Quantification Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in the Extract of Wine Production Residues of Wild Grape Fruits and their Antibacterial Activity

The objectives of this work are to quantify the phenolic compounds in the extract of wine production residues using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its antibacterial activity. The results indicated that gallic acid and quercetin are the highest contents for phenolic acid and flavonoid, respectively. The extract showed efficiency against 12 bacterial strains which have more potency on Salmonella typhi (DMST 16122), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25293) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778). The concentration for inhibition (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) of the extract on selected bacterial was in range of 500-250 μg/mL. This suggested that the wild grape residues from wine production composed of different phenolic substances, which could be used for inhibition of many bacteria.

Wild Edible Plants: Antioxidant Activities in Different Solvents and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC

Wild edible plants (WEPs) are rich in antioxidants and diverse sections of the plant had been notably utilized as conventional and folklore medicine to cure various human ailments. This study was designed to evaluate the most effective solvent for extracting polyphenols from medicinally important WEPs which includes Coix lacryma-jobi, Herpetospermum pedunculosum, Plukenetia corniculata, Sonchus asper and Streptolirion volubile, which allows to offer medical guide for conventional use of the plant. Individual phenolic component concentrations were determined using RP-HPLC and total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonol were quantified using four different solvents. Aqueous ethanol (80%) is most effective solvent for polyphenol extraction amongst solvents of diverse polarities. The studied plants were found to be rich in total phenolics, flavonols, especially gallic acid (1.12 ± 0.33 μg/mg dry extract) and ferulic acid (4.03 ± 0.53 μg/mg dry extract) in the 80% aq. ethanol extract of H. pedunculosum. The correlation analyses of each solvent found out sturdy to susceptible connections amongst all examined parameters, with the best values (r and R2) in 80% aq. ethanol and chloroform, indicating that those solvents have an excessive ability for polyphenol extraction and antioxidant activity. The Principal component analysis revealed that based on the phenolics and polyphenolics content, the 80% aq. ethanol extract of H. pedunculosum was shown to be more potent than the other plants under investigation. Present findings display that aqueous ethanol extracts of the studied plants have better antioxidant activities than synthetic derivatives, indicating their prospective usefulness and ability to replace synthetic derivatives in consumable and medical products.

Causes of dormancy in Ilex paraguariensis pyrenes

Abstract Ilex parguariensis pyrenes, popularly known as “yerba mate”, were classified as dormant. This study aim to investigated the causes of dormancy in Ilex paraguariensis’ pyrenes. Hence, the following tests were performed: a) Physical dormancy: rate of absorption in water and methylene blue; detection of lignin and lipophilic compounds in the endocarp and integument; b) Physiological dormancy: bioassays in lettuce seeds, detection, and quantification of phenolic compounds; c) Morphological dormancy: embryo analysis. For the absorption rate, an increase was observed in the mass of the pyrenes, however, when imbibition was performed in methylene blue, absorption only occurred in the endocarp. Lignin was also observed in the form of a sclerenchyma layer next to the seed coat. Similarly, lipophilic compounds were observed in a layer, external to the endosperm. The bioassays with lettuce seeds indicated the presence of chemical inhibitors. In the morphological evaluation of the pyrenes, only 55.5% of the embryos were visualized and they were in the globular or heart stages. Ilex paraguariensis pyrenes have combined dormancy: physical (not water absorption), morphological (due to the underdeveloped embryo), and there are shreds of evidence about physiological dormancy (presence of inhibitors); however, it is recommended to investigate the inhibitory agent.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds Content of Extracts from </>Ceratotheca sesamoides</i> Endl and <i>Striga hermonthica</i> (Delille) Benth Used as Antheminthic in Burkina Faso

