Quantitative Feed Restriction Research Articles

Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction on Some Physiological Parameters of Japanese Quails

The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of quantitative feed restriction on some physiological parameters of Japanese Quail. A total of 160 unsexed Japanese Quail aged 21 days were used for this study, divided randomly to four groups, each has four replicates as follows; control group (T1) feed ad libitum, treatment (T2), treatment (T3) and treatment (T4), 10%, 20% and 30% feed restriction of the control group value respectively for two weeks. On day 35 all the groups returned to the free feed ad libitum till the end of the treatment.Variables measured includes; productive, hematological and biochemical parameters.The results shows significant (p≤0.05) effect of feed restriction as the body weight decreased in the 4th, 5th and 6th week, on the other hand the weekly body weight increase, decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in the 4th week and increased significantly (p≤0.05) in the 6th week. The amount of feed taken in 4th, 5th decrease significantly (p≤0.05) and increased significantly (p≤0.05) at the 6th week, but the feed conversion ratio increased significantly (p≤0.05) in the 4th week and decreased (p≤0.05) in the 5th and 6th week, with significant (p≤0.05) increase in the relative growth rate in the 5th and 6th week in T4 . Cholesterol increased while triglycerides decrease significantly (p≤0.05). Hb and PCV decrease significantly (p≤0.05) compared to the control. We can conclude from the results that quantitative feed restriction programs may have some economic benefits with some health hazard through rising cholesterol levels, decreasing Hb and PCV values according to the intensity of feed restriction regimen.

Effet de la restriction alimentaire quantitative sur les performances de poulets de chair élevés en Tunisie

L’étude a été conduite pour étudier l’effet d’une phase de restriction alimentaire quantitative sur le poids vif du poulet de chair et évaluer les performances de croissance compensatrice. Quatre cents poussins d’un jour (Arbor-Acres) ont été élevés dans quatre parquets de 100 poussins. Ces unités ont été réparties aléatoirement en un lot témoin (T) alimenté ad libitum et trois lots restreints (A, B et C). Les poulets des lots A, B et C ont été limités respectivement à 90, 80 et 70 % de la prise alimentaire ad libitum entre 16 et 23 jours d’âge. Après le 23e jour d’âge, tous les poulets ont été alimentés ad libitum jusqu’à la fin de l’expérimentation (42 jours d’âge). Les résultats ont montré que pendant la phase de restriction, le poids corporel et le gain moyen quotidien ont été significativement différents (p < 0,01) entre les quatre lots et qu’ils ont été plus élevés chez les poulets alimentés ad libitum que chez ceux des lots restreints. Le retard de croissance a été plus prononcé chez les poulets restreints à 70 %. Après le retour à l’alimentation ad libitum, la croissance compensatrice caractérisée par une croissance accélérée a été observée juste après la réalimentation pour les poulets limités à 70 % de la prise ad libitum, à 35 jours d’âge pour ceux ayant subi une restriction moins sévère (90 %), à la dernière semaine d’élevage pour le lot soumis à un niveau de restriction intermédiaire (80 %). L’efficacité alimentaire a été améliorée pour les lots restreints mais le poids corporel final des poulets a été inférieur à celui des poulets du lot alimenté ad libitum. Ainsi, une réduction intermédiaire de la quantité d’aliment consommée (de 20 % pendant huit jours) a permis d’atteindre un poids corporel final acceptable.

Quantitative Feed Restriction Rather Than Caloric Restriction Modulates the Immune Response of Growing Rabbits1–3

