Quantitative Content Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Wild-Growing Plant Materials of the North Caucasus Region

The article presents the results of studying the qualitative composition and quantitative content of some groups of phenolic compounds in 11 types of medicinal plants growing in the foothills of the North Caucasus, and provides the estimates of the antioxidant activity of extracts from these plants. The qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds was determined using a Kapel-105M capillary electrophoresis system, and the total antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured on a Tsvet Yauza-01-AA device with an amperometric detector. In the studied plant samples, the total content of tannins was determined, eight phenolcarbonic acids were identified and quantified, as well as quercetin and rutin — two of the most important flavonols. The highest total content of phenolcarbonic acids (11,776.2 mg/kg), as well as the highest antioxidant activity were noted in the aqueous extract obtained from Echinacea purpurea (lat. Echinacea angustifolia). The direct relationship between the antioxidant activity of the studied medicinal raw material and the content of phenolic compounds has been experimentally established as follows: the higher is the concentration of phenolic substances, the higher is the antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide new information on the composition and content of phenolic compounds in some types of wild-growing plant raw materials of the North Caucasus and the antioxidant activity of extracts based thereon that will facilitate the use of the studied plants as a potential source of natural antioxidants in the production of functional materials.

COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF EXTRACTS FROM SHEETS OF THE BLUEBERRY HIGH (VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L.)

The paper presents new data related to the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds in crop highbush blueberry leaf extracts, as well as to the antioxidant capacity of these extracts. Tall bilberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a deciduous berry shrub that has become an extremely popular crop whose fruits contain a unique complex of biologically active substances – antioxidants, phytoestrogens and vitamins. As a rule, the leaves of this plant contain, in more or less degree, the same set of phenolic compounds. However, there is currently a lack of scientific information about the peculiarities of the chemical composition and properties of these plants grown in a specific region, which could be of interest for the development of an untapped source of food additives, functional products, nutraceuticals and ingredients for organic cosmetics. The objects of this study were water- and water-alcohol extracts obtained from highbush blueberry leaves of the varieties “Reka”, “Legacy”, “Bluecrop” and “Chantecler” as well as from the mixed sample of these varieties. For comparison, extracts of leaves of crop cowberry, crop cranberry and pharmacy cowberry ("PharmaCvet", 10118) and bearberry("PharmaCvet", 161117) were investigated. The electro-oxidative and antioxidant properties of all extracts were evaluated by using the methods of cyclic voltammetry and spectrophotometry based on a liquid phase reaction with a 2.2ꞌ-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The results of the studies showed that the leaves of highbush blueberry grown under conditions of ecological farming on the territory of Russia are very promising for use in prophylactic purposes.

Research in phenolic compounds in leaves of non-pharmacopoeial species of the genus Salvia from Ukrainian flora

The search for new sources of biologically active substances of phenolic nature is a topic task of the modern pharmaceutical industry and science to expand the domestic raw material base of medicinal plants and to create new medicines based on them. The purpose of the research is to study the composition of phenolic compounds of three non-pharmacopoeial species of the genus Salvia : S. grandiflora , S. pratensis and S. verticillata , in comparing with S. officinalis , to establish the perspective ones for using in pharmaceutical and medical practice. Materials and methods. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC using a Shimadzu LC20 Prominence chromatograph. The quantitative determination of phenolic compounds was also performed by the spectrophotometric method on an Evolution 60S spectrophotometer (USA) at the appropriate wavelength. Results. The quantitative content of 17 phenolic substances in leaves of genus Salvia representatives was determined. 6 of those are substances of flavonoid nature, 3 are hydroxycinnamic acids and 8 are derivatives of coffeic acid. It was found that the highest content of hydroxycinnamic acids is characteristic of leaves of S. grandiflora (4.49 mg/g, which is 357.62 % higher than in the pharmacopoeial species of S . officinalis (1.26 mg/g), the highest content of flavonoid compounds is characteristic of S. verticillata leaves (7.70 mg/g, which is 57.46 % more than in the pharmacopoeial species of S. officinalis (4.89 mg/g) and the highest content of the sum of phenolic compounds is characteristic of S. verticillata leaves (9.50 mg/g, which is 37.18 % more than in the pharmacopoeial species of S . officinalis (6.92 mg/g). Conclusions. HPLC and spectrophotometric methods demonstrate that the highest content of flavonoids is characteristic of leaves of S. verticillata , hydroxycinnamic acids – S. grandiflora. The highest content of the sum of all detected compounds of phenolic nature is characteristic of S. verticillata leaves. This indicates the prospect of using non-pharmacopoeial representatives of the genus Salvia from Ukrainian flora as sources of phenolic compounds to expand the domestic raw material base of medicinal plants and to create new medicines based on them.

