Quantitative Electroencephalogram Research Articles

Quantitative Electroencephalogram Standardization: A Sex- and Age-Differentiated Normative Database.

We describe the utility of a standardized index (Z-score) in quantitative EEG (QEEG) capable of when referenced to a resting-state, sex- and age-differentiated QEEG normative database (ISB-NormDB). Our ISB-NormDB comprises data for 1,289 subjects (553 males, 736 females) ages 4.5 to 81 years that met strict normative data criteria. A de-noising process allowed stratification based on QEEG variability between normal healthy men and women at various age ranges. The ISB-NormDB data set that is stratified by sex provides a unique, highly accurate ISB-NormDB model (ISB-NormDB: ISB-NormDB-Male, ISB-NormDB-Female). To evaluate the trends and accuracy of the ISB-NormDB, we used actual data to compare Z-scores obtained through the ISB-NormDB with those obtained through a traditional QEEG normative database to confirm that basic trends are maintained in most bands and are sensitive to abnormal test data. Finally, we demonstrate the value of our standardized index of QEEG, and highlight it’s capacity to minimize the confounding variables of sex and age in any analysis.

P.0519 Do early changes in quantitative electroencephalogram predict outcome of electroconvulsive therapy in depression?

P.0519 Do early changes in quantitative electroencephalogram predict outcome of electroconvulsive therapy in depression?

Quantitative EEG as a translational measure for the assessment of ATH‐1017 neurophysiological changes in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundAthira Pharma, Inc. is developing a new class of blood‐brain barrier (BBB)‐penetrant small molecule drugs aimed at activating the neurotrophic system HGF/MET to promote multiple neurorestorative processes, with the potential to ultimately improve brain function. ATH‐1017 is the lead clinical candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Electroencephalogram (EEG) plays a growing role in facilitating dose exploration of investigational agents like ATH‐1017 by demonstrating brain penetration and target engagement, helping to accelerate CNS drug development.MethodThe translational measure quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) was assessed in preclinical animal models and in human volunteers, including healthy young, healthy elderly, and AD subjects as part of a randomized, double‐blind Phase 1a/b trial assessing the safety and pharmacodynamics of ATH‐1017.ResultAs measured by qEEG, ATH‐1017 induced a fast onset and sustained gamma power induction across a range of active doses in humans and animals based on equivalent PK exposures. Additionally, these exposures directly overlapped with the pharmacodynamic active dose range of behavioral and neuroprotective effects shown in dementia animal models. The translational utility of qEEG across species thus allowed for effective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling and dose‐optimization across healthy volunteers and AD subjects, defining the dose range for late‐stage randomized, double‐blind studies of ATH‐1017 in AD.ConclusionThe use of qEEG as a translatable tool for PK/PD modeling and dose‐optimization supported brain penetration and pharmacodynamic activity of ATH‐1017, and is indicative of promoting NMDA receptor activities and synaptogenesis across species. The non‐invasive and replicable nature of qEEG measurements provides a direct, quantitative measure of brain activities in response to pharmacological intervention. qEEG facilitates the evaluation of CNS drug candidate early in the drug development process and increases confidence in translation before cognitive assessments in long‐term treatment trials.

EEG power spectral responses to wind farm compared with road traffic noise during sleep: A laboratory study.

Wind turbine noise is dominated by low frequencies for which effects on sleep relative to more common environmental noise sources such as road traffic noise remain unknown. This study examined the effect of wind turbine noise compared with road traffic noise on sleep using quantitative electroencephalogram power spectral analysis. Twenty-three participants were exposed to 3-min samples of wind turbine noise and road traffic noise at three sound pressure levels (33, 38 and 43dBA) in randomised order during established sleep. Acute (0-30s) and more sustained (30-180s) effects of noise presentations during N2 and N3 sleep were examined using spectral analysis of changes in electroencephalogram power frequency ranges across time in 5-s intervals. Both noise types produced time- and sound pressure level-dependent increases in electroencephalogram power, but with significant noise type by sound pressure level interactions in beta, alpha, theta and delta frequency bands (all p<0.05). Wind turbine noise showed significantly lower delta, theta and beta activity immediately following noise onset compared with road traffic noise (all p<0.05). However, alpha activity was higher for wind turbine noise played at lower sound pressure levels (33dBA [p=0.001] and 38dBA [p=0.003]) compared with traffic noise during N2 sleep. These findings support that spectral analyses show subtle effects of noise on sleep and that electroencephalogram changes following wind turbine noise and road traffic noise onset differ depending on sound pressure levels; however, these effects were mostly transient and had little impact on conventionally scored sleep. Further studies are needed to establish if electroencephalogram changes associated with modest environmental noise exposures have significant impacts on sleep quality and next-day functioning.