Background: Short-term feed restriction strategies are used in rabbits to reduce postweaning digestive disorders, but little is known about the involvement of the immune system in these beneficial effects.Objective: In the present study, the consequences of feed and energy restriction on immune response were investigated.Methods: At weaning, 320 male and female rabbits were assigned to 4 groups differing in dietary digestible energy (DE) concentrations and intake levels: a low-energy ad libitum–feed (LE100) group, a low-energy restricted-feed (LE75) group, a high-energy ad libitum–feed (HE100) group, and a high-energy restricted-feed (HE75) group. The high-energy groups consumed 10.13 MJ DE/kg of feed, whereas the low-energy groups consumed 9.08 MJ DE/kg (formulated values). Intake amounts for the restricted groups were 75% those of the ad libitum groups. Rabbits consumed these diets until age 63 d, after which they consumed feed ad libitum for 9 d. Ten rabbits per group and per age were killed at ages 42, 50, 63, and 72 d. Spleens and appendixes were weighed; Peyer’s patch surface area was determined by image analysis; plasma total immunoglobulin (Ig) G and anti-ovalbumin IgG; and fecal and plasma IgA concentrations were determined by ELISA; and ileal expressions of cytokines were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction at ages 50 and 63 d.Results: The relative weight and size of the lymphoid organs were not affected by treatments. Concentrations of plasma total IgA (−41% at 63 d and −29% at 72 d), IgG (−22% at 72 d), and anti-ovalbumin IgG (−41% at 63 d) were lower with feed restriction. Fecal IgA concentrations were lower with quantitative restriction (−40%, −52%, and −65% at age 42, 50, and 63 d, respectively) and energy restriction (−56%, −46%, and −73% at ages 50, 63, and 72 d, respectively). Feed-restricted rabbits tended to have greater expressions of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-2 and lower expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.1).Conclusion: These results demonstrated that, in rabbits, restriction and, to a lesser extent, dietary energy concentration modulate gut immunity.

Feed-restricted broiler breeders: State-dependent learning as a novel welfare assessment tool to evaluate their hunger state?

This paper reports three experiments that aimed to validate the use of state-dependent learning (SDL) as a novel welfare assessment tool to evaluate the hunger state of feed-restricted broiler breeders.In each experiment, birds alternated every 2 days between two food rations: quantitative feed restriction (QFR) and ad libitum access to the same feed (AL). Each food ration was paired with a different, end of day, coloured food reward. It was predicted that the reward associated with hunger (QFR FR) would be preferred to the food reward associated with AL (AL FR) in a subsequent choice test. The SDL preference testing took place after 4 and 8 days of training. Each bird was tested twice (once per food ration fed on the test day).In experiment 1 (pilot, n=4), birds preferred the QFR-associated reward during both tests (mean (±S.E.M.) preference: QFR FR: 35.0 (±3.5)g; AL FR: 2 (±1.3)g, but differential food reward intake between hunger states during training confounded the results.In experiment two (n=12) a smaller food reward was used during training to try and equalise intake. The birds preferred the QFR FR in test 1 only (least significant difference (L.S.D.)=15.08, P<0.05). The mean (±S.E.M.) consumption in test 1 was: QFR FR: 31.6 (±4.3)g; AL FR: 9.41 (±2.3)g. However, differential reward intake continued to confound the findings.In experiment three (n=8), the food reward was made more palatable by feeding moist and food reward intake during training was equalised between hunger states. During testing, birds continued to show a significant preference in test 1 only (L.S.D.=13.73, P<0.05).It was concluded that SDL-derived preferences observed do exist but are not a robust phenomenon. Therefore, further research is needed to quantify factors influencing SDL development and maintenance before using SDL as a tool to assess hunger in feed-restricted broiler breeders.

Effects of temporary intensive feed restriction on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass criteria of growing male Californian rabbits

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a temporary quantitative feed restriction on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass criteria of rabbits. A total of 80 weaned male Californian rabbits (30 d of age) were randomly assigned to four treatments of 20 rabbits each. The Control group was fed ad libitum during the whole experimental period (days 30–72 of age). For the three restricted fed groups the feed intake was reduced by 15%, 30% and 45% compared to the Control group, respectively. The feed restriction was applied after weaning and lasted for 21 d. Thereafter, at 51 d of age, in all treatments the feed supply returned to ad libitum intake till 72 d of age (AL period). The feed restriction decreased the body weight gain of rabbits (during the restriction period and the whole experimental period, p < 0.001) and improved feed conversion ratio during all tested periods (p < 0.001). In the AL period, the daily body weight gain of all groups was similar. After the AL period, the digestibility of all measured nutrients was significantly higher for animals fed restrictively. Furthermore, feed restrictions significantly decreased the proportion of perirenal and scapular fat and increased relative weight and length of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it can be concluded that the applied feed restriction improved feed conversion, nutrient digestibility and reduced fat at the slaughter age of Californian rabbits, but the reduced body weight gain could not be compensated by a subsequent ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks.