Хемотаксономическое изучение Spiraea aemiliana в сравнении с близкородственными видами S. betulifolia и S. beauverdiana

Методом ВЭЖХ изучены состав и содержание фенольных соединений в листьях Spiraea aemiliana Schneid. из 2 природных популяций, произрастающих на острове Кунашир. Проведено сравнение хроматографических профилей S. aemiliana и близкородственных видов S. betulifolia Pall. и S. beauverdiana Schneid. В 40 % водно-этанольных экстрактах из листьев S. aemiliana выявлено 19 соединений. Из них идентифицированы хлорогеновая, n-кумаровая и коричная кислоты, кверцетин, кемпферол, гиперозид, изокверцитрин, рутин, авикулярин, астрагалин и дигидрокверцетин. Специфичным соединением в листьях S. aemiliana является изокверцитрин, не идентифицированный у других близких видов. Хроматографические профили S. aemiliana и S. betulifolia в целом очень сходны. Это является дополнительным доказательством мнения учёных о таксономическом ранге S. aemiliana как подвида, вариации или формы S. betulifolia. По количественному содержанию фенольных соединений S. aemiliana (сумма фенольных соединений варьирует от 16,4 до 23,88 мг/г) более сходна с S. beauverdiana. Листья S. aemiliana содержат много гиперозида (до 9,50 мг/г), что практически в два раза больше, чем у S. beauverdiana (до 4,3 мг/г) и в 6 раз у S. betulifolia (до 1,55 мг/г). Выявленная разница в содержании гиперозида между тремя таксонами Spiraea статистически достоверна.

Study of phenolic compounds in the Feverfew Herb by TLC and HPLC methods

Topicality. The search of new plant sources of biologically active substances is an actual issue for the pharmaceutical science. The feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip) is one of the prospective species of the Aster family. Its chemical composition mainly consists of phenolic compounds and sesquiterpene lactones. According to the latest data of the foreign sources feverfew herb phenolic compounds stipulate a prominent anti-inflammatory effect. This species is successfully used to treat the chronic inflammatory diseases of the connective tissue. Therefore, the determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content in the samples of domestic feverfew raw material is actual.Aim. To determinate the qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the feverfew herb.Materials and methods. The object was the feverfew herb collected in July 2017 on the territory of the Botanical garden of the National University of Pharmacy. The qualitative composition and quantitative content were determinated by the thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods.Results and discussion. Chlorogenic and cichoric acids zones, luteolin and luteolin7-glucoside in comparison withtheir zones of reference standards were identified by TLC method. 12 compounds were identified and determinated by HPLC method. Hydroxycinnamic acids, namely 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (1.575 %), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (1.308 %) and chlorogenic acid (0.784 %) were accumulated in the feverfew herb in the greatest amount. Among flavonoids, apigenin-7-glucoside (0.071 %) and kaempferol (0.041 %) prevailed.Conclusions. For the first time the qualitative composition and quantitative content in the feverfew herb were determinated by TLC and HPLC methods. The high content of the phenolic compounds in the plant raw material attests to the opportunity of feverfew herb standardization by such classes as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. The data obtained attest to the perspective creating a medicine with the high anti inflammatory activity based on the feverfew herb.

Качественный и количественный анализ на содержание фенольных соединений и их производных в корневище Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.