501 - Prediction of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) progression to Alzheimer Disease (AD) or Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB): Is this possible neuropsychologically?

Objective:Aim of the present review study was to describe and compare the neurocognitive features of MCI which could predict its progression to DLB vs AD.Background:Progression of MCI to AD or DLB is a relatively recent field of study with emphasis on the clinical or neuropsychological features of MCI which could potentially predict its progression to specific types of dementia.Methods:A literature review in the Pubmed database has been made, after the year 2005, using the key- words: neuropsychological assessment; MCI; AD; DLB; progression to dementia. Seventeen relevant articles have been found.Results:Data from most studies supports that, in MCI, impairment in executive, attentional and visuospatial functions, as well as letter fluency and fluctuating concentration are mainly related to progression to DLB. In contrast, prominent episodic and recognition memory deficits are mostly found in MCI which progresses in AD. Furthermore, non-amnestic MCI has been related most often to progression in DLB, whereas the amnestic type to AD, although memory loss may not necessarily predict the development of AD. Nevertheless, fewer studies suggest that MCI-DLB is related to cognitive profile similar to that of MCI-AD, while cognitive scoring alone does not accurately predict MCI-DLB vs MCI-AD. Interestingly, quantitative electroencephalogram has been found to help in predicting the progression of MCI to DLB, while preservation of hippocampal volume is associated with increased risk of DLB vs AD, especially in non-amnestic MCI. Moreover, specific patterns on neuroimaging MCI may predict progression to AD in contrast to DLB.Conclusions:Predicting the progression of MCI to AD or DLB based on neuropsychological profiles is challenging and useful for early therapeutic interventions. More studies are needed, since there are some conflicting findings and, at present, the combination of clinical symptoms with neurocognitive assessment and neuroimaging is the ideal method for the prediction of MCI progression to various types of dementia.

Quantifying Conventional Electroencephalogram Recordings and Examining its Output Computation with a Quantitative Electroencephalogram

Quantitative electroencephalogram enables mathematical analysis of neurological recordings while conventional electroencephalogram lacks the mathematical output; hence, its usage is limited to neurological experts. This study was to determine if quantified conventional electroencephalogram recordings were compatible and comparable with quantitative electroencephalogram recordings. A group of post-call doctors was recruited and subjected to an EEG recording using a conventional electroencephalogram followed by a quantitative electroencephalogram device. The patterns and quantified recording results were compared. A comparative analysis of the two recording sets did not find differences in the recording patterns and statistical analysis. The findings promoted the use of a readily available conventional electroencephalogram in quantitative brain wave studies and have cleared potential compatibility bias towards data merging.

Quantitative EEG provides early prediction of poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke after endovascular treatment: a preliminary study

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: Quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) parameters have been previously utilized in prognosis following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the use and interpretation of QEEG parameters remain scarce following endovascular treatment (EVT) of AIS. Methods: AIS patients were prospectively enrolled following EVT, and 24-hour EEG monitoring was conducted. Global delta/alpha ratio (DAR), (delta + theta)/(alpha + beta) ratio (DTABR), and relative band power were analyzed. Primary outcome was a poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≥4 at 90-day follow-up). Multivariate logistic regression and diagnostic analyses were performed. Results: Poor outcome was seen in 35.5% (11/31) of enrolled patients. Multivariable logistic regression identified that higher DAR (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.18, p = 0.02) and higher DTABR (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.27, p = 0.02) were associated with poor outcome. DAR ≥14.3 demonstrated high sensitivity (90.9%), specificity (90.0%) and accuracy (90.3%) for poor outcome. Conclusions: Early evidence of elevated DAR and DTABR on quantitative EEG was associated with poor outcome at 90 days following EVT for AIS.