Effect of corn silage and quantitative feed restriction on growth performance, body measurements, and carcass tissue composition in White Kołuda W31 geese

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of corn silage and quantitative feed restriction on BW, ADG, feed conversion, and carcass composition of White Kołuda W31 geese. Two diets were fed during the rearing period from 22 to 98 d of age: 1) a commercial diet ad libitum, and 2) restricted amounts of a commercial diet and corn silage ad libitum. Each treatment had 2 replicates of 16 birds each. From 99 to 119 d of age, all birds were fattened with whole oat grain alone. Incorporation of corn silage reduced weight gains and caused statistically significant differences in BW at the end of the rearing period (14 wk, 6,625.0 vs. 6,050.0 g;P < 0.05). Experimental geese showed compensatory growth during the oat fattening period and the BW of geese from both groups was similar at the end of the study (17 wk, 7,675.1 vs. 7,467.9 g;P > 0.05). Daily weight gains varied with week of growth, being lowest at 12 wk of age. Birds fed the commercial diet and corn silage had a significantly longer trunk (29.2 vs. 31.0 cm,P < 0.05) and shorter shanks (10.0 vs. 9.4 cm,P < 0.05) at 8 wk, and significantly smaller chest circumference (54.7 vs. 51.9 cm,P < 0.05) at the end of 14 wk. At the end of oat feeding (17 wk), geese receiving silage had significantly longer trunk and drumstick compared with geese fed commercial diets alone. The carcasses of 17-wk-old experimental geese contained more breast and leg muscles (%), and less skin with subcutaneous fat from breast and legs compared with control birds. Significant differences were only noted between the groups in dressing percentage (65.0 vs. 74.7%,P < 0.05) and proportion of skin with subcutaneous fat from breast (8.9 vs. 7.8%,P < 0.05). Dilution of the diet for young fattening geese with whole-crop corn silage had a positive effect on production economics and carcass composition.

Effect of intensity and duration of quantitative feed restriction on broiler caecum microbiota

This study evaluated the effects of quantitative feed restriction with different intensity and duration on broiler intestinal microbial flora. Using a completely randomized design, Ross 308 male broiler chicks (115; 3 replications/ treatment; 10 chicks/replication) were assigned to 5 experimental treatments. These included quantitative feed limitations in 50% (T2,T3) and 25% (T4,T5) lower than the recommended by the Ross 308 broiler catalogue in 2 periods of 7 (T2, T4) and 14 days (T3, T5), with one control treatment (T1; feed intake as ad lib.). All chicks were fed ad lib. before and after the limitation period, until slaughter (day 42). The results showed that quantitative feed restriction had significant effects on microbiota of ceca in broilers except for lactic acid bacteria. A feed restriction of 25% during 7 days (T4) resulted in the highest mean value for coliforms and Escherichia coli; in contrast, a feed restriction of 25% during 14 days (T5) resulted in the highest mean value for lactobacilli and enterobacteria. A feed restriction of 50% during 7 days did not affect microbial count when compared with the control group. The number of total bacteria was higher in T4 although the difference had not been statistically significant from T2 and T3. Major alterations occurred for E. coli and coliforms in T4, lactobacilli and enterobacteriaceae in T5 and enterecoccus in both T3 and T4. It is concluded that a feed restriction of 25% during 7 days (T4) gave rise to the growth of other species than those analyzed in this study whereas a feed restriction of 25% during 14 days increased lactobacilli and enterobacteriaceae.

