Quantitative Observations Research Articles

EFL STUDENT’S PROBLEMS WITH PARAGRAPH WRITING AT TAY DO UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

This paper studied problems in EFL students’ paragraph writing. The research participants were first-year students of English in Tay Do University (TDU). To achieve the desired aims of the current study, the researcher combined both qualitative and quantitative methods, using questionnaires, interviews, and observations as the main instruments. The researcher used the package of social sciences (SPSS) for analysis. Research results showed that the freshmen at TDU often encountered problems in writing paragraphs. These accounted for grammatical structures, vocabulary, and coherence. Basing on the research results, students could recognize their difficulties when writing and find some new ways to overcome them. It is suggested that teachers should find and update some new teaching methods so as to develop students’ paragraph writing skills.
 
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Editorial Identities, Business Models, and Social Strategies: Spanish Women Editors in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

This article examines women’s periodical editorship in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Spain. Drawing on library collections and digital periodical databases, it revisits the pioneering research on a small number of major figures undertaken since the 1990s and tests it on a much larger scale. Was female editorship a negligible phenomenon in the history of the Spanish press, or are we only beginning to discover its scope? And if more women editors are identified, to what extent can we extrapolate insights into the profiles, networks, and strategies of a few grandes dames to larger numbers? Our approach not only enables us to answer these questions on a quantitative level, it also opens up a large corpus of periodicals for more in-depth qualitative research. Specifically, after presenting some quantitative findings and general observations, we examine three factors that played a role in the success and failure of Spanish women’s periodical editorship: editorial identities, business models, and social strategies.

Morphological variability in the mucosal attachment site of Trichuris muris revealed by X-ray microcomputed tomography

Parasitic infections can be challenging to study because two dimensional light and electron microscopy are often limited in visualising complex and inaccessible attachment sites. Exemplifying this, Trichuris spp. inhabit a tunnel of epithelial cells within the host caecum and colon. A significant global burden of this infection persists, partly because available anthelminthics lack efficacy, although the mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. Consequently, there is a need to pioneer new approaches to better characterize the parasite niche within the host and investigate how variation in its morphology and integrity may contribute to resistance to therapeutic intervention. To address these aims, we exploited three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to image the mouse whipworm, Trichuris muris, in caeca of wild-type C57BL/6 and SCID mice ex vivo. Using osmium tetroxide staining to effectively enhance the contrast of worms, we found that a subset exhibited preferential positioning towards the bases of the intestinal crypts. Moreover, in one rare event, we demonstrated whipworm traversal of the lamina propria. This morphological variability contradicts widely accepted conclusions from conventional microscopy of the parasite niche, showing Trichuris in close contact with the host proliferative and immune compartments that may facilitate immunomodulation. Furthermore, by using a skeletonization-based approach we demonstrate considerable variation in tunnel length and integrity. The qualitative and quantitative observations provide a new morphological point of reference for future in vitro study of host-Trichuris interactions, and highlight the potential of microCT to characterise enigmatic host-parasite interactions more accurately.

Real-time bioluminescent imaging of spatiotemporal variation of microbial retention during transport through porous media under variably saturated flow conditions

This study investigated the transport and retention of bioluminescent Escherichia coli strain 652T7 under different pore water velocities (8.7 cm h−1 and 13.0 cm h−1) and pore water saturations (85% and 100%) utilizing a non-invasive, real-time bioluminescent imaging technique. Under saturated flow conditions, the concentrations of retained bioluminescent E. coli 652T7 decreased exponentially with distance from the source at the lower velocity but decreased non-exponentially at the higher velocity. Under unsaturated flow conditions, pore water velocity had no significant effect on bacterial breakthrough concentration; however, the concentrations of retained cells were maximal at a significant distance from the source (non-monotonic). The distance from source of the maximum concentration increased from 2.4-cm at 1.05 pore volumes to 4.3-cm at 3.15 pore volumes, indicating slow translation of bacterial down-gradient under unsaturated flow conditions. That conditions were modestly unfavorable to attachment at the solid-water interface (SWI) was indicated by deposition rate coefficients being greater (by a factor of four) for simulations versus experiments, and by significant repulsive barriers to attachment at both the SWI (260 kT) and the air–water interface (AWI, fully repulsive). The inferred slow translation under unsaturated flow conditions therefore reflects either accumulation without arrest in the secondary minimum at the SWI and/or capillary interaction at the AWI. This non-invasive bioluminescence method yielded real-time quantitative observation of bacterial distribution from source and demonstrated contrasting transport behaviors previously obtained solely via more laborious methods with limited spatio-temporal observation.