Since ancient times, it is known that all types of ginseng were widely used in Eastern folk medicine as a cure for many diseases. All species of the genus Panax, including Panax vietnamensis, contain saponins, but the phenolic composition has not been studied to date. Vietnamese ginseng is characterized by a unique composition of triterpene glycosides, among which the glycosylated derivatives of the rare triterpene aglycone, okothylol, are predominant. It is the only evergreen among ginsengs. As you know, a single plant can have different types of biological activity due to the content of different groups of biologically active compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties and causing different pharmacological effects. Obviously, phenolic compounds along with other secondary metabolites in Panax vietnamensis have a phytotherapeutic effect on the human body. The purpose of this work is to expand the knowledge of the scientific community about the synthesized compounds, in particular about phenolic compounds that accumulate in the rhizomes of Panax vietnamensis. In this paper, the results of a study on the qualitative (method HPLC-DMD-MS) and quantitative content of phenolic compounds (Folin-Cicalteu method) of the roots of Panax vietnamensis were presented for the first time. These results can be very interesting for scientists involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, growing callus and suspension cell cultures in vitro ginseng and other ginseng species, as well as for pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies producing various consumer products for the population based on Vietnamese ginseng. This work will expand the scientific community’s knowledge of secondary metabolites synthesized by the rhizome Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.

Phenolic compounds of the liquid extract from cleavers herb (galium aparine l.)

Aim. To study the qualitative composition and the quantitative content of phenolic compounds of the liquid extract obtained from cleavers (Galium aparine L.) herb.Materials and methods. The extract of cleavers herb was obtained by triple extraction of the raw material with 60% ethanol when heating, followed by the concentration of the combined extracts to the ratio of the raw material: finished product of 1:1. The content of extractives was determined by the gravimetric method. Phenolic compounds were studied by the methods of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-spectrophotometry.Results. In the chromatographic study of the extract from cleavers herb 11 compounds of phenolic nature were reliably identified, including 5 hydroxycinnamic acids – caffeic, сhlorogenic, neoсhlorogenic, 3,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids; and 6 flavonoids – catechin, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin and hyperoside. Rutin (1.89 mg/ml) and сhlorogenic acid (0.78 mg/ml) were predominant compounds. In the spectrophotometric determination of total content of phenolic compounds it was found that the amount for hydroxycinnamic acids calculated with reference to сhlorogenic acid was 1.9 %, for flavonoids calculated with reference to rutin – 0.25 %, for polyphenolic compounds calculated with reference to gallic acid – 1.35 %. The dry residue was 24.63 %.Conclusions. The significant content of extractive substances, flavonoids and у hydroxycinnamic acids with predominance of rutin and сhlorogenic acid in alcohol-water extract from cleavers herb indicate the feasibility of its further pharmacological study.

The study of phenolic compounds and the antimicrobial action of the alcoholic extract from the cake of the red raspberry fruit

Aim. To study the antimicrobial action and the quantitative content of phenolic compounds of the alcoholic extract from the cake of the red raspberry fruit ( Rubus idaeus ). Materials and methods . The object of the study was the extract obtained from the fruit of Rubus idaeus . The content of phenolic compounds was determined by the spectrophotometric method. The study of the antibacterial activity of the extracts was carried out by the agar diffusion method. Results . It has been found that the content of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives is 2.21 ± 0.02%, flavonoids – 0.82 ± 0.01%, and the amount of phenolic compounds is 4.52 ± 0.02% in the extract of the red raspberry fruit. The results of the studies conducted have shown that the test sample of the extract from the raspberry fruit has a wide range of the antimicrobial activity, including the antibacterial and antifungal activity. Conclusions . By studying the antimicrobial activity the possibility of creating a new antimicrobial drug based on the raspberry fruit has been proven. The content of phenolic compounds in the extract from the cake of the red raspberry fruit has been studied.

Визначення кількісного вмісту суми фенольних сполукв артишоку суцвіттях, часнику листі та цибулинах

Introduction. Phenolic compounds are the most abundant class of biologically active compounds of herbal origin. They possess antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimutagenic, antisclerotic, antibacterial, antiviral, sedative, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activity. Wide distribution of phenolic compounds in the plant world and their usage in medical practice provide the importance of their quantitative determination in prospective plant species, such as artichoke and garlic.The purpose of current work was determination of quantitative content of phenolic compounds in artichoke inflorescences, garlic leaves and bulbs.Methods of research. The content of phenolic compounds was determined using various methods: permanganatometric, spectrophotometric calculated on gallic acid, spectrophotometric according to the SPU method.Results and discussion. The content of the sum of phenolic compounds, determined by permanganatometry, comprised 9,74% in artichoke inflorescences, 8,96% in garlic leaves and 4,85% – in garlic bulbs; determined spectrophotometrically calculated on gallic acid in artichoke inflorescences was 6,58%, in garlic leaves – 6,22%, in garlic bulbs – 2,87%; determined spectrophotometrically according to the SPU method in artichoke inflorescences comprised 4,43%, in garlic leaves – 3,91%, and in garlic bulbs – 2,11%.Conclusions.The quantitative content of phenolic compounds in artichoke, garlic leaves and bulbs was determined using various methods: permanganatometric, spectrophotometric calculated on gallic acid, spectrophotometric according to the SPU method.As a result of the experiment, it was found that phenolic compounds accumulate in the artichoke inflorescences and garlic leaves, and in garlic bulbs their content is lower.The results obtained allow the recommending artichoke inflorescences, garlic leaves and bulbs as the herbal sources of phenolic compounds.

THE RESEARCH OF THE SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FLAVONOIDS GRASS HYPERICUM PERFORA-TUM L. FLORA OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

The article presents the results of the study of the dependence of the flavonoid content of the herb Hypericum perforatum L., from growth conditions of cenopopulations in various ecological, cenotic conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. Plant biocenosis were considered – meadows, Border of broadleaf and pine forest or artificial planting of pine. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the herb of Hypericum perforatum was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography. In studying water-alcohol extracts of H. perforatum L. flavonoids – rutin, quercetin, bisapigenin were identified by HPLC analysis. It is shown that the ecological, cenotic conditions of growth of Hypericum perforatum affect the quantitative content of phenolic compounds. It has been established that in investigated cenopopulations in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, rutin is the dominant flavonoid in medicinal plant raw materials. Maximum amount of this compound detected in the samples of Hypericum perforatum confined to the pine biocenosis of Tukaevsky and Drozhzhanovsky districts under significant quantity level of quercetin. In all variants of the experiment, bisapiginin was detected in small amounts. Plants of Hypericum perforatum, grow in different plant biocenosis differed in the various contents of the compounds of the phenolic complex, which is probably due to the ecological, cenotic and climatic conditions of growth.

ДИНАМИКА НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ФЕНОЛЬНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ В НАДЗЕМНЫХ ОРГАНАХ ОЧАНКИ ГРЕБЕНЧАТОЙ (EUPHRASIA PECTINATA TEN.), ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕЙ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ СИБИРИ

A plant of the Euphrasia L. genus is promising to be introduced into medical practice and being used in traditional medicine for eye, gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract disease treatment. Euphrasia pectinata Ten is widespread and growing abundantly in the Central Siberia. Study of the composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds of Euphrasia pectinata Ten. growing in Irkutsk Region was studied by HpLC method. Organ-specific distribution and dynamics of accumulation depending on the phase of vegetation of 8 compounds (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid(chlorogenicacid), hyperozide, acteoside, cynaroside, diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, dihydroquercetin, luteolin, quercetin) were studied. The maximum of flavonoid glycosides is accumulated in flowers and leaves, and the maximum of flavonoid aglycone is accumulated in stems. The maximum quantity of flavonoids in aboveground organs is observed in the flowering period, and maximum of phenylethanoid acteoside is observed in the fruiting period. Thus, as a medicinal plant, the materials can be recommended for harvesting of the aboveground organs E. pectinata during the flowering period.