Effect of Stocking Density and Quantitative Feed Restriction on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Haematological Characteristics and Cost of Starting Broiler Chicks

Effect of Stocking Density and Quantitative Feed Restriction on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Haematological Characteristics and Cost of Starting Broiler Chicks

Effect of Short-Term Feed Restriction on Production Traits of Brown and Black Plumage Commercial Layer Strains at Late Phase of Egg Production

The effect of strain and different levels of quantitative feed restriction for short time (28d) on egg production, feed consumption and efficiency, mortality and egg quality traits were evaluated during late phase of egg laying. A total number of 90 layers aged 54 weeks old, comprising 45 birds each of Isa Brown (brown plumage) and Bovan Black (black plumage) were randomly distributed into three treatment groups having three replicates each. They were placed under three feeding regimens namely, T1 (ad libitum- control), T2 (90% ad libitum) and T3 (80% ad libitum). Data collected include egg production, mortality, feed variables, external and internal egg quality characteristics. The results revealed that strain has insignificant (P>0.05) effect on egg numbers during the 28 days trial regardless of treatments imposed. This means that feed restriction on short-term has no negative impact on both the brown and black feathered layer birds productivity. However, feed restriction has significant (P<0.01) effect on both egg numbers and hen-day egg production regardless of strain of birds. Regarding the two traits, ad libitum (control) and 90% ad libitum had similar mean values, but higher than 80% ad libitum. As per feed efficiency, brown strain has higher (P<0.01) mean values than the black strain. The two strains subjected to feed restriction recorded similar mean values and performed equally well in egg weight, egg length and other external and internal egg qualities. However, in albumen height and Haugh unit (HU), brown birds had higher (P<0.01) mean values than black hens. Haugh unit is a measure of internal egg quality. The highest net revenue/hen and economic efficiency was recorded in 90% ad libitum ($1.19, 112.26), intermediate ($1.06, 100) in ad libitum and lowest (1.10, 95.28) in 80% ad libitum. Brown strain achieved higher (P<0.01) economic efficiency (100 vs 88.54) and net revenue ($0.96 vs $0.85) per hen than black strain at the end of the experimental period. There was significant strain x treatment interaction effect on egg number, percent egg production and feed variables. Brown feathered birds and adoption of milder feed restriction seem to hold prospect for increased production, profit and sustainability of egg producing industry.

Quantitative feed restriction from 35 to 42 days of age for broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of feed restriction in broilers aged from 35 to 42 days, on the performance, carcass parameters and intensity of lesions at slaughter. A total of 1,225 one-day old chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and were grown over a 34-days period (five weeks). At 34 days of age all birds were weighed and redistributed into a completely randomized design to perform the following treatments: control (0% feed restriction), 10, 20, 30 or 40% feed restriction. The amount of feed given to animals was adjusted daily according to the previous day's intake of the control treatment. At 42 days, birds were weighed and two birds per pen were slaughtered, one to evaluate carcass yield and cuts and the other for body composition analysis. Weight gain and feed intake were decreased linearly (p&lt;0.05) according to increasing levels of restriction, while the feed:gain ratio showed a quadratic effect (p&lt;0.05). The hot eviscerated carcass weight decreased linearly (p&lt;0.05) according to increasing levels of restriction, without effects on the carcass, breast and thigh yield. The dry matter and fat of the carcass decreased and the crude protein increased (p&lt;0.05), according to levels of restriction. We conclude that feed restriction of 2.5% in the last week of life can improve the feed efficiency of poultry, when there is a higher accumulation of fat in the carcass.

The Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction During the Starter Period on Compensatory Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

The Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction During the Starter Period on Compensatory Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Restreindre l’ingestion du jeune lapin : de nouvelles stratégies pour renforcer sa santé digestive et améliorer son efficacité alimentaire