Modulation of surface gravity waves by internal waves

AbstractInternal waves are a regular feature of the open ocean and coastal waters. As a train of internal waves propagate, their surface induced currents modulate the surface waves, generating a characteristic rough and smooth banded structure. While the surface expression of these internal waves is well known and has been observed from a variety of remote sensing instruments, direct quantitative observations of the directional properties of the surface gravity wave field modulated by an internal wave remain sparse. In this work, we report on a comprehensive field campaign conducted off the coast of Point Sal, CA in September 2017. Using a unique combination of airborne remote sensing observations, along with in-situ surface and subsurface measurements, we investigate and quantify the interaction between surface gravity and internal wave processes. We find that surface waves are significantly modulated by the currents induced by the internal waves. Through novel observations of ocean topography, we characterize the rapid modification of the directional and spectral properties of surface waves over very short spatial scales (O(100)m or less). Over a range of wavelengths (3-9m waves), geometrical optics and wave action conservation predictions show good agreement with the observed wavenumber spectra in smooth and rough regions of the modulated surface waves. If a parameterization of wave action source terms is used, good agreement is found over a larger range of wavenumbers, down to 4rad/m. These results elucidate properties of surface waves interacting with a submesoscale ocean current, and should provide insight into more general interactions between surface waves and the fine scale structure of the upper ocean.

EFL Learners’ Affect, Engagement, Misbehaviours, and Achievement: A Classroom Observation Perspective

Most previous research examining the correlation between affect and achievement of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) has relied on questionnaire and/or interview data. The current study, conducted in a Chinese EFL context, chose to explore this relationship on the basis of quantitative and qualitative classroom observation data, with a special focus on learners’ classroom engagement and misbehaviours. The participant sample involved the EFL learners and teachers in six classes at a key and a non-key university in Northwest China. Data in relation to participants’ affect, engagement, and misbehaviours were collected via classroom observations, including some video-recording. The participating students’ College English Test-Band 4 (CET-4) scores were used as a measurement of EFL achievement. Participants’ affect, engagement, and achievement formed a reciprocal relationship; the latter was negatively connected with misbehavious. Rather than gender, type of school (key vs. non-key university) had significant effects on the variables being examined. Data revealed that teachers, peers, and classroom environment were also influential factors in explaining the differences in the relationship between the identified variables.

The Effect of Kahoot! Game in Teaching Reading Comprehension Achievement

Kahoot! Game is one of the advancements in learning technology. It can facilitate and motivate the students for being active and understanding the content of the text. This study aimed to find out whether there is or not any significant difference between the students who are taught by using Kahoot! Game and the students who are taught by using conventional game and to find out the impact of using Kahoot!. Altogether in this study, the writer used mixed-method and explanatory sequential mixed method design which involving 39 students of the fourth-semester students of English Education Program of STKIP Nurul Huda by using reading comprehension test for quantitative data and observation, questionnaire, and interview for qualitative data. The findings were the effect of Kahoot! Game in teaching reading comprehension achievement is a very high impact on engagement, perception and motivation, and positive attitude. It influenced students’ reading comprehension achievement. Therefore, it can be concluded that by using Kahoot! Game with high engagement, perception, motivation, and positive attitude of the students can influence their reading comprehension achievement.

Struktur Anatomi dan Uji Histokimia Terpenoid dan Fenol Dua Varietas Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.)