Quantitative Electroencephalogram and Event Related Potential of Gifted Children

Background: The relation of Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and event related potential (ERP) to intelligence as measured by the Wisc-r. Methods: was examined in six gifted and talented children (Mean IQ of 145 ). The children were in 5th and 6th grades at the Istanbul Atasehir Bilim ve Sanat Merkezi (BILSEM) for gifted and talented students. The EEG of the participants were recorded in both eyes-open and eyes-closed ‘resting’ conditions and during an ‘active’ visual go-no-go computer ERP task. Results: The amplitudes, frequencies and peak latencies were examined as well as approximate entropy. The findings indicate that gifted and talented students display more regular ERP waveforms and an increased alpha amplitude. Conclusions: These findings support the neural efficiency hypothesis, where gifted and talented individuals show lower neural activation in a task, which could be seen as sign of more efficient brain processing. This finding also shows that gifted people have differences in brain function and that these differences can be identified by brain imaging.

Quantitative Electroencephalogram in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Three Different Clinical Scenarios

AbstractAlthough clinical judgement and sedation scales are primarily used in intensive care units (ICUs) to manage sedation, adjunctive data are needed to direct therapy with sedative and hypnotic agents to prevent side effects and long-term sequelae. In this case report, we described three cases where we used quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) data in a pediatric ICU (PICU); to manage these specific clinical situations and to identify the limitations of the qEEG data, two patients were admitted for post–cardiac arrest care and the third was admitted for status epilepticus. In post–cardiac arrest patients, qEEG was mainly used for monitoring depth of sedation and drug titration. Unnecessary use of high-drug doses was prevented, and monitoring also helped to guide clinical intervention for the management of seizure activity. In the patient with status epilepticus, qEEG data on burst suppression and depth of sedation were used. In this report, we describe three different cases where we used qEEG data in a PICU, to give insight on the use of data in specific clinical situations and to describe the limitations of the qEEG data monitoring system.

Improving Clinical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Dysfunctions in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Neurofeedback Randomized Control Trial.

Objectives The aim of this study was to use neurofeedback (NF) training as the add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia to improve their clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial condition. The study, thanks to the monitoring of various conditions, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was supposed to give an insight into mechanisms underlying NF training results. Methods Forty-four male patients with schizophrenia, currently in a stable, incomplete remission, were recruited into two, 3-month rehabilitation programs, with standard rehabilitation as a control group (R) or with add-on NF training (NF). Pre- and posttherapy primary outcomes were compared: clinical (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)), cognitive (Color Trails Test (CTT), d2 test), psychosocial functioning (General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS)), quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), auditory event-related potentials (ERPs), and serum level of BDNF. Results. Both groups R and NF improved significantly in clinical ratings (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)). In-between analyses unveiled some advantages of add-on NF therapy over standard rehabilitation. GSES scores improved significantly, giving the NF group of patients greater ability to cope with stressful or difficult social demands. Also, the serum-level BDNF increased significantly more in the NF group. Post hoc analyses indicated the possibility of creating a separate PANSS subsyndrome, specifically related to cognitive, psychosocial, and BDNF effects of NF therapy. Conclusions Neurofeedback can be effectively used as the add-on therapy in schizophrenia rehabilitation programs. The method requires further research regarding its clinical specificity and understanding mechanisms of action.

Value of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging Combined with Quantitative Electroencephalogram in Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Impairment in Patients with White Matter Demyelination.

This paper aimed to explore the clinical value of combined adoption of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) in assessing microstructure changes and mild neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with white matter demyelination. 128 cases of white matter demyelination admitted to the hospital from October 2018 to October 2019 were rolled into the research group, and 100 healthy patients physically examined during the same period were rolled into the control (ctrl) group. QEEG and magnetic resonance DTI examinations were performed for all patients. The wave power of δ, θ, α, and β and the ratio of α/θ and (δ + θ)/(α + β) were recorded. The FA values of white matter fibers in different brain areas were measured, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Addenbrooke Cognitive Evaluation rating (ACE-R) were adopted to assess the neurocognitive function of patients. It was found that the dominant frequency of each brain area in the research group was 8-9 Hz slow α wave. In contrast with the ctrl, the α wave and α/θ values in the research group were lower, while θ wave and δ + θ/α + β values were higher (P < 0.05); the scores of ACE-R and MoCA were lower (P < 0.01); the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the right frontal lobe white matter (0.335 ± 0.068), the left temporal lobe white matter (0.391 ± 0.032), and the corpus callosum knee white matter (0.658 ± 0.053) were lower (P < 0.05). The FA values of these three areas were positively correlated with attention and calculation, memory, and memory of MoCA scale, respectively (P < 0.05). The FA value of the right frontal white matter was positively correlated with the attention and calculation score of the ACE-R scale (P < 0.05). In conclusion, magnetic resonance DTI combined with QEEG could reflect the microstructural changes of white matter, which may be associated with mild neurocognitive impairment. The primary objective of the study was to explore the clinical value of combined adoption of magnetic resonance DTI and QEEG in assessing microstructure changes and mild neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with white matter demyelination, expected to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of white matter demyelination.