Didžiųjų dilgėlių ekstraktų antioksidacinio aktyvumo ir fenolinių junginių eksperimentiniai tyrimai

Organizmo patiriamas oksidacinis stresas siejamas su sunkiomis sveikatos problemomis – širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis, autoimuninės nervų sistemos sutrikdymu, imuninės sistemos slopinimu. Viena iš priemonių, vartojamų oksidaciniam stresui mažinti, yra augaliniai preparatai. Didžiųjų dilgėlių (Urtica dioica L.) vaistinė augalinė žaliava – lapai Urticae folium (Ph.Eur.01/2008:1897) įtraukti į Europos farmakopėją. Pasaulyje atliekami didžiųjų dilgėlių kaupiamų biologiškai aktyvių junginių gydomojo poveikio bei antioksidacinio aktyvumo tyrimai. Kokybinės ir kiekinės cheminės sudėties duomenys sudaro sąlygas ruošti norminius dokumentus atitinkančią žaliavą, todėl biologiškai aktyvių junginių kokybinės ir kiekybinės įvairovės augalų organuose tyrimai yra perspektyvūs. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti didžiosios dilgėlės lapuose sukauptų fenolinių junginių kiekinės sudėties bei antioksidacinio aktyvumo kitimą vegetacijos periodo metu. Tyrimo objektas - didžiosios dilgėlės lapai, surinkti 2015 m. gegužės – rugpjūčio mėn. Kauno raj. Fenolinių junginių kiekiai etanoliniuose didžiųjų dilgėlių ekstraktuose nustatyti Folin-Ciocalteu metodu. Antioksidacinis aktyvumas nustatytas laisvųjų radikalų (DPPH∙) surišimo aktyvumo nustatymo metodu. Ištyrus natūralioje augavietėje augančių didžiųjų dilgėlių lapuose esančių fenolinių junginių kiekinės sudėties kitimą nustatyta, kad didžiausias fenolinių junginių kiekis yra dilgėlių lapuose, surinktuose iki žydėjimo. Pastebėta, kad stipriausiu antioksidaciniu aktyvumu pasižymi iki žydėjimo rinktų dilgėlių lapų ekstraktai.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК РОЗХІДНИКА ЗВИЧАЙНОГО (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)

<p><strong>THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPOUNDS PHENOL ORIGIN GROUND IVY (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)</strong></p><p><strong>M. S. Garnyk</strong></p><p>NationalPyrogovMemorialMedicalUniversity, Vinnytsia</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> compounds of phenol origin have been quantified in ground ivy herb, they are hydroxycinnamic acids (4.20-6.47 %), flavonoids (0.77-1.35 %), oxidized phenols (7.75-8.51 %). Flavonoid groups (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin), coumarines (scopoletin, umbelliferone) hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric) have been identified by the method of HPLC and their content has been identified.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: ground ivy, compounds of phenol origin, spectrophotometry, permanganatometry, high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Introduction.</strong> The ability to synthesize and accumulate huge amount of phenolic compounds is a characteristic feature of the representatives of the plant world. Natural phenols exhibit high biological activity. They take part in various physiological processes: respiration, photosynthesis, growth, development and reproduction of plants; some polyphenols protect plants from pathogens and fungal diseases.</p><p>Medicinal products based on phenolic compounds are widely used as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, choleretic, diuretic, hypotensive, tonic, astringent and purgative means. Most of the phenolic compounds of plant origin have low toxicity and do not exhibit side effects.</p><p>Previous studies found that grass of ground ivy contains a number of phenolic compounds namely: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins. Therefore the purpose of the study was to determine the quantitative content of phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method and individual substances by high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> The determination of phenolic compounds recalculated to gallic acid has been performed by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 270 nm, the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids recalculated to chlorogenic acid – at a wavelength of 327 nm, the amount of flavonoids recalculated to rutin – at a wavelength of 410 nm; total oxidized amount of phenols has been determined by permanganatometrical titration. To separate the total amount of phenolic compounds into individual components high performance liquid chromatography was used.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion.</strong> The content of phenolic compounds in grass of ground ivy was 3.15-3.41% in the sample number 1 (raw materials harvested in Ternopil region) and 2.98-3.29 % in the sample number 2 (materials harvested in Vinnytsia region), the total content of oxidized phenols is 8.34-8.51 % and 7.75-8.14 %, the amount of flavonoids – 0.87-1.35% and 0.77-1.04 %, the amount hydroxycinnamic acids – 4.20-6.47 % and 4.84-6.36 % respectively for the objects number 1 and number 2.</p><p>Individual quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the grass of ground ivy was identified by the method of HPLC. Flavonoids (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin) were identified in the studied objects, as well as coumarins (skopoletyn, umbelliferone), hydroxycinnamic acid (rosmary, chlorogenic, coffeic, p-coumaric), and their quantitative content was determined.</p><p>Among flavonoid compounds of ground ivy the greatest number falls to rutin – 0.40 and 0.23 % respectively in objects number 1 and 2. As for hydroxycinnamic acid the highest content of rosmarinic acid is observed in the sample number 2 – 1.13 %. The content of chlorogenic acid was also significant and made 0.84 % (№ 1) and 0.81 % (№ 2) in studied objects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> 1. Quantitative content of phenolic compounds: total amount of oxidative phenols, total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids, total amount of flavonoids were detected in the studied samples of ground ivy.</p><p>2. Quantitative content of flavonoids (rutin – 0.23-0.40 %, hyperozide – 0.17-0.34 %, luteolin – 0.05-0.1% isoquercіtrіn – 0.02-0.03 %, apigenin – 0.06 %), hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic – 0.81-0.84 %, rosmarinic – 0.2-1.13%, coffeic – 0.06 %, p-coumaric – traces) and coumarins (skopoletyn – 0.11-0.12 %, umbelliferonе – 0.02 %) was identified and defined by the method of HPLC.</p>