This study aims to determine the anatomical structure and histochemical test of terpenoid and phenol compounds in two varieties of green betel plants (Piper betle). Making leaves anatomical structure preparations using the fresh method, testing terpenoid compounds with 5% copper acetate, testing phenol with ferric trichloride 10% and some grains of sodium carbonate. The observations of the anatomical structure of green betel leaf varieties 1 and varieties 2 have similarities consisting of the upper epidermis, upper hypodermis, palisade parenchyma, parenchymal sponges, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem), sclerenchyma, cholenchyma, lower epidermis, lower hypodermis, secretory cells, trichoma, stoma and calcium oxalate crystals, and in varieties 2 look more trichomes. The anatomical structure of the variety 1 betel stem and varieties 2 are arranged from the outside in the direction of the epidermal tissue, colenchymal tissue, cortical bundles, sclerenchyma, cortex, medullary and peripheral vascular files, pith, the central part of the stem is a secretory gland. Phenol in betel vine varieties 1 and varieties 2 is positive in the secretion cell part which is spread in the parenchymal tissue of the mother's leaf bone and lamina, whereas in the stem is spread around the cortex and pith parenchyma. Positive secretion cells contain phenol not as much as secretory cells containing terpenoids. Based on quantitative observations the size of oil cell density and secretion cell diameter, the essential oils contained in the cell secretions in the leaves of variety 1 are more than varieties 2 while in the varieties 2, there are more varieties 1.

Viscophobic turning dictates microalgae transport in viscosity gradients

Gradients in fluid viscosity characterize microbiomes ranging from mucus layers on marine organisms1 and human viscera2,3 to biofilms4. Although such environments are widely recognized for their protective effects against pathogens and their ability to influence cell motility2,5, the physical mechanisms regulating cell transport in viscosity gradients remain elusive6–8, primarily due to a lack of quantitative observations. Through microfluidic experiments, we directly observe the transport of model biflagellated microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) in controlled viscosity gradients. We show that despite their locally reduced swimming speed, the expected cell accumulation in the viscous region9,10 is stifled by a viscophobic turning motility. This deterministic cell rotation—consistent with a flagellar thrust imbalance11,12—reorients the swimmers down the gradient, causing their accumulation in the low-viscosity zones for sufficiently strong gradients. Corroborated by Langevin simulations and a three-point force model of cell propulsion, our results illustrate how the competition between viscophobic turning and viscous slowdown ultimately dictates the fate of population-scale microbial transport in viscosity gradients. Microswimmers tend to accumulate in regions where their speed is significantly reduced, but experimental and numerical evidence now points towards a viscophobic turning mechanism that biases certain microalgae away from high-viscosity areas.

Representative volume elements for plasticity and creep measured from high-resolution microscale strain fields

Homogenization techniques have been widely used in upscaling microscale numerical results to predict the macroscopic response of materials. Often homogenization is based on the concept of a representative volume element (RVE) and thus, measuring the RVE size and understanding what factors influence it are key elements in successful material modeling. Here, the size of the RVE for an austenitic stainless steel alloy is experimentally determined under, both separately and combined, plasticity and creep loading conditions with varying parameters (namely stress, temperature, and creep hold time). We use a high-resolution optical digital image correlation (DIC) methodology capable of discerning residual strain inhomogeneities at the microstructural level. Furthermore, by combining the strain results from DIC with surface microstructural information from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the localized strains near grain boundaries can be isolated allowing for quantitative observations related to the deformation mechanisms responsible for strain accumulation. Finally, by comparing the results for RVE size and localized normal to shear strain ratios for different combinations of loading parameters, the relationship between grain-boundary sliding and the resulting heterogeneity of the strain field is explored. Cases where grain-boundary sliding was the dominant deformation mechanism (i.e., at elevated temperature) had considerably smaller RVE sizes (from 4 to 6 times the average grain size) when compared to samples where sliding was not as prevalent (around 10 times the average grain size).

