used to evaluate the levels of aminotransferase Enzymes, Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), serum creatinine, serum urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). While Globulin concentration, very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were calculated according to some referred equations. The phytochemical analysis showed that the compounds identified in the sample were found to be alkaloids, phenols, tannins, coumarins glycosides, flavonoids, quinines, Carbohydrates and steroids. The results showed a significant increase (P &lt;0.01) in the level of liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALP, in the G2 treated with the high fat diet compared with a control group and showed a significant increase (P &lt;0.01) in the level of urea an

The Essential Oil Content of Salvia Offıcınalıs in Konya Grown

Sage has been used for centuries as a sacred herb in Roman rituals to extend life, especially in china. The positive effects of the plant on health have been described frequently from the ancient Roman period until the middle ages. It is used for the treatment of bronchial infections, colds and cough. It is also traditionally used to relieve gastraintestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia, gas, indigestion, bloating. In the treatment of excessive sweating in menopause. It has been shown to be effective. Its effectiveness is used as a mouthwash in the irritation of the oral mucosa as well as in pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, glossitis infections. These teas used in treatment are prepared as infusion, decoction and cold maceration. S. officinalis plant grown in July Organic Farm in Akyokuş region in Konya province was used. The analyzes were carried out in the Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Directorate Medical and Aromatic Plants Center Laboratory in 2017. Approximately 20 g of dried plant material prepared for analysis. The sample is weighed. The weighed sample is placed in the glass clevenger flask. Approximately 10 times (200 ml) of pure water is added to the sample. It is subjected to hydrodistilation process for about 2 hours. Then the reading of the essential oil sample, which accumulates in the graduated part and creates a phase difference with water, is taken and the result is recorded in ml. Then, based on the weight, the amount of essential oil is calculated as a percentage. In our study, α-tujone 24.48%, camphor 16.45.1.8% cineol 12.38%, while viridiflorol was found as 6.5%. We think that the differences may be due to differences in geographical regions and precipitation. Ventilatory oil ratios have been shown in course studies that ontogenetic factors can also be affected by many factors.

АНАЛИЗ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ КОРИАНДРА ПОСЕВНОГО ПО СЕЛЕКЦИОННО ЦЕННЫМ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМ

Coriander is a valuable, highly profitable essential oil crop. Therefore, the development of new highly productive varieties is the main direction of breeding. The aim of the research was to study the collection of Coriandrum sativum L. (owner – Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea) by a complex of valuable traits to identify promising samples for breeding purposes. In 2017–2019, under the conditions of the Crimean Foothills (village of Krymskaya Roza, Belogorsky district), we analyzed 164 samples from 30 regions of the world. The territory of the experimental plots belongs to the upper foothill, warm, insufficiently humid agro-climatic region. To compare the parameters, we included five coriander varieties in our study. They were created in the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea (‘Yantar’, ‘Ranniy’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Medun’ and ‘Silach’) and registered in the “State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted for Use” of the Russian Federation. The work was guided by the methodological recommendations on essential oil crops breeding. Plot area – 0.6 m2, double replication. The analysis revealed high variability of the collection samples in terms of the main indicators of productivity: fruit yield (Cv = 37.2 %), content of essential oil (Cv = 51.3 %), yield of essential oil per unit area (Cv = 60.0 %). Optimal weather conditions for the accumulation of essential oil with a high content of linalool (the main component) are relatively low air humidity and increased temperature regime during flowering and fruit ripening. The following samples were identified as sources of valuable traits: vr. 341, vr. 757, vr. 756, vr. 387, VIR 415 with a mass fraction of essential oil in fruits at the level of 2.81–3.62 %; VIR 258, vr. 233, VIR 144, VIR 165, VIR 246, vr. 705 with a fruit yield that reached 52.0–73.9 g per plot. Five samples – VIR 348, VIR 421, VIR 180, VIR 431 and vr. 521 – provided a high amount of essential oil (0.90–1.23 g per plot) because of the combination of the increased yield and essential oil mass fraction.

Funneliformis mosseae inoculation under water deficit stress improves the yield and phytochemical characteristics of thyme in intercropping with soybean

Intercropping of medicinal plants/legumes along with bio-fertilizer application is a relatively new sustainable practice for improving the yield and secondary metabolites production. Here, a 2-years field experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of water deficit stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application (as bio-fertilizer) on nutrients concentration, dry matter yield, essential oil quantity and quality of thyme in intercropping with soybean. Three irrigation levels, including (i) irrigation after depletion of 20% (I20) as non-stressed, 50% (I50) as moderate water deficit and 80% (I80) available water as severe water deficit were applied as the main factor. The sub-factor was represented by different cropping patterns including thyme sole culture, replacement intercrop ratio of 50:50 and 66:34 (soybean: thyme) and the third factor was non-usage (control) and usage of AMF. According to our results, the thyme dry yield under moderate and severe water deficit stress decreased by 35 and 44% in the first year, and by 27 and 40% in the second year compared with non-stressed (I20) plants, respectively. Also, the macro- and micro-nutrients of thyme leaves increased significantly in intercropping patterns after application of AMF. The maximum essential oil percentage of thyme was achieved in 50:50 intercropping ratio treated with AMF. Under moderate and severe water deficits, the major constituents of thyme essential oil including thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were increased in intercropping patterns treated with AMF. Generally, AMF application in intercropping ratio of 50:50 may be proposed to farmers as an eco-friendly approach to achieve desirable essential oil quality and quantity in thyme under water deficit stress conditions.