Phenolic compounds of Sophora flavescens Soland. of Russian origin

A qualitative composition and a quantitative content of phenolic compounds of underground and above-ground parts of Sophora flavescens Soland. (the Fabaceae family) growing in Russia (Transbaikalia, Primorsky Krai, Aga Buryat Autonomous District) were studied. Eleven compounds were isolated from the roots and rhizomes: kushenol A, isokurarinone, kuraridine, sophoraflavanone G, kurarinone, isoxanthohumol, umbeliferon, and, for the first time, scopoletin, ferulic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acids. Ten phenolic compounds were identified in the herb of S. flavescens: cynaroside, cosmosiin, caffeic acid, and, for the first time, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, umbelliferone, rutin, chlorogenic, and neochlorogenic acids. Dominant compounds in the underground part were kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G, and in the above-ground part, cynaroside and rutin. It was shown that the maximum content of flavonoids in the underground part of S. flavescens was accumulated in the epidermal layers of rhizomes. The dynamics of flavonoids accumulation in S. flavescens was studied.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ФЕНОЛЬНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ В ПОБЕГАХ СИБИРСКИХ ВИДОВ CARAGANA

A study of phenolic compounds of the seven species of Caragana Fabr. genus growing on the territory of Siberia (C. arborescens, C. bungei, C. buryatica, C. frutex, C. jubata, C. pygmaea, C. spinosa) was realized. It is established that phenolic compounds are unevenly distributed in organs of studied species: the highest content of flavonoids in the leaves was observed for C. arborescens (107,78 mg/g) and in the flowers – for C. jubata (47,24 mg/g). The total contents of phenolic compounds in the leaves of the species were 35,00 (C. buryatica) – 112,78 mg/g (C. arborescens) and in the flowers – 36,24 (C. bungei) – 101,07 mg/g (C. jubata). To stem epidermal layers was observed a higher concentration of phenolic compounds than the same for inner bark of the stem. As a result of the chromatographic separation from C. spinosa was isolated and identified myricetin-3-O-rutinoside found in this species and Caragana genus for the first time. The investigation of the flavonoids accumulation in C. spinosa was showed that their maximum accumulation observed at the flowering period (in shoots up to 18,63 mg/g). The environmental growth conditions of C. spinosa affected on the quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the shoots, and the highest concentration was observed for meadow cenopopulations. It was established that the drying process of C. spinosa shoots does not change the composition of flavonoids, but reduced the total phenolic content in 17,3–33,9% and total flavonoids content in 12,6–27,0%.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОСТАВА ФЕНОЛЬНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ СТОЛБИКОВ С РЫЛЬЦАМИ КУКУРУЗЫ, ЗАГОТОВЛЕННЫХ НА АЛТАЕ