Recovery and Recrystallization Behaviors of Ni\u201330 Mass Pct Fe Alloy During Uniaxial Cold and Hot Compression

The recovery and recrystallization behaviors of the high-temperature γ-phase of carbon steel during deformation strongly affect the mechanical properties of steel. However, it is difficult to evaluate such behaviors at a high temperature. This study proposes the deformation behavior of the high-temperature γ-phase of low-carbon steel based on the quantitative observation of dislocation density and vacancies in the Ni–30 mass pct Fe alloy. This alloy was used because its stacking fault energy (60 to 70 mJ m-2) is similar to that of low-carbon steel. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1 and 1473 K (1200 °C) for dynamic recrystallization and at 293 K (20 °C) for work hardening. The compression process was interrupted at different strain values to systematically investigate microstructural changes. The changes in work hardening, recovery, and recrystallization behaviors were obtained from the true stress–true strain curves of the uniaxial compression tests. Further, the microstructure changes during cold and hot uniaxial compression were investigated from the viewpoint of lattice defects by X-ray diffraction, positron annihilation analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction to comprehend the work hardening, dynamic recovery (DRV), and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). This study helps understand the DRV, DRX, and work hardening behaviors in the γ-phase of the Ni–30 mass pct Fe alloy during cold and hot compression.

Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of thymoquinone against Shigella flexneri.

Shigella flexneri (Sh. flexneri), a common foodborne pathogen, has become one of the main threats to food safety and human health due to its high pathogenicity and persistent infection. The objective of this study was to explore the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities and the possible mechanism of thymoquinone (TQ) against Sh. flexneri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TQ against Sh. flexneri were 0.4 and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. TQ showed bactericidal activity against Sh. flexneri in culture medium and milk system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations demonstrated that TQ could induce abnormal cell morphology and destroy cell membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis suggested that TQ could inhibit protein synthesis in Sh. flexneri. Also, at sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs), TQ exhibited an inhibitory effect on Sh. flexneri biofilm formation, which was confirmed by crystal violet quantitative analysis and SEM observation. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that TQ downregulated the expression of genes involved in Sh. flexneri biofilm formation. Thus, TQ has potential as a natural antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent to address the contamination and infection caused by Sh. flexneri. KEY POINTS: • Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of TQ on Shigella flexneri were investigated. • TQ inhibited biofilm formation by Shigella flexneri. • TQ provided a new strategy for Shigella flexneri control.

Hue‐shifting for accurate and precise quantification of biochemical substances using diagnostic test strips

AbstractSome test strips have high feasibility for the quick and approximate quantification of the biochemical substances in samples. Recently, test strips became more precise and accurate by involving the quantitative observation of coloration and regression modelling. Their accuracy and precision can be significantly improved by hue‐shifting the colours of the original sample and those of the standards. The standard colour images included in the instructions of test strips for the detection of four urinary and two salivary biochemical substances were used. Images of glucose‐loaded test strips for urinary glucose detection were also prepared. Using the red‐green‐blue (RGB) colour image, the author prepared 11 hue‐shifted colour images by changing the hue of the original RGB colour image at intervals of 30°. From each of the 12 colour images, 10 greyscale images indicating values of the intensity of RGB, cyan, magenta, yellow, key black, L*, a* and b* were prepared. In regression modelling, the additional 110 greyscale images improved the values of the coefficient of determination and normalised mean absolute error in the quantification of protein, specific gravity, urobilinogen and glucose in urine, as well as of alcohol and nitric oxide in saliva. Further analyses showed that the hue‐shifting technique yielded new greyscale images that were more significantly related to the values of the biochemical variables in question than any previous greyscale images. This improvement was realised by the most significant linear measures for the description of concentrations of biochemical substances, and synergetic effects between significant greyscale images.

Theoretical Development of Plant Root Diameter Estimation Based on GprMax Data and Neural Network Modelling