La restriction temporaire de l'ingestion du lapin après son sevrage est maintenant une stratégie d'alimentation couramment employée en cuniculture. L'objet de cette synthèse est de présenter les différents effets d'une limitation de l'ingestion sur la santé, la physiologie digestive et l'efficacité alimentaire du lapin en croissance. Même si une restriction alimentaire conduit à une croissance plus lente, ces stratégies sont désormais utilisées par plus de 85% des éleveurs français. En effet, elles permettent de réduire les risques de mortalité et de morbidité post-sevrage par troubles digestifs, par exemple par l'entéropathie épizootique du lapin. De plus, la conversion alimentaire est améliorée, plus particulièrement lorsque les lapins sont de nouveau alimentés librement, en raison d'une importante croissance compensatrice. Cette meilleure efficacité alimentaire est associée à un transit plus lent et à une meilleure digestion, bien qu'on observe des interactions avec la composition chimique de l'aliment. La physiologie digestive est par ailleurs peu modifiée, en particulier la morphométrie de la muqueuse intestinale, l’activité fermentaire et le microbiote caecal. La qualité de la viande est peu affectée par la restriction alimentaire, alors qu'on observe une baisse de l'état d'engraissement des carcasses et une légère dégradation du rendement à l'abattage. Les effets d'une limitation de l'ingestion sur le comportement et le bien-être animal sont discutés, sachant que le jeune lapin présente une adaptation très rapide aux stratégies de restriction. Ainsi, les stratégies de restriction peuvent améliorer la rentabilité de l'atelier cunicole, mais elles doivent être adaptées à chaque situation d'élevage.

The Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction During the Starter Period on Compensatory Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

The Effect of Quantitative Feed Restriction During the Starter Period on Compensatory Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Effect of feed restriction with voluntary hay intake on the performance and quality of laying hen eggs - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i2.12451

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a quantitative feed restriction on the voluntary intake of hay, the performance of laying hens, and on egg quality. A total of 150 Hisex Brown laying hens at 51-weeks old were distributed into five treatments and five replications of six hens each. The treatments consisted of control, with supply of 100 g of feed bird -1 day -1 without hay; and the others consisting of a feed restriction of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the diet offered to the birds in the control treatment, along with an ad libitum supply of cunha hay (CH), leucaena leaf meal (LLM) and tifton hay (TH). A linear increase was found in the hay intake with increasing level of dietary restriction. However, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly. Yolk color was affected by the treatments. Birds with 20% feed restriction presented the greatest yolk pigmentation. In conclusion, laying hens can be subjected to a 5% feed restriction with supply of hay ad libitum.

Response of Growing Rabbits to Feed Restriction and Some Additives on Performance, Carcass and Hepatic Gene Expression under Egyptian Summer Conditions

This work aimed to study the response of growing female NZW rabbits to quantitative feed restriction (FR) at 60% of ad-libitum applied and the effect of adding either copper sulfate (CuSO4) and/or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCo3) to drinking water on performance and hepatic expression of apolipoprotein (apoA1), lipoprotein (cholesteryl ester transfer protein CETP, hepatic lipase HL) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) during the summer period. Over the fattening period, rabbits fed AL during RES period (28-49 day of age) were significantly higher in most growth performance (GP) than RES-group, but all hepatic expression of genes tested decreased in feed restrictions group when compared to control on the other hand, adding either CuSO4 or NaHCo3 to drinking water slightly insignificant increase the expression of all the tested gens. When RES. rabbits fed freely after restriction (49-84 days of age). Logically, feed intake (FI) was significantly increased for AL group during FR period while, it was nearly similar, but FCE was more favorable for RES group throughout the whole period. Also, performance index (PI) was significantly higher for RES-groups. All values of carcass traits were significantly affected by FR. However, adding either CuSO4 or NaHCo3 to drinking water decreased GP during FR period. It can be concluded that FR had no significant effect on GP and slight decrease in gene expression for IGF-1 and lipoprotein gens, so it can applied FR to produce at slaughter age, rabbits with the same LBW of rabbits fed AL. Also, CuSO4 or NaHCo3 in drinking water is more practical to alleviate of heat load under the summer condition of Egypt.

DESEMPENHO PRODUTIVO E ECONÔMICO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE SUBMETIDOS A PROGRAMAS DE RESTRIÇÃO ALIMENTAR