Leadership and Team Processes: A Neuroscience Perspective

Despite the continuing interest in leadership and team processes, there is a growing concern over both theoretical and methodological aspects of their conceptualization and measurement. In this symposium, we will highlight some of these theoretical and methodological challenges and demonstrate how the application of neuroscience can help address them. Each presentation will focus on different methodologies, highlighting their theoretical and methodological value. For instance, one team will present research that extends work on leadership and team emergent/contagion processes by focusing on neurological and physiological synchrony. Another goal of this symposium would be to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing neuroscience tools in the study of other areas of management beyond leadership and team processes. Danni Wang and her colleagues will highlight the assessment of team emergent processes using quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG); Nir Milstein, Ilanit Gordon, and Steve Blader will demonstrate the role of physiological synchrony in explaining the effects of interactional justice on team outcomes; Yair Berson and Avi Goldstein will present experimental findings from magnetoencephalography (MEG) imaging revealing the effects of visionary leadership on neural synchrony; and Sean Hannah, who will report on research conducted to assess ethical leadership through EEG. Finally, Russell Cropanzano will discuss these presentations emphasizing both advantages and disadvantages of these research practices and their utilization in our field. Neuroscience in Team Dynamics Presenter: Danni Wang; Rutgers Business School Presenter: David A. Waldman; Arizona State U. Presenter: Pierre Balthazard; California State U. Sacramento Presenter: Maja Maja; Microsoft Presenter: Nicola M. Pless; ESADE Presenter: Thomas Maak; U. of Melbourne Presenter: Chris Berka; Advanced Brain Monitoring Presenter: Travis Richardson; Arizona State U. The Effects of Justice and Group Outcomes: The Role of Physiological/Behavioral Synchrony Presenter: Nir Milstein; Bar-Ilan U. Presenter: Steven Blader; New York U. Presenter: Ilanit Gordon; Bar Ilan U. Visionary Leadership Shapes Neurological Synchrony: A MEG Study Presenter: Yair Berson; Bar-Ilan U. and NYU-Stern Presenter: Abraham Goldstein; Bar Ilan U. Lessons-Learned and Best Practices For Applying Neuroscience to Organizational Behavior Research Presenter: Sean Hannah; Wake Forest U.

The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leads to functional decline in academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and development in school-aged children. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention can significantly reduce the functional decline caused by ADHD. Currently, there is no established biological marker for ADHD. Some studies have suggested that various indicators from the quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) may be useful biological markers for the diagnosis of ADHD. Until the 2010s, theta/beta ratio (TBR) was a biomarker candidate for ADHD that consistently showed high diagnostic value. However, limitations of TBR have recently been reported. Studies have demonstrated that phase-amplitude coupling, especially theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling, are related to cognitive dysfunction and may assist in the diagnosis of ADHD. As yet, the underlying mechanism is not clearly established, and the clinical efficacy of these biomarkers needs to be proven through well-controlled studies. Based on the heterogeneous characteristics of ADHD, subgrouping through QEEG plays a key role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Sophisticated, well-designed studies and meta-analyses are necessary to confirm these findings.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Acupoints on Motor and Neural Recovery of the Affected Upper Extremity in Chronic Stroke: A Sham-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.