The revaluation of medicinal plants in the veterinary pharmacopoeia is essential for the development of livestock in Burkina Faso. In order to justify the use of C. sesamoides and S. hermonthica in the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitosis of small ruminants, a quantification of phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity and acute toxicité evaluation of both plants were performed. Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of both plants to mice. The highest total polyphenol content for C. sesamo?des was obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction with 47.236 ± 2.57 mgEAG/100mg while that of S. hermonthica was 74.871 ± 2.57 mgEAG/100mg obtained with the n-butanol Fraction. The dichloromethane extract of S. hermonthica obtained the highest total flavonoid content with 7.31 ± 0.48 mgEQ/100 while the highest total flavonoid content of C. sesamo?des was obtained with ethyl acetate fraction with 5.4273 ± 0.35 mgEQ/100mg. The aqueous extract of C. sesamo?des obtained the highest content of condensed tannins with 3.028 ± 0.13 mgEAT/100mg. Both plant’s extracts did not show any signs of toxicity in NMRI mice after administration of the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The antioxidant activity by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods was good compared to those of Quercetin and Trolox taken as standard.

Design of a Microfluidic Paper-Based Device for the Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Wines

Design of a Microfluidic Paper-Based Device for the Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Wines

Phytochemical Tests, Assessment of Antioxidant Properties and Isolation of Two Compounds of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Chadian Propolis: Case of Bebotho (Southern Chad)

The present work deals with the research of chemical constituents and evaluation of antioxidant properties of Bebotho propolis. From the ethyl acetate extract, we isolated, using various chromatographic techniques, a mixture of two identical compounds (isomers) indexed PBy4a and PByb. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis techniques (MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMBC and HSQC) and by comparison of the spectral data with those described in the literature. Thus, these compounds were identified to a mixture of two chromones namely 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-6-C-α-D-glucopyranoside and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, first reported in propolis. The study of the antiradical power, chelating power and the quantification of phenolic compound of these same extracts, showed interesting properties that propolis extracts have to scavenge free radicals.

Methane reduction from ruminant microbiota of sheep using polyphenols extract of different olive mill wastewater

Olive oil production generates considerable quantities of olive mill wastewater, a powerful pollutant dumped in nature without any prior treatment. Olive mill wastewater is considered as a potential source of natural products of high additive value, due to their content of phenolic compounds and other natural antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the impact of phenolic substances, extracted from different olive mill wastewater of different olive varieties, on the composition of the ruminal microbiota of sheep. The results of the quantification of phenolic compounds show the richness of the three varieties (Sigoise, Azzeradj and Chemlal) in polyphenols with respective values of 26.3, 23.97 and 20.09 g/L. Moreover, a stimulation in the fermentative activity was reported, which caused a significant reduction in methane production (24 hours of incubation) of 7.31, 39.36 and 30.06% for Sigoise, Azzeradj and Chemlal, respectively. In addition, this decrease creates a reduction in the production of ammonia and the number of protozoa.

LC-MS Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Solid Residues from the Essential Oil Industry.

Plant solid residues obtained from the essential oil industry represent a rich source of phenolic compounds with bioactive properties to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in solid residues of the Lamiaceae family plants. A total of 48 compounds can be separated within 35 min by using the Poroshell-120 EC-C18 column, and a gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with flow rate of 0.5 mL/min; salicylic acid was used as internal standard. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the tested concentration range for each analyte (R2 > 0.9921), while recoveries ranged from 70.1% to 115.0% with an intra-day and inter-day precision of less than 6.63% and 15.00%, respectively. Based on the retention behavior, as well as absorption and mass spectra, 17 phenolic acids, 19 flavonoids and 2 phenolic diterpenes were identified and quantified in the solid residues obtained by distillation of six aromatic plants: oregano, rosemary, sage, satureja, lemon balm, and spearmint. The method constitutes an accurate analytical and quality control tool for the simultaneous quantitation of phenolics present in solid waste residues from the essential oil industry.