Essential oils content, composition and antioxidant activity of lemon balm, mint and sweet basil from Serbia

Lemon balm, mint, and basil were used to determine whether light modification (plants grown under pearl shade nets with 40 % shaded index or in un-shaded open field) could improve the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) and antioxidant activity. The yield of EOs of lemon balm, mint and sweet basil obtained after 120 min of hydrodistillation was 0.18, 2.00, and 1.12 mL/100 g, respectively. At the same time under shading conditions plants obtained more levels of EOs (0.22, 2.23, and 1.32 mL/100 g). The main components of the lemon balm essential oil are geranial (6.84–7.78 %); neral (3.02–3.52 %) and piperitenone oxide (1.67–5.36 %). The main components of mint essential oil are piperitenone oxide (12–14 %) and 1,8 cineole (1.32–2.27 %), while basil essential oil consists of the following components: linalool (9.06–10.2 %); 1,8 cineole (1.26–8.06 %) and α-trans bergamotene (1.21–1.47 %). The essential oil obtained from basil leaves grown under shading has shown the highest antioxidant activity (EC50 value after 20 min of incubation = 0.68 mg/mL). Medicinal plants are a good source of natural antioxidants with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Medicinal plants can be recommended to grow in shading conditions for achieving optimal quality parameters.

Modification of light intensity influence essential oils content, composition and antioxidant activity of thyme, marjoram and oregano.

Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Origanum majorana L. (marjoram), and Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) were used to determine whether light modification (plants grown under nets with 40% shaded index or in un-shaded open field) could improve the quantity and quality of essential oils (EOs) and antioxidant activity. The yield of EOs of thyme, marjoram, and oregano obtained after 120 min of hydrodistillation was 2.32, 1.51, and 0.27 mL/100 g of plant material, respectively. At the same time under shading conditions plants synthetized more EOs (2.57, 1.68, and 0.32 mL/100 g of plant material). GC/MS and GC/FID analyses were applied for essential oils determinations. The main components of the thyme essential oil are thymol (8.05–9.35%); γ-terpinene (3.49–4.04%); p-cymene (2.80–3.60%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.54–2.15%). Marjoram main components were terpinene 4-ol (7.44–7.63%), γ-terpinene (2.82–2.86%) and linalool (2.04–2.65%) while oregano essential oil consisted of the following components: caryophyllene oxide (3.1–1.93%); germacrene D (1.17–2.0%) and (E)-caryophyllene (1.48–1.1%). The essential oil from thyme grown under shading (EC50 value after 20 min of incubation) have shown the highest antioxidant activity – 0.85 mg mL−1 in comparison to marjoram and oregano (shaded plants EC50 19.97 mg mL−1 and 7.02 mg mL−1 and unshaded, control plants EC50 54.01 mg mL−1 and 7.45 mg mL−1, respectively). The medicinal plants are a good source of natural antioxidants with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For production practice, it can be recommended to grow medicinal plants in shading conditions to achieve optimal quality parameters.

Qualitative characteristics of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under the influence of harvest time and drying methods

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs) in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. It has antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, antiulcer, antispasmodic and several other pharmacological activities. Determining suitable harvest time and most appropriate drying method has an important role in the production of high quality MACs for industry. In this study, aerial parts of hyssop were harvested every three hours over a 12-hour period, from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM, during full-flowering stage. Subsequently, different drying methods such as shade-drying, freeze-drying, vacuum- and oven-drying (40, 50 and 60 °C) and microwave-drying (100, 300 and 600 W) were employed and the resulting qualitative traits (color, essential oil content and composition) were evaluated. Over time from morning to noon, the amount of essential oil (EO) was found to have increased, while in the afternoon a gradual decrease of EO content was observed. There were no specific trend changes in the EO components related to the passage of time during the day and only the amount of myrtenol was found to have increased gradually from morning to afternoon. With increasing temperature, in all drying methods applied, the amount of browning index was increased. The glandular trichomes were susceptible to drying method and microwave-dried samples at 600 W had defective and cracked trichomes. The highest EO content (1%) resulting from all drying methods was obtained from microwave drying at 100 W while the lowest (0.15%) was observed after microwave drying at 600 W. Increasing the temperature during drying reduced the EO content, which was higher in vacuum-drying treatments than oven-drying. Regarding the main components of EOs, the highest amount of cis-pinocamphone (65.6%) was obtained by microwave drying at 300 W and the lowest (36.7%) by oven-drying at 60 °C. Finally, it can be concluded from this study that the optimum harvest time for hyssop is 12 noon, during full-flowering stage, and that low power microwave drying (100 W), oven-drying at 40 °C and shade-drying were all able to preserve the desired main active ingredients.