The qualitative composition and the quantitative content of phenolic compounds of corn silk, gathered in the Altai, were studied. 9 flavonoids (including luteolin, orientin and apigenin) and 4 phenolic acids (including caffeic, chlorogenic acids and ether of ferulic acid) were found by a thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography methods. Tannins of hydrolyzed group were identified by qualitative reactions. The quantitative content of flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins in a studied kind of raw materials was determined (0,70, 1,96 and 4,52% accordingly).

Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of some traditionally used medicinal plants affected by the extraction time and hydrolysis

Polyphenolic phytochemicals in traditionally used medicinal plants act as powerful antioxidants, which aroused an increasing interest in their application in functional food development. The effect of extraction time (5 and 15 min) and hydrolysis on the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of six traditionally used medicinal plants (Melissa officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L., Lavandula officinalis Miller, Rubus fruticosus L., Urtica dioica L., and Olea europea L.) were investigated. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and tannins was determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods, while individual phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were separated and detected using HPLC analysis. Also, to obtain relevant data on the antioxidant capacity, two different assays, (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used. The extraction efficiency of phenolics, as well as the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts, was affected by both prolonged extraction and hydrolysis. The overall highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in hydrolyzed extract of blackberry leaves (2160 mg GAE/L), followed by the non-hydrolyzed extract of lemon balm obtained after 15 min of extraction (929.33 mg GAE/L). The above extracts also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts of olive leaves were characterized with the lowest content of phenolic compounds, as well as the lowest antioxidant capacity. The highest content of rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant phenolic compound, was determined in non-hydrolyzed extract of lemon balm, obtained after 15 min of extraction. Although the hydrolysis provided the highest content of polyphenolic compounds, longer extraction time (15 min) was more efficient to extract these bioactives than shorter extraction duration (5 min). The distribution of detected phenolic compounds showed a wide variability with regard to their botanical origin. Examined medicinal plants showed to be a valuable supplement to a daily intake of bioactive compounds.