Anti-Alzheimer potential of a waste by-product (peel) of Omani pomegranate fruits: Quantification of phenolic compounds, in-vitro antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase and in-silico studies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease. Punica granatum L., ( P. granatum ) is one of the most important commercial crops of Oman with traditional medicinal claims. The study aimed to quantify the phenolic content of the Omani pomegranate peel extracts and to investigate their antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase activities along with computational studies for the development of AD therapy. The dried peels of P. granatum fruits were exhaustively extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol. Peel extracts were subjected to the preliminary phytochemical screening. Colorimetric methods were used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoids contents. The neuroprotective potential of the peel extracts was evaluated by assessing the in-vitro antioxidant activity and their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity. In-silico analysis and molecular docking of the most promising phenolic metabolite present in pomegranate peel was also carried out. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The total phenolic, flavonoids content & antioxidant activity was found to be higher in the butanol extract. Surprisingly, butanol extract showed slightly lower AChE inhibitory activity than chloroform extract. Catechin, a polyphenolic compound present in the peel showed lower binding energy for AChE in comparison to Beta-secretase-1 (BACE-1). It formed three and two hydrogen bonds with AChE and BACE-1, respectively. The results of the current study provided evidence that butanol extract is rich in phenolics and possesses excellent antioxidant activity. Furthermore, in silico and in-vitro studies conducted on P. granatum revealed promising anti-AD activity. Further investigations must be carried out to isolate and develop the chemical constituents of pomegranate peel as neuroprotective agent(s). • Phytochemical screening and quantification of phenolic compounds in an agro-waste. • Evaluation of antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of pomegranate peel extracts. • In silico studies and molecular docking studies on the polyphenolic compounds found in pomegranate peel. • Butanol solvent was found to be optimum for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds. • Pomegranate peel could be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants.

Influence of rootstock genotype on individual metabolic responses and antioxidant potential of blood orange cv. Tarocco Scirè

In fruit crops, tree rootstock plays a relevant role in the tolerance of biotic and abiotic factors, various qualitative traits and biochemical profiles of the juice. In this work, the fruit quality characteristics of sweet orange Tarocco Sciré grafted onto ten rootstocks were evaluated. Analyses were performed on the fruit juice, coupling the quantification of phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones and hydroxycinnamic acids) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques and the assessment of antioxidant potential (measured in vitro). The study was conducted for two consecutive years in which the different minimum temperatures recorded during fruit ripening determined a higher accumulation of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins (63.6 %), and higher levels of antioxidant activity (48.92) in the colder year. The analyses allowed the identification and quantification of 24 phenolic compounds (6 anthocyanins, 5 flavanones, 1 flavone and 12 hydroxycinnamic acids). The results highlighted a significant effect of both rootstocks and the environment (and their interaction) on the metabolic profile of the juice, with low temperatures being directly involved in juice pigmentation and significant differences among the rootstocks within each year of analysis. In addition to temperature, a significant effect of rootstocks on the metabolic profile of the juice was revealed, with C35 and Bitters being the most effective in enhancing anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit of the grafted variety.Altogether, the data presented shed light on the significant role exerted by the rootstock on fruit quality, providing useful insights to guide the selection of rootstocks in novel implants.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation and Chemical Investigation of Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca Leaf Extracts.

Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca is a species of flowering plant belonging to the Rosaceae family that plays an important role as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of specific types of cancer, microbial infections, and diabetes mellitus. This work presents the first report on the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential along with the phytochemical analysis of Rosa gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves. Five leaf extracts of hexane, chloroform, methanol, hydromethanol 80%, and water were prepared. Assessment of antioxidant activity was carried out via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria—including Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis—and the fungus Candida albicans, was examined using the disc diffusion method. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Isolation, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed using HPLC-DAD analysis. Amongst the five leaf extracts that were investigated, hydromethanol 80% extract possessed the highest extraction yield, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity against all tested microbial strains. Moreover, this extract furnished six active phenolic compounds: gallic acid (1), (+) catechin (2), chlorogenic acid (3), (–) epicatechin (4), quercetin-3-O-α-d-(glucopyranoside) (5), and quercetin (6). This study provides an alternative utilization of R. gallica var. aegyptiaca leaves as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Determination of total phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Calligonum polygonoides L. from Thar Desert

Aim: The aim of the study was Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, total flavonoides content and antioxidant potential of flower buds, foliages, bark and root of a perennial herb, Calligonum polygonoides (Phog) of Thar Desert. Methodology: The methanolic extracts of different plant parts of C. polygonoides were subjected to LC-MS/MS (Waters Acquity UPLC-PDA, TQD) analysis for phenolic identification and spectrophotometric assay of total phenolic and flavonoids content and total antioxidant activity was estimated. Results: A total of 15 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, among which gallic acid content was abundant, followed by catechin. Besides these, the other major phenolic compounds detected in different plant parts were vanillic, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, coumeric acid, catechol, vanillic acid, epicatechin and syringic acid. Extremely higher values were recorded for total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. The values for phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidant activity in bark extracts were higher than that of clove extract. Interpretation: The identified phenolic compounds possess high antioxidant potential. These results provide scientific evidence for use of C. polygonoides as safe natural antioxidant compounds in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry.

Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Australian Grown Bananas and Their Antioxidant Capacity.

Bananas are an essential source of staple food and fruit worldwide and are widely regarded as the world’s largest fruit crop, with more than 100 million tons total annual production. Banana peel, a by-product that represents about 40% of the entire banana’s weight, and pulp are rich in bioactive compounds and have a high antioxidant capacity. As the production of polyphenols in fruit and vegetables is highly dependent on environmental conditions, genetic factors, and the level of maturity, this study aims to characterize six Australian banana cultivars in various stages of ripening for their phenolic compounds using the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), polyphenols quantification with the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA), and their antioxidant capacity. All bananas were analysed for total polyphenols content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) and their antioxidant activities. Ripe Ducasse peel and pulp contained the highest amounts of total polyphenols content (1.32 and 1.28 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of sample), total tannin contents (3.34 mg catechin equivalent (CE) per gram of sample), and free radical scavenging capacity (106.67 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per g of sample). In contrast, ripe Plantain peel had the greatest total flavonoids (0.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of sample). On the other hand, unripe Ladyfinger pulp possessed the highest total antioxidant activity (1.03 mg AAE/g of sample). There was a positive correlation between flavonoids and antioxidant activities. By using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, a total of 24 phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized in this research, including six phenolic acids, 13 flavonoids, and five other polyphenols. Quantification of phenolic compounds by the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) revealed a higher content of phenolic acids. These findings confirmed that banana peel and pulp have considerable antioxidant activity and can be employed in human food and animal feed for variant health enhancement uses.

Discovery and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography-Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

The characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds in bearberry leaves were performed using hyphenated ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A higher identification confidence level was obtained by comparing the measured collision cross section (TWCCSN2) with predicted values using a machine learning algorithm. A total of 88 compounds were identified, including 14 arbutin derivatives, 33 hydrolyzable tannins, 6 flavanols, 26 flavonols, 9 saccharide derivatives, and glycosidic compounds. Those most reliably reproduced in all samples were quantified against respective standards. Arbutin (47-107 mg/g), 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose (6.6-12.9 mg/g), and quercetin 3-galactoside/quercetin 3-glucoside (2.7-5.7 mg/g) were the most abundant phenolic components in the leaves. Quinic acid and ellagic acid were also detected at relatively high concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the most abundant compounds was evaluated. A critical view of the advantages and limitations of traveling wave IMS and CCS for the discovery of natural products is given.

Development of HPLC method for quantification of phenolic compounds in Cyclopia intermedia (honeybush) herbal tea infusions

Cyclopia intermedia is the major source material for the production of honeybush tea, specifically the ‘fermented’ (oxidised) product. The phenolic composition of ‘cup-of-tea’ infusions from other Cyclopia species has been reported, but such information is lacking for C. intermedia. The HPLC method previously developed for extracts of green, unoxidised C. intermedia is not suitable due to the co-elution of unidentified compounds with mangiferin and isomangiferin. A method was developed and validated to quantify the major phenolic compounds in infusions of fermented C. intermedia at ‘cup-of-tea’ strength. Eighteen compounds were identified or tentatively identified and 14 compounds could be quantified with suitable intra- and inter-day repeatability (relative standard deviation < 8%). In a large sample set (n = 96) of fermented C. intermedia, hesperidin, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone and mangiferin were present at the highest concentrations (mean > 5 mg/L) in the infusions, followed by isomangiferin, vicenin-2, 3-β-D-glucopyranosyliriflophenone, neoponcirin, hesperetin and protocatechuic acid (mean > 1 mg/L). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis showed the separation of samples into two groups mainly based on the presence (n = 32) or absence (n = 64) of neoponcirin. Based on information about the origin of the samples, the presence of chemotypes in different geographical areas is postulated.

