Quality Of Winter Wheat Grain Research Articles

Yield and quality of winter wheat grain under different cultivation technologies

Yield and quality of winter wheat grain under different cultivation technologies

The Quality of Winter Wheat Grain by Different Sowing Strategies and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates: A Case Study in Northeastern Poland

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of different sowing strategies and spring nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates on the technological quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain in terms of its milling quality, protein complex quality, and enzyme activity (falling number). Winter wheat grain for laboratory analyses was produced in a small-area field experiment conducted between 2018 and 2021 in the AES in Bałcyny (53°35′46.4″ N, 19°51′19.5″ E, NE Poland). The experimental variables were (i) sowing date (early: 6 September 2018, 5 September 2019, and 3 September 2020; delayed by 14 days: 17–20 September; and delayed by 28 days: 1–4 October), (ii) sowing density (200, 300, and 400 live grains m−2), and (iii) split application of N fertilizer in spring (40 + 100, 70 + 70, and 100 + 40 kg ha−1) at BBCH stages 22–25 and 30–31, respectively. A sowing delay of 14 and 28 days increased the bulk density (by 1 and 1.5 percent points (%p), respectively), vitreousness (by 3 and 6%p, respectively), and total protein content of grain (by 1% an 2%, respectively). A sowing delay of 14 days increased grain hardness (by 5%), the flour extraction rate (by 1.4%p), and the falling number (by 3%) while also decreasing grain uniformity (by 1.9%p). In turn, a sowing delay of 28 days increased the wet gluten content of grain (+0.5–0.6%p) and improved the quality of the protein complex in the Zeleny sedimentation test (+1.5%). An increase in sowing density from 200 to 300 live grains m−2 led to a decrease in grain uniformity (by 2.6%p), the total protein content (by 1.5%), and the wet gluten content of grain (by 0.7%p). A further increase in sowing density decreased grain vitreousness (by 1.4%p). The grain of winter wheat fertilized with 40 and 100 kg N ha−1 in BBCH stages 22–25 and 30–31, respectively, was characterized by the highest hardness (64.7), vitreousness (93%), flour extraction rate (73.9%), total protein content (134 g kg−1 DM), wet gluten content (36%), and Zeleny sedimentation index (69 mL).

ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОФУНГИЦИДОВ В СМЕСИ С РЕГУЛЯТОРАМИ РОСТА НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ НОВЫХ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

Research was carried out to study the possibility of reducing the harmfulness of pyrenophorosis, increasing the yield and quality of winter wheat grain using growth regulators and fungicides. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture in the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Two experiments were carried out using growth regulators (without treatment; Albit, TPS; Bigus, VR; Tsircon, R; Epin-Extra, R; Ribav-Extra, R), as well as chemical (Spirit, SK) and biological fungicides (Fitolavin, VRK Baksis, Zh Kasumin 2L, VR Vitaplan, SP) in combination with the growth regulator (Gumi, R). As a result of the studies, the following indicators were studied: biological productivity, weight of 1000 grains, gluten content, susceptibility to yellow spot - Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler, biological effectiveness of drugs. When using Epin-Extra, P, the weight of 1000 grains in the Yuzhanka variety was 40.7 g, when applying Bigus, BP on Pamyati Shatilov’s wheat - 42.4 g, Albit, TPS on the Taulan variety - 42.1 g with an average value of the indicator in the variant without drugs for all studied varieties was 37.8 g, with drugs – 40.4 g. On the Pamyati Shatilov variety, the growth regulator Albit, TPS, stood out, with the use of which the productivity was 6.0 t/ha, the increase over the control was 0.6 t/ha. The biological effectiveness of the chemical fungicide Spirit, SK on the Yuzhanka variety was 84.8%, and on the Pamyati Shatilova variety 89.1%. For the biofungicides Kasumin 2 L, VR and Fitolavin, VRK against pyrenophorosis, it was equal to 9.6% and 18.4%, respectively, which is much lower than for the chemical fungicide.

The influence of biological preparations and micronutrients on the productivity of winter wheat

The research was carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of biological preparations and micronutrients both separately and when used together to form the quality of winter wheat grain in the conditions of unstable humidification zone of the Stavropol Territory. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in the fields of the experimental station of the Stavropol State Agrarian University on leached chernozem. The experience is two-factor, the repetition is three-fold. The experience scheme includes 10 options. As a control, an economic option was adopted (the technology of winter wheat cultivation recommended by scientific institutions of the region). In the experiment, biological preparations and micronutrients were studied both independently and with their joint use (factor A). The studied biological preparations and micronutrients were used during seed pickling and on vegetating plants during spring tillering and the formation of a flag leaf (factor B). The applied preparations, when used together, provide an increase in yield by 0.53 t / ha, forming a grain of the fourth class.

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-SOWING APPLICATION OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS IN TECHNOLOGY OