Production Of Quality Seeds Research Articles

Effects of Agronomic Factors, Physiological Factors, Seed Supply Systems and Seed Marketing Systems on Sustainability of Crop and Quality Seed Production: A Review

Seed can be defined in the agronomic sense which includes any type of planting material intended for use in producing a crop, i.e. either generative or vegetative. It is basic agricultural input and a means for delivering technology to farmers. Main factors which contribute effects on crop and quality seed production are agronomic factors, physiological factors, seed supply systems and seed marketing systems. Performing good agronomic practices help to assure sustainable crop as well as quality seed production. Most researchers or literatures grouped agronomic factors as land requirements and preparation, isolation (seed), nutrition, weed control, roguing (seed) and hybrid seed production. Physiological factors also able to determine sustainable crop and quality seed production which can be grouped as variety maintenance and early generation seed multiplication, physiological nature of improved seed, and physiological quality of seed. Seed supply systems play a crucial role in providing farmers with access to adaptable crops and varieties, and the flexibility of obtaining seed when required. Sub factors categorized under this main factor are sources of new seed varieties, potential of policies, seed system efficiency, seed systems gaps and identifying potential areas of activities on seed system gaps. The forth factor seed marketing systems also have great effects on production of diversified crops and quality seeds. Generally for better sustainability of crops as well as quality seed production agronomic, physiologic, seed supply systems and seed marketing systems factors should be considered and supported by scientifically studies. Keywords : Seed, Agronomic, Physiologic, Supply, Marketing, Sustainability, Quality DOI: 10.7176/ALST/80-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Farmers’ Knowledge in Quality Seed Production Needed for Rice-A Test Development

Aims: Aim of the study is to develop a Farmers’ Knowledge test for the rice seed production farmers in order to assess their knowledge in rice seed production.
 Study Design: Expost facto research design was adopted.
 Methodology: Sample: Pretesting was done on 100 rice production farmers in central zone of Telangana state using multistage random sampling procedure with identifying the dimension, collection of items followed by item analysis and checking the reliability and validity for precision and consistency of the results. Test was conducted on October 2019.
 Results The process of developing and standardizing of knowledge test was started. A Total of 57 statements were framed.
 Conclusion: 32 statements were finally retained which has practical applicability in ascertaining the knowledge of farmers towards rice seed production.
 Implications: This standardized test tests the knowledge of rice farmers on rice seed production. This test thereby it facilitates to take the right decisions by farmers, Government officials under rice seed production and policy makers. It can be used extensively by future validating the test.

Effect of Different Extenders and Dilution Ratios on the Spermatological and Fertilization Parameters of Cyprinus carpio During Cryopreservation.

Production of quality seeds is a critical need, and cryopreservation serves as an important biotechnological tool in achieving that goal. In the present study, the effects of different extenders and dilution ratios on the spermatological and fertilization parameters of cryopreserved milt were evaluated in common carp brooders. Milt was collected from Cyprinus carpio brooders and diluted and cryopreserved at three dilution ratios such as 1:40, 1:80, and 1:120, using Freshwater Fish Saline (FWFS) and Modified Fish Ringer as extenders and dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant (90:10). Motility duration, fertilization, and hatching rates were studied after different treatments. Rapid freezing of straws was done for 20 minutes at a freezing rate of -78°C/min. It can be concluded that C. carpio milt can be cryopreserved with FWFS at a dilution ratio of 1:40 to obtain the highest post-thaw motility duration (60.33 ± 1.52 seconds), fertilization rate (87.6% ± 1.52%), and hatching rate (57.1% ± 4.16%). The difference in the values between extenders, dilution ratios, and cryopreserved and fresh milt were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when analyzed using ANOVA.

Physiological quality of bean seeds after application of desiccant herbicides

ABSTRACT: The application of desiccant herbicides in the bean crop is fundamental in the production of quality seeds, since it anticipates the harvesting season, which makes it possible to obtain seeds in the period of physiological maturation, when they are reported with maximum accumulation of dry matter, high vigor levels and germination percentage. However, there is little information about the ideal application time of these products to obtain beans of high physiological quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of bean seeds after application of desiccant herbicides at different times in preharvest. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2x3+1 factorial scheme, with four replications. Desiccant herbicides paraquat (400g ha-1) and paraquat + diuron (200 + 400g ha-1) were applied in three phenological stages (R8, R8/R9 and R9), plus one control (without herbicide application). Yield (Kg ha-1), mass of one thousand seeds (g), germination (%) and seed vigor were evaluated through tests of accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and primary root length. Application of paraquat molecule at the R8 stage and the paraquat + diuron mixture at the R8/R9 stage reduced the viability and vigor of the bean seeds, and compromised yield. Applications of the paraquat herbicide at the R8/R9 and R9 stages or of the mixture (paraquat + diuron) at the R9 stage preserved the physiological quality of the seeds without;however, affecting yield.

Challenges and Opportunities of Vegetable Quality Seed Production and Seed System in Ethiopia

Challenges and Opportunities of Vegetable Quality Seed Production and Seed System in Ethiopia

Innovative Technologies for Quality Seed Production and Vegetative Multiplication in Forage Grasses

India is facing a shortage of green fodder, dry crop residues and concentrates. The increase in area under fodder crops seems difficult owing to competition from food crops. Hence, utilization of non-cultivable areas for pastures and introducing high biomass producing forages in cultivable lands appear as the viable option. However, the major constraint in revitalizing 85 m ha of denuded grasslands/forest wastelands is the availability of good quality seed and/or planting material. The present article describes the development of technologies for multiplication of seed and planting material in Bajra-Napier hybrid, Deenanath grass and Guinea grass. The in vitro rooting of stem cuttings and rapid multiplication of Bajra-Napier hybrid rooted slips using high-density stem cutting nursery were developed to reduce the time and space constraints for multiplication and transport of rooted slips. The innovative defluffing technique helps in extracting the caryopsis from the fluffy seed material of Deenanath grass and significantly reduces the volume. The naked seed so produced is good for pelleting and precise sowing. The in vitro maturation of panicles and application of indoleacetic acid during pre-anthesis stage in Guinea grass have resulted in increased seed set and germination respectively. All these innovative technologies are cost-effective, simple and can boost the grass seed and planting material production which otherwise is miniscule compared to the demand. These techniques are in way to solve the myriad problems of grass seed production and multiplication of planting material.

Application of Non-Selective Herbicides in the Pre-Harvest of Wheat Damages Seed Quality

Pre-harvest desiccation in order to minimize the time of exposure to abiotic factors after physiological maturity is a practice used in the production of quality seeds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physical, physiological and sanitary quality of wheat seeds from plants that received non-selective herbicide application at pre-harvest. For this, the treatments were applied on pre-harvest culture. A completely randomized design was applied. We use the herbicides (glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate and paraquat), phenological stages of herbicide application (Z-83, Z-85, Z-87, Z-92) and additional treatment (without application). The routine tests that express the physical, physiological and sanitary integrity of seeds were evaluated. For herbicide treatments, there was an 8% and 26% reduction in germination under laboratory conditions for BRS Parrudo and Sinuelo, respectively. Soil emergence was 14% higher for the control treatment, not statistically different for the Z-87 and Z-92 stages and also for the herbicides glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate for both cultivars. The application of non-selective herbicides on wheat pre-harvest impairs the physical and physiological quality and promotes faster deterioration. Vigor is reduced under stress conditions by cold test and accelerated aging. There is no influence on seed sanity.

Benefits and challenges of agroforestry adoption: a case of Musebeya sector, Nyamagabe District in southern province of Rwanda

ABSTRACTRwanda's natural forest is under pressure due to increasing rural population growth and subsistence farming. The Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture has therefore introduced agroforestry technology in forest-dependent communities to minimize the pressures on the forests and improve local people's livelihoods. This new technology has, however, not seen massive adoption in the country. This study examined the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of the agroforestry technology introduced particularly in Nyamagabe District and the challenges facing its adoption. Results showed that the agroforestry practices are contributing to an increase in income of agroforestry adopters compared to non-agroforestry adopters, and are improving soil fertility, reducing deforestation, and conserving soil and water in the district. However, results showed that, due to lack of skills and technical know-how, capital and quality seeds, some farmers are declining to adopt the new agroforestry practices. The respondents perceived that by providing subsidies to farmers, regular training, and informal education, establishing tree nurseries to improve the production of quality seeds, and also involving farmers in decision-making will increase agroforestry adoption. The government and other stakeholders should consider the views expressed by the farmers and take the necessary steps to address these challenges facing agroforestry technology adoption.

Role of Honey Bee Pollination in Quality Seed Production of Cauliflower for Scalingup of Livelihood in Vaishali District of Bihar

An On farm trial was conducted at KrishiVigyan Kendra, Vaishali, Bihar to study the impact of planned honeybee pollination on the seed production and quality of Cauliflower seeds as well as pollination behavior of Apis mellifera. More number of bees were found visiting the crop under net house condition (6.05 , 5.35, 5.05 bees/plant at all the three locations of traditionally seed producing Hariharpur, Rajapakar and Chakwaravillages of Vaishali district.Bees in the open conditions were found to spend less time on flower as compared to the net house conditions. Honeybees played an important role in enhancing the seed production of cauliflower at all location under study. Planned honeybee pollination was found to result maximum impact on the seed production seeds/pod in the range of 15.50-19.10 seeds/pod in net pollination as compared to 13.60-17.20 seeds/pod in open condition. Similarly, average 1000 seed wt. in net pollinated condition was 3.30-4.19 gm whereas 3.00- 3.97 gm in open field condition, and the yield in net condition was in range 534-637 kg/ha with additional income of 14 to 17 lakh rupees per hectare.

English

For adapting well to various soil and climatic conditions in Brazil and the tradition of high consumption, bean plays a key role in feeding the population. Despite the different environmental conditions, there are few specific cultivars for each planting season, particularly when aimed at the production of quality seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential of bean seeds from five population densities, under the edafoclimatic conditions of Janauba, northern Minas Gerais. The experiment was conducted on winter crop season, with planting in August 2011. The experimental design was a randomized block in 3 x 5 factorial, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three cultivars of common bean with different growth types (Ouro Vermelho, Ouro Negro and BRSMG Madreperola, and five densities (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 thousand plants ha -1 ). Seeds were evaluated for water content, germination and vigor (tests of first count, seedling emergence, emergence speed and accelerated aging). From the results, it can be concluded that the bean seeds of the cultivar Ouro Negro present superior physiological potential in relation to the cultivars Ouro Vermelho and BRSMG Madreperola. Increasing the sowing density up to 300 thousand plants ha -1 is suitable for the production of bean seeds on winter crop season, representing a good alternative for cultivation in the region.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cultivares de feijão em função de densidades populacionais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of different cultivars of beans in terms of densities. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Unimontes in Janauba, MG, with sowing in March 2011. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 4 x 5 with four replications. The treatments consisted of four bean cultivars of different growth habits (Ouro Vermelho, Ouro Negro, BRSMG Madreperola and Manteigao Vermelho) and five densities (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 000 plants ha-1). The seeds were evaluated for water content, germination and vigor tests (seedling emergence, speed of emergence index and accelerated aging). Cultivars Ouro Vermelho, Ouro Negro e BRSMG Madreperola produce better quality seed physiological, relative to cultivate Manteigao Vermelhao. Increasing the seeding rate did not affect the physiological quality of seeds of bean cultivars, with the exception of Madreperola, where the population density up to 290 000 plants ha-1 is suitable for production of quality seeds under the conditions studied.

Nematophagous fungi: Catenaria anguillulae and Dactylaria brochopaga from seed galls as potential biocontrol agents of Anguina tritici and Meloidogyne graminicola in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

During the course of our investigation on the selective isolation and in vitro pathogenicity tests of the nematode egg parasite and endoparasitic Catenaria anguillulae and the nematode-trapping fungus Dactylaria brochopaga against Anguina tritici, and Meloidogyne graminicola, the two biocontrol agents were also examined for their capabilities to colonize wheat seed gall and also to reduce the M. graminicola, and A. tritici in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Using seed galls as bait was found effective for isolating the soilborne natural colonizers of seed galls of wheat caused by A. tritici. Seed galls were found severely infested with cellulose decomposers as well as nematode trapping fungi i.e., Fusarium spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. Arthrobotrys oligospora, Arthrobotrys superba, Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Arthrobotrys musiformis, D. brochopaga, Monacrosporium eudermatum, Stylopaga hadra, Paecilomyces spp., and C. anguillulae. Co-inoculation of D. brochopaga DBS-105, and C. anguillulae CAS101 significantly reduced the root knot and seed gall in wheat and increased the plant growth parameters including length, and dry weight of root and shoot as well as yield attributing characters like spike length; number of seed per spike, test weight etc. under greenhouse conditions as compared to pathogen challenged plants without any bioagents/chemical nematicide. These bioagents have the potential to enhance production of quality seeds of wheat being free from hazardous pesticides and thus, can further be developed into marketable formulations in order to promote eco-friendly and sustainable means of crop production.

PRODUCTION OF IMPROVED QUALITY REPRODUCTIVE MATERIALS AND THE ROLE OF SEED QUALITY CONTROL IN FORESTRY

The quality of productivity of established forests is greatly influenced by the quality ofreproductive materials used for planting. Hence. production of improved reproductivematerials such as seeds. CUlling and other plant parts is increasingly challenging in todaysproductivity-driven forestry programs. As more improved reproductive materials becomeavailable for forestry use. the need for assurance on their genetic purity and physiologicalquality becomes equally important particularly in forest species where it takes many yearsto mature.Short term production of quality seeds is achievable by proper selection of seed sourcessuch as geographic and parental sources and the application of appropriate seedtechnology. To ensure the quality of seed being produced and utilised. certain standardshave to be followed. These standards are embodied in a certification scheme and seedtesting rules will be discussed in the paper.This paper presents some approaches and challenges in producing improved qualityreproductive materials such as seeds. It also discusses aspects of seed quality control whichcomprises of seed certification and seed testing in forestry.

La determinación del sexo en Cícadas (Cycadales)

Plants are organisms that offer unique reproductive systems to study sex determination, in other words, the expression of masculinity or femininity. Within the plant kingdom, the separation of sex has emerged over the evolutionary history in more than one hundred occasions. With each new phylogenetically-independent event there is a new reproductive system which may be similar or completely different from the previous system, so in plants there is not an only one mechanism to explain the dioecism. Cycads are a group of primitive dioecious plants that offers an extraordinary opportunity to study the emergence of dioecism in plant species. Several studies have shown that sex in cycads may be determined by homomorphic or heteromorphic sexual chromosomes; although the possibility of epigenetic factors influencing sex determination in these plants cannot be ruled out. The possibility to anticipate the sex of the cycads would allow us to establish management plans focused to the production of quality seeds in sufficient quantity to meet the demand for these ornamental plants.

Soil fertility status of 20 seed production areas of Tectona grandis Linn. f. in Karnataka, India

&amp;nbsp; The seed production area (SPA) is an improved plantation managed for production of quality seeds for a large-scale plantation programme. The soil nutrient is one of several factors affecting seed production among SPAs. The status of soil nutrients and their effect on seed production are poorly understood. Hence, the present study was undertaken in 20 seed production areas located in different seed zones of Karnataka, South India. Results showed that there was a greater variation among SPAs in various soil properties like soil pH, organic carbon, available NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Some of the studied parameters recorded significant variations among three different depths: 0&amp;ndash;20 (top), 20&amp;ndash;40 (middle) and 40&amp;ndash;60 cm (bottom). For instance, organic carbon and available potassium showed significant variations at different depths, where the highest content was recorded in the top layer, followed by middle and bottom layers. Considering associations between soil properties and tree growth, organic carbon was positively associated with dbh (diameter at breast height; r = 0.500), stem roundness (r = 0.351) and stem volume (r = 0.250). Similarly, available nitrogen positively influenced the stem volume (r = 0.250). Though the fruit yield varied among SPAs, none of the studied soil parameters showed a significant influence on fruit yield indicating that some other factors like genetic ones, phenology, rainfall overlapping with peak flowering might control it. Data on site quality showed that all existing SPAs studied were growing in poor site conditions, however, this could be one of the factors affecting overall seed yield among SPAs. Hence, it is recommended to undertake a few important silvicultural interventions like application of fertilizer/organic manure, soil working, spraying of floral hormone and others to improve the existing seed production level.

Quality-seed Production Through Effective and Viable Farmer's Associations

Quality-seed Production Through Effective and Viable Farmer's Associations