Phenolic compounds from Rhododendron dauricum from the Baikal region

Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae) is a mountainous half-evergreen shrub indigenous to Central Siberia and the Baikal region. The phenolic complex of R. dauricum contained simple phenols (hydroquinone, arbutin, 4-O-methylfloroacetophenone, orcinol, grifolin) [1], phenolcarboxylic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, anisic, protocatechoic, vanillic, syringic, 3-methyl ether of gallic acid) [1, 2], coumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin) [3], chromanes (rhododaurichromanic acids A and B) [4], chromenes (daurichromenic acid, daurichromenes A–D, confluentin) [4, 5], and flavonoids (poriol, farrerol, matteucinol, kaempferol, 5-methylkaempferol, quercetin, azaleatin, hyperoside, isohyperoside, avicularin, quercitrin, myricetin, 5-methylmyricetin, gossipetin) [1, 3, 6, 7]. R. dauricum growing in China, Khabarosk Territory, and in the Altai have been studied previously. Our goal was to study the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds in R. dauricum from the Baikal region. Leaves of R. dauricum were collected in Irkutsk Oblast (Irkutsk, test plot of SIFIBR, SB RAS, June 28, 2008, raw material I; August 28, 2008, II; Olkha village, September 3, 2008, III; Orlenok station, September 9, 2008, IV), in the Lake Baikal basin (Olkhon Island, September 13, 2008, V; November 4, 2008, VI), and in the Republic of Buryatiya (Mukhorshibir Region, Barsk Ridge, July 25, 2009, VII; Soviet Region, Ulan-Ude, August 25, 2009, VIII; Pribaikal Region, Goryachinsk village, September 17, 2009, IX). The speciation was determined by Cand. Pharm. Sci. N. K. Chirikova (IGEB, SB RAS). Raw material samples are preserved in the herbarium of the Division of Biologically Active Compounds, IGEB, SB RAS. Dried ground raw material (0.2 kg, VII) was extracted with EtOH (80%, 5 , 1:25) at 80°C. The EtOH extract was concentrated to a watery residue that was extracted with hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH to produce five fractions: hexane (20.07 g, 10.04% of air-dried mass), CHCl3 (2.59 g, 1.30%), EtOAc (16.29 g, 8.15%), n-BuOH (8.25 g, 4.13%) and an aqueous residue (25.22 g, 12.61%). The total yield of extracted compounds was 36.23% of the air-dried mass. The CHCl3 fraction (2.4 g) was separated by column chromatography over SiO2 (2 30 cm) using hexane:CHCl3 (100:0 70:30) and CHCl3:Me2CO (100:0 50:50) with subsequent rechromatography by preparative TLC (toluene:EtOAc:HCOOH 3:3:1) and HPTLC (petroleum ether:Et2O:HCOOH 9:4:1). This afforded 1 (10 mg, farrerol, 6,8-dimethyl-5,7,4 -trihydroxyflavanone) [8, 9], 2 (31 mg, scopoletin) [10], 3 (6 mg, umbelliferone) [10], 4 (4 mg, kaempferol) [11], 5 (10 mg, quercetin) [12], and 6 (11 mg, hyperoside) [12]. The EtOAc (10 g) and n-BuOH extracts (7 g) were chromatographed over columns of SiO2 (3.5 40 cm) using CHCl3:Me2CO (100:0 70:30), Me2CO:EtOH (100:0 50:50), and EtOH:H2O (95:5 40:60). Subfractions were separated over columns of polyamide (Woelm, 2 20 cm, EtOH:H2O, 0:100 95:5, Me2CO) with subsequent preparative TLC (toluene:EtOAc:HCOOH, 5:4:1; EtOAc:MeOH:H2O, 9.6:1.9:1). Chromatographic separation of the EtOAc fraction isolated 7 (67 mg, gallic acid 3-methyl ether) [13], 8 (18 mg, gallic acid) [13], 9 (31 mg, ellagic acid) [14], 10 [11 mg, (+)-catechin], 11 [4 mg, (–)-epicatechin] [15], 6 (214 mg), 12 [2 mg, (–)-epicatechin-3-gallate] [16], 13 (82 mg, avicularin) [12], 14 (41 mg, quercitrin) [12], and 15 (8 mg, procyanidin B1) [17]. HPLC (conditions 1) of the EtOAc fraction also detected p-hydroxybenzoic (16), gentisic (17), and syringic (18) acids. The n-BuOH fraction afforded 8 (10 mg), 10 (5 mg), 12 (6 mg), 15 (12 mg), and 17 (8 mg). The study found in leaves of R. dauricum 18 compounds. Of these, 1-7, 13, 14, 16, and 18 were isolated earlier from this species whereas 8-12, 15, and 17 were isolated for the first time.

Phenolic compounds in conducive and suppressive soils on clubroot disease of crucifers

Three conducive and three suppresive soils were examined for differences in physical and chemical properties, as well as qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds. The three suppressive soils were slightly alkaline, whereas the three conducive soils were slightly acid. The concentrations of Ca and Mg in suppressive soils were 3–15 times those in conducive soils. The total concentrations of phenolics and humic acids in conducive soils were 2–4 and 2–10 times those in suppressive soils, respectively, whereas the concentrations of gentisic (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic) acid in suppressive soils was higher than that in conducive soils. In bioassay, the radicle growth of Brassica pekinensis was inhibited more by extracts from the conducive soils than those from the suppressive soils. Clubroot disease was significantly suppressed by gentisic acid applied to conducive soil at the rate of 800 mg kg −1. When seeds were soaked in of gentisic acid solution (800 mg kg −1, pH 5.5) 24 h before planting, the incidence of the disease dropped from 78 to 41%.