Does co-inoculation of mycorrhiza and Piriformospora indica fungi enhance the efficiency of chlorophyll fluorescence and essential oil composition in peppermint under irrigation with saline water from the Caspian Sea?

Symbiotic associations with endophytic fungi are ecologically important for medicinal and aromatic plants. Endophytic fungi highly affect the quantity and quality of herbal products. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse to investigate the interactive effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) inoculation on the chlorophyll fluorescence, essential oil composition, and antioxidant enzymes of peppermint under saline condition. The results showed that Fo, YNPQ, YNO, and NPQ values were obviously increased under salinity conditions, while essential oil content, chlorophyll a and b, gs, Fm, Fv, ETR, ФPSII and Fv/Fm ratio decreased by increasing salinity. In addition, salt induced the excess Na+ uptake, whereas the opposite trend was observed for P and K+. The synergistic association of P. indica and AMF caused a considerable increase in the antioxidant ability, essential oil content, Fv/Fm ratio, ФPSII, and amount of P and K+ uptake in salt-stressed plants. The main peppermint oil constituents, menthol, menthone, and 1,8-cineole increased considerably in inoculated plants. Besides, the applied endophytic fungi positively enhanced the ability of peppermint to alleviate the negative effect of the salinity stress.

Reactive nano-essential oils for sustained release of essential oils and application to wallpaper

Essential oils are a volatile and aromatic substance with a variety of active biological activities. However, the excessive volatility and inconvenience of the use of essential oils limit their applications. In this study, we developed a reactive mesoporous silica nanoparticle (rMSNs) based on cyanuric chloride modification for essential oil encapsulation and commodity adhesion. The large pore volume and specific surface area of rMSNs facilitate the nanoparticles adhering to a large amount of essential oil and achieve the sustained release of essential oil, thus prolonging the fragrance retention time of essential oils. The reactive nano-essential oils can form covalent bonds with the wallpaper, thereby remarkably improving the adhesion of the reactive nano-essential oils on the wallpaper and preventing the reactive nano-essential oil from de-adhering from the wallpaper. The active nano essential oil simultaneously overcomes the intense volatility of the essential oil and inconvenience in use, has a simple preparation process and low cost, and has great application potential.

Plant Growth, Ion Accumulation and Essential Oil Content of Salvia officinalis Mill. and S. tomentosa L. Grown under Different Salt Stress

This study was conducted to determine the response of Salvia tomentosa Mill. and Salvia officinalis L. to different salinity levels. The salvia plants were grown in 8 L pots filled with the continuously aerated nutrient solution under different salt levels 1 (control), 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dS m-1 in fully automated climate chambers. The fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, stem length, leaf area, SPAD, CO2 fixation, root length, root diameter, root volume, leaf Na+, K+, Ca++ Cl- content, and amount of essential oil were determined. The increasing salt level decreased significantly plant growth of both Salvia species. However, highly significant differences were found between two Salvia species in terms of shoot and root biomass. Generally, S. tomentosa showed better plant growth performance in plant growth compared to S. officinalis. The Na+ and Cl- content of the leaves significantly increased with increasing salt concentration and the increase was higher in S. tomentosa. The amount of K+ in the leaves decreased due to the increasing salt concentration, while the amount of Ca++ varied depending on the dose. The study showed that the essential oil contents of the sage leaves could be increased with the moderate salt application. The increase in essential oil due to salt stress was higher in S. officinalis. The results showed that Salvia species can be cultivated in low and medium saline soils, second class waters can be used for irrigation of sages and essential oil yield of sages can be increased by using salt stress.

ACI YOVŞAN (ARTEMİSİA ABSİNTHİUM L.) NÖVÜNÜN MORFOLOJİ XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ VƏ EFİR YAĞI

The presented article provides information on the morphological features and essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L., introduced in Absheron and cultivated in cultural conditions. The study compared the morphological characteristics of the same age species grown in different parts of the collection area of the Institute of Dendrology (sunny and shady parts) and the amount of essential oil extracted from the leaves by month (February-May). It was found that the plant grown in the sunny part, despite having a large number of branches and a large umbrella, is weaker than the plant growing in the shady part due to its growth. Even though the morphological characteristics of the surface organs of the same species grown in different parts are different, the normal conduct of the developmental stages of the season allows this plant to fully adapt to the conditions of Absheron. In the study, the essential oil obtained from the species varies depending on environmental factors, the growing season, and it is more economically expedient to obtain essential oil from plants growing in sunny areas. Artemisia absinthium L., known as fodder and essential oil medicinal plant in the flora of Azerbaijan, has a perennial, decorative appearance and perspective importance, so it is expedient to cultivate it in Absheron and use it in landscaping some areas. Key words: Artemisia absinthium L., multiplicity, morphology, essential oil, yield percentage, environmental factors