The in situ non-destructive quantitative observation of plant roots is difficult. Traditional detection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also destroy the root environment. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), as a non-destructive detection method, has great potential in the estimation of root parameters. In this paper, we use GprMax software to perform forward modeling of plant roots under different soil dielectric constants, and analyze the situation of plant roots with different dielectric constants and different root diameters under 1.5 GHz frequency antenna detection. Firstly, root systems with increasing diameter under different values of root and soil dielectric constant were scanned. Secondly, from the scanning results, two time points T1 and T2 of radar wave entering and penetrating the root system were defined, and the correlation between root diameter D and time interval ΔT between T1 and T2 was analyzed. Finally, the least square regression model and back propagation (BP) neural network model for root diameter parameter estimation were established, and the estimation effects of the two models were compared and evaluated. The research results show that the root diameter (12–48 mm) is highly correlated with the time interval. Given the dielectric constants of the root and soil, the prediction results of the two models are accurate, but the prediction result of the neural network model is more stable, and the residual between the predicted value and the actual value is mainly concentrated in the [−1.5 mm, 1.5 mm] range, as well as the average of prediction error percentage being 3.62%. When the dielectric constants of the root and soil are unknown, the accuracy of the prediction results of the two models is decreased, but the stability of the neural network model is still superior to the least squares model, and the residual error is mainly concentrated in the range of [−5.3 mm, 5.0 mm], the average of prediction error percentage is 10.19%. This study uses GprMax to simulate root system detection and reveals the theoretical potential of GPR technology for non-destructive estimation of root diameter parameters. It is also pointed out that in the field exploration process, if the dielectric constants of the root and soil in the experimental site are sampled and measured first, the prediction accuracy of the model for root diameter would be effectively improved. This research is based on simulation experiments, so further simulation followed by laboratory and field testing is warranted using non-uniform roots and soil.

Best Practice for Measuring Permafrost Temperature in Boreholes Based on the Experience in the Swiss Alps

Temperature measurements in boreholes are the most common method allowing the quantitative and direct observation of permafrost evolution in the context of climate change. Existing boreholes and monitoring networks often emerged in a scientific context targeting different objectives and with different setups. A standardized, well-planned and robust instrumentation of boreholes for long-term operation is crucial to deliver comparable, high-quality data for scientific analyses and assessments. However, only a limited number of guidelines are available, particularly for mountain regions. In this paper, we discuss challenges and devise best practice recommendations for permafrost temperature measurements at single sites as well as in a network, based on two decades of experience gained in the framework of the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS. These recommendations apply to permafrost observations in mountain regions, although many aspects also apply to polar lowlands. The main recommendations are (1) to thoroughly consider criteria for site selection based on the objective of the measurements as well as on preliminary studies and available data, (2) to define the sampling strategy during planification, (3) to engage experienced drilling teams who can cope with inhomogeneous and potentially unstable subsurface material, (4) to select standardized and robust instrumentation with high accuracy temperature sensors and excellent long-term stability when calibrated at 0°C, ideally with double sensors at key depths for validation and substitution of questionable data, (5) to apply standardized maintenance procedures allowing maximum comparability and minimum data processing, (6) to implement regular data control procedures, and (7) to ensure remote data access allowing for rapid trouble shooting and timely reporting. Data gaps can be avoided by timely planning of replacement boreholes. Recommendations for standardized procedures regarding data quality documentation, processing and final publication will follow later.

Type II Grass Carp Reovirus Infects Leukocytes but Not Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) causes serious losses to the grass carp industry. At present, infectious tissues of GCRV have been studied, but target cells remain unclear. In this study, peripheral blood cells were isolated, cultured, and infected with GCRV. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western Blot, indirect immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy observation, a model of GCRV infected blood cells in vitro was established. The experimental results showed GCRV could be detectable in leukocytes only, while erythrocytes and thrombocytes could not. The virus particles in leukocytes are wrapped by empty membrane vesicles that resemble phagocytic vesicles. The empty membrane vesicles of leukocytes are different from virus inclusion bodies in C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. Meanwhile, the expression levels of IFN1, IL-1β, Mx2, TNFα were significantly up-regulated in leukocytes, indicating that GCRV could cause the production of the related immune responses. Therefore, GCRV can infect leukocytes in vitro, but not infect erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Leukocytes are target cells in blood cells of GCRV infections. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the study of the GCRV infection mechanism and anti-GCRV immunity.