Inability to use the affected upper extremity (UE) in daily activities is a common complaint in stroke patients. The somatosensory system (central and peripheral) is essential for brain reorganization and plasticity. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is considered an effective modality for improving UE function in stroke patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the therapeutic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) acupoints on cortical activity and the motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients. Forty male and female patients diagnosed with stroke agreed to join the study. They were randomly assigned to group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 received task-specific training (TST) and sham electrical stimulation while G2 received TST in addition to TENS acupoints. Session duration was 80 min. Both groups received 18 sessions for 6 successive weeks, 3 sessions per week. Evaluation was carried out before and after completion of the treatment program. Outcome measures used were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE) and the box and block test (BBT) as measures of the motor function of the affected UE. Brain activity of the motor area (C3) in the ipsilesional hemisphere was measured using a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG). The measured parameter was peak frequency. It was noted that the motor function of the affected UE improved significantly post-treatment in both groups, while no significant change was reported in the FMA-UE and BBT scores post-treatment in either G1 or G2. On the other hand, the activity of the motor area C3 improved significantly in G2 only, post-treatment, while G1 showed no significant improvement. There was also significant improvement in the activity of the motor area (C3) in G2 compared to G1 post-treatment. The results of the current study indicate that TST only or combined with TENS acupoints can be considered an effective method for improving motor function of the affected UE in chronic stroke patients, both being equally effective. However, TST combined with TENS acupoints proved better in improving brain plasticity in chronic stroke patients.

Changes in the Brain Activity and Visual Performance of Patients with Strabismus and Amblyopia after a Compete Cycle of Light Therapy.

This research assesses the brain activity and visual performance at baseline and after light therapy (LTH), of seventeen patients with strabismus and amblyopia (SA), and eleven healthy controls (HCs) from Querétaro, México. Quantitative electroencephalogram analysis (qEEG) was used to record the brain activity, and clinical metrics such as the visual acuity, angle of deviation, phoria state, stereopsis, and visual fields determined the visual performance. Results showed a constant higher alpha-wave frequency for HCs. Low voltages remained negative for HCs and positive for SA patients across stimulation. After LTH, high voltage increased in SA patients, and decreased in HCs. A second spectral peak, (theta-wave), was exclusively recorded in SA patients, at baseline and after LTH. Positive Spearman correlations for alpha-wave frequency, low and high voltages were only seen in SA patients. Synchronized brain activity was recorded in all SA patients stimulated with filters transmitting light in the blue but not in the red spectrum. Enhancement in the visual performance of SA patients was found, whereas deterioration of the phoria state and a decrease in the amount of stereopsis was seen in HCs. To conclude, only a suffering brain and a visual pathway which needs to be enabled can benefit from LTH.

EEG and Sleep Effects of Tramadol Suggest Potential Antidepressant Effects with Different Mechanisms of Action.

Tramadol is a widely used, centrally acting, opioid analgesic compound, with additional inhibitory effects on the synaptic reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, as well as on the 5-HT2 and NMDA receptors. Preclinical and clinical evidence also suggests its therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety. The effects of most widely used antidepressants on sleep and quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) are well characterized; however, such studies of tramadol are scarce. Our aim was to characterize the effects of tramadol on sleep architecture and qEEG in different sleep–wake stages. EEG-equipped Wistar rats were treated with tramadol (0, 5, 15 and 45 mg/kg) at the beginning of the passive phase, and EEG, electromyogram and motor activity were recorded. Tramadol dose-dependently reduced the time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased the REM onset latency. Lower doses of tramadol had wake-promoting effects in the first hours, while 45 mg/kg of tramadol promoted sleep first, but induced wakefulness thereafter. During non-REM sleep, tramadol (15 and 45 mg/kg) increased delta and decreased alpha power, while all doses increased gamma power. In conclusion, the sleep-related and qEEG effects of tramadol suggest antidepressant-like properties, including specific beneficial effects in selected patient groups, and raise the possibility of a faster acting antidepressant action.

Predictive value of quantitative electroencephalogram in the poor outcome of children with non-traumatic disturbance of consciousness in pediatric intensive care unit