Quantification of phenolic compounds in Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth through HPTLC and validation of its antioxidant potential

The present study deals with quantification of phenolic compounds by a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method and evaluation of its traditional claims. A chromatographic separation was performed by using a combination of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (70:30:10, v/v/v) as a mobile phase. A densitometric absorption mode has been used for the estimation of catechin and vanillic acid by comparing the peak area against the standard at wavelength 220 nm. The amount of catechin and vanillic acid was found to be 0.15% and 0.45% dry weight basis. The developed method was validated and found to be specific, linear, precise and accurate as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by five different models having variable mechanisms of action viz., total phenolic and flavonoid content, reducing power assay, DPPH assay, deoxyribose assay and total antioxidant potential. In vitro potential data reveals that the species has significant potential and may be used as an alternative plant in future for the treatment of diabetic condition. However, identified bioactive compounds (catechin and vanillic acid) may be used as a reference tool for proper recognition and confirmation of right plant material and monitoring of batch-to-batch consistency of finished herbal products using Leucas mollissima as an ingredient.

Characterization of phenolic compounds isolated from the Fraxinus angustifolia plant and several associated bioactivities

In Algeria, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl (Oleaceae) is a prominent ingredient for the treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to make a comparison between the phenolic compound compositions of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts (decoction and infusion) of this plant and to test the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-pancreatic lipase activities of the ethanolic extracts from the leaf and bark. The identification and quantification of phenolic compounds was carried out by HPLC-DAD-MS and the antioxidant activity was assessed according to three methods: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity. The cytotoxic effect was investigated using the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-116; while pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was examined using 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (NPB) as a substrate. A large variety of phenolic compounds were detected and the content of the leaf was much higher than that of the bark. The ethanolic extracts from the leaf had a higher antioxidant capacity than those of the bark, however, the latter showed greater antilipase activity and cytotoxicity than the former. These results suggest that this plant may be an important source of active compounds with a variety of biological activities which justify its use in traditional medicine.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantification of phenolic compounds, of Plant Extract from Chenopodium quinoa

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantification of phenolic compounds, of Plant Extract from Chenopodium quinoa

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantification of phenolic compounds, of Plant Extract from Chenopodium quinoa

The aim of this study was to screening the phytogenic chemical compounds of the seeds of Chenopodium quinoa, obtained from Wilaya of El-oued. The chemical study showed that the plant contained a number of secondary metabolites, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenes, glycosids while the absence of alkaloids and comarin in Chenopodium quinoa. Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric were used to determine the total phenolic con-tent (TPC), in the hydroalcoholic seeds extracts. The yield of the methanolic extract was estimated at 36.66%. As for the quantitative content of polyphenols, it is 11.647 ± 1.91µg AGE / mg extrait From this, Chenopodium quinoa is considered a nutritional and therapeutic value because it contains secondary metabolites

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in fresh and processed table olives of cv. ‘Kalamata’

Mediterranean diet is almost synonymous to the healthy lifestyle and diet nowadays. Some of the major components of the diet are the products of the olive tree, fruits and olive oil, which are classified as medical foods, due to their nutraceutical benefits and their protective properties against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases. The key contributors to these properties are the phenolic compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein. Table olives are being processed with several methods in order to reduce the bitterness of the olive fruit and the impact of the processing on phenolic compounds has not been studied extensively. In the present study, changes in the concentration of the most important phenolic compounds were quantified in fresh, Greek-style and Spanish-style processed olive fruits of cv. ‘Kalamata’, using two different analytical methods for identification and quantification: high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(ESI)-MS/MS). The phenolic compounds that were identified and quantified were hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, verbascocide, rutin, oleuropein and luteolin. Both processing methods used altered the phenolic compounds concentration in ‘Kalamata’ olive fruits compared to untreated fruits. In both analytical methods, a statistically significant increase in verbascoside and hydroxytyrosol concentration and a statistically significant decrease in rutin concentration was observed in both, Greek-style and Spanish-style, processed olive fruits.