A theoretical study of the dynamic response of planar timber frames with semi-rigid moment-resisting connections subjected to wind loads

The dynamic response of semi-rigid timber frames subjected to wind loads is investigated numerically in this paper. The dynamic response of more than one million unique frames with different parameters was assessed with the frequency-domain gust factor approach, which is currently adopted by Eurocode 1, and the time-domain generalized wind load method. In the generalized wind load method, the frames were simulated for three different wind velocities with five simulations per unique combination of parameters, resulting in more than twelve million simulations in total. Qualitative and quantitative observations of the dataset were made. Empirical expressions for the accelerations, displacements, and fundamental eigenfrequency were proposed by the use of nonlinear regression applied to the obtained numerical results and a frequency reduction factor was developed. The wind-induced accelerations obtained by the two methods were compared to the corresponding serviceability criteria according to ISO10137, providing insight about the feasibility of moment-resisting frames as a lateral load-carrying system for mid-rise timber buildings. Comparison between the theoretical gust factor approach and the generalized wind load method showed that the gust factor approach was nonconservative in most cases. Finally, the effect of uniform and non-uniform mass distributions was investigated, with a theoretical reduction in top-floor accelerations of 50% and 25% respectively.

Utilization of wind energy in Belu District to improve community welfare and support environmental friendly development

The border area geographic of Indonesia and Timor Leste, especially Belu District, has a large potential source of natural energy. But unfortunately, the potential of wind energy cannot be explored to improve people’s welfare and to support sustainable development. This study found the potential for wind energy of 120 Megawatts which can be developed into electricity for the benefit of the people of Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The potential points are in Laktutus and Lookeu, Belu District. The research method used quantitative and qualitative participatory observations in the field study. If this wind potential can be developed by the local government of East Nusa Tenggara, it can encourage economic growth and home industries in Belu District. This finding is an important recommendation material for the East Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government in assessing development and implementing environmentally friendly and sustainable development activities.

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of High-Temperature Inconel-625 Corrosion by Molten Chloride Salts

This paper describes an approach to monitor high temperature molten chloride (MgCl2-NaCl-KCl) salt corrosion of Inconel-625 alloy in real time at high spatial resolution. The approach is based on a micro-environmental-cell assembly integrated into a transmission-electron-microscope goniometer to examine in situ the salt-alloy interface during corrosion, employing real time electron diffraction and imaging. It establishes procedures to minimize incorporation of H2O or O2 from atmosphere in the chloride salts during sample fabrication and corrosion, which is critical to understanding the fundamental corrosion mechanisms. A clustering algorithm and a 2D Gaussian fit function are used to determine diffraction spot intensities in in situ diffraction patterns, to quantify alloy corrosion. This facilitates quantitative observation of the evolution of individual grains, in contrast to conventional macroscopic corrosion rate quantification. The isothermal corrosion rate of Inconel-625 in an anhydrous, unoxidized salt-stack is 220 ± 30 μm year-1 at 700 °C and 350 ± 20 μm year-1 at 800 °C. However, the corrosion rate at 700 °C increases five-fold to 1000 ± 170 μm year-1 when the salt stack is air-exposed, indicating the dominant effects of hydrated or oxidized impurities on corrosion acceleration. Real time imaging of the microstructure evolution suggests that corrosion is initiated at grain boundaries.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Genes are Substantially and Sequentially Reduced during Conveyance and Treatment of Urban Sewage.

Urban wastewater systems (UWSs) are a main receptacle of excreted antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their host microorganisms. However, we lack integrated and quantitative observations of the occurrence of ARGs in the UWS to characterize the sources and identify processes that contribute to their fate. We sampled the UWSs from three medium-size cities in Denmark, Spain, and the United Kingdom and quantified 70 clinically important extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase genes along with the mobile genetic elements and microbial communities. Results from all three countries showed that sewage-especially from hospitals-carried substantial loads of ARGs (106-107 copies per person equivalent), but these loads progressively declined along sewers and through sewage treatment plants, resulting in minimal emissions (101-104 copies per person equivalent). Removal was primarily during sewage conveyance (65 ± 36%) rather than within sewage treatment (34 ± 23%). The extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase genes were clustered in groups based on their persistence in the UWS compartments. The less-persistent groups were associated to putative host taxa (especially Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxellaceae), while the more persistent groups appeared horizontally transferred and correlated significantly with total cell numbers and mobile genetic elements. This documentation of a substantial ARG reduction during sewage conveyance provides opportunities for antibiotic resistance management and a caution for sewage-based antibiotic resistance surveillance.