Objective: To explore the predictive value of quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in the poor outcome of children with non-traumatic disturbance of consciousness (DoC) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: A prospective study was conducted. From January 2019 to May 2019, a total of 62 patients aged from 1 month to 11 years with non-traumatic DoC in the PICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College were enrolled. Bedside monitoring with NicoletOne monitor was performed within 24 hours after admission, and qEEG parameters, including amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), relative alpha variability (RAV), relative band power (RBP), and spectral entropy (SE) were recorded. The state of consciousness was assessed with modified pediatric Glasgow coma scale (MPGCS) before monitoring. According to the pediatric cerebral performance category score at 1 year after discharge, the enrolled subjects were divided into good and poor outcome groups. The association between these variables and the poor outcome was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the predictive performance was analyzed by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: There were 39 males and 23 females, with the age of 12.0 (5.8, 24.0) months. Fifty patients (81%) were in the good outcome group and 12 patients (19%) in the poor outcome group. The univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.037, 95%CI 1.001-1.074, P=0.041), severe abnormal aEEG (OR=128.000, 95%CI 10.274-1 594.656, P<0.01), RAV (OR=0.877, 95%CI 0.810-0.949, P=0.001), SE (OR=0.892, 95%CI 0.814-0.978, P=0.015), and MPGCS score (OR=0.511, 95%CI 0.349-0.747, P=0.001) were significantly associated with the poor outcome. However, the multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that only severe abnormal aEEG (OR=315.692, 95%CI 6.091-16 362.298, P=0.004) and RAV (OR=0.808, 95%CI 0.664-0.983, P=0.033) were significantly associated with the poor outcome. The area under the curve (AUC) of the aEEG and RAV in predicting the poor outcome were 0.848 (95%CI 0.735-0.927, P<0.01) and 0.847 (95%CI 0.733-0.926, P<0.01), respectively. The optimal cut-off value was severe abnormal for the aEEG and 38% for the RAV, with sensitivity of 67% and 83%, specificity of 98% and 84%, positive predictive value of 89% and 55%, negative predictive value of 92% and 95%, and Youden index of 0.647 and 0.673, respectively. The AUC of the novel combined index of aEEG and RAV for predicting the poor outcome was 0.974 (95%CI 0.898-0.998, P<0.01). Conclusions: The aEEG and RAV are reliable predictors for the poor outcome of children with non-traumatic DoC, and the novel combined index of aEEG and RAV can improve the predictive performance. The qEEG can be used as a routine method for outcome assessment due to its good objectivity.

Conventional and Quantitative Electroencephalogram (EEG) Features in Hospitalized Patients Assessed for Catatonia

Conventional and Quantitative Electroencephalogram (EEG) Features in Hospitalized Patients Assessed for Catatonia

Effect of background music and hierarchy-of-effects in watching women's running shoes advertisements

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of background music on consumer's psychological and physiological responses when watching sports advertisements. We investigated how consumers' exposure to background music affects emotional arousal, attention, brand attitude and purchase intentions; and further tested consumers' information processing by using the same measures. Effects of music on viewer responses were hypothesized using arousal theory while the information processing was hypothesized using hierarchy-of-effects model.Design/methodology/approachWe employed a between-subjects experimental design with random assignment. Fifty-four participants were recruited with 27 in an experimental group and 27 in a control group. Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and self-report measures were used to assess information processing. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to compare the mean differences of variables between the groups. Partial least squares algorithm and bootstrapping were performed to further explore the relationships among the measures.FindingsMean differences indicated that the background music exposed group's emotional arousal, attention, brand attitude and purchase intention were significantly higher than those of the non-exposure group. Path analysis showed that the level of arousal induced by watching sports advertisements affected attention, attention affected brand attitude and brand attitude affected purchase intention. Indirect paths from arousal to brand attitude and attention to purchase intention were significant.Originality/valueThis study provides practical implications for sports marketers regarding methods to increase the effectiveness of sport advertisement. Results might contribute theoretically to the sports advertisement field by demonstrating the relationship between physiological and marketing-effect factors. Our method of measuring physiological response using qEEG is also expected to influence physiological measurement in sports marketing.

Effects of quantitative electroencephalogram normalization using 4-channel live z-score training neurofeedback for children with learning disabilities: preliminary data

Children with learning disabilities (LD) can have difficulties in reading at word level, text comprehension, writing or arithmetic. Several studies have shown the efficacy of neurofeedback (NF) in improving learning skills through brainwave operant conditioning in children with LD. The aim of this work was to show the efficacy of live z-score NF training (LZT) for quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) normalization in school children with LD. Twenty-eight children aged 10-15 years with LD participated. Ten 30-min sessions of QEEG-guided LZT using patient’s highly preferred feedback were applied. After 10 sessions of QEEG-guided LZT, participants showed statistically significant improvements in QEEG normalization and a statistically significant small to medium improvement in the Cognitive and Emotional Checklist. The results suggest that LZT-NF produces a tendency towards normalization of brain waves in children with LD, and might be advised as a therapeutic alternative or coadjuvant along with cognitive interventions.