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the different quantitative feed restriction programs on the productive and economical performance of broiler chickens. Two hundred and sixty four broilers distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments, four replications and ten birds per replication were used. The feed restriction (FR) programs were: T1 – ad libitum; T2 – FR at 8th day of age; T3 – FR at 8th and 13th days of age; T4 – FR at 8th, 13th and 18th days of age; T5 – FR at 8th, 13th, 18th and 23th days of age; T6 – FR at 8th, 13th, 18th, 23th and 28th days of age. Evaluating the total period the feed restriction program did not influence the productive performance (feed intake, feed:gain ratio and weight gain) of the birds. Nevertheless, the T6 animals reached smaller live weight at 42 days of age in relation to T1 and T2. In relation to the financial indicators, the broilers of the T1 presented greater average gross income (AGI) and relative profitability index (RPI) while the T6 resulted in smaller AGI and RPI values. Considering the results to performance and economical indicators parameters presented in this study, no reasons were found to justify the adoption of feed restriction programs in male broiler chickens from Cobb strain. KEYWORDS: Feed-gain ratio, feed intake, males, relative profitability index, weight gain.

Effect of quantitative feed restriction on pullet development and subsequent egg production

The effect of quantitative feed restriction during rearing on mature body weight and subsequent egg production of pullets was investigated in two experiments. All the birds in the two experiments were fed ad libitum on 20% crude protein and! 649kcal/kg ME diet from 0-8 weeks of age. From 9-20 weeks, feed was denied the birds for a day after one or two days of ad lib feeding, or restricted to 75% of ad lib intake by the control birds. Results of these two studies showed that with restriction, a significant decrease in growth rate was obtained at 20 weeks and 36 weeks. However, the feed regimen imposed on the birds during the growing period did not have any significant effect on sexual maturity nor peak production levels. Hen-day and hen-housed production levels as well as cost of feed per unit weight or dozen eggs, were not significantly affected by the treatments. These studies showed that when growing birds are restricted in quantity of feed fed, they respond with a reduction in mature weight, but the laying phase is unaffected. Key words: Feed restriction, pullet, egg production

Effect of Qualitative and Quantitative Feed Restriction on Growth Performance and Immune Function in Broiler Chickens

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of early feed restriction (FR, 8 to 14 d of age) on growth performance and immune function in broiler chickens. Birds were fed corresponding diets from 3 to 35 d of age, which consisted of three phases: starter (3 to 7 d of age), FR (8 to 14 d of age) and re-alimentation (15 to 35 d of age) phases. During the FR period, each group of birds was fed the basal diet ad libitum (CON), 85% (EN85) and 70% (EN70) of lower calorie diet ad libitum (qualitative FR), and 85% (FI85) and 70% (FI70) of voluntary intake on a daily basis (quantitative FR). As a result, there was no statistical difference in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio between the CON and quantitative or qualitative FR groups during the entire (3 to 35 d) periods. In particular, the EN85 group resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in weight gain compared with the EN70, FI85 and FI70 groups. Plasma total protein and albumin at 14 d of age (during FR) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the quantitative and qualitative FR groups, but these parameters at 35 d of age (after re-alimentation) were higher (p<0.05) in the EN85 and EN70 groups than in the CON group. Plasma IgG level was unaffected by dietary FR procedure. In cytokines, there was no significant difference in the expression of lymphocytic IL-4 and IFN-y at 14 d of age between the FR and the CON groups, whereas lymphocytic IL-6 and iNOS expression were significantly (p<0.05) lower in FI85 and FI70 groups. Moreover, lymphocytic iNOS was also significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed qualitative and quantitative diets compared with those fed ad libitum. In the thymus, IL-4 expression was higher (p<0.05) in FI85 and FI70 groups, whereas IL-6 expression was lower (p<0.05) in the FI85 and FI70 groups than in the CON group. Thymic iNOS was significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed qualitatively and quantitatively restricted diets compared with those fed ad libitum. At 35 d of age, there was no difference in the expression of IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-y of lymphocytes and thymus between the FR and CON groups. In conclusion, 85% of quantitative and qualitative FR would have a beneficial effect on the expression of some cytokines including IL-4 and iNOS without change in growth performance of birds.

Effect of quantitative feed restriction o the performance, carcass, organ weight s and meat quality of broiler finisher birds

Effect of quantitative feed restriction o the performance, carcass, organ weight s and meat quality of broiler finisher birds

Effects of sequential quantitative feed restriction during rearing on production performance of replacement pullets

Effects of sequential quantitative feed restriction during rearing on production performance of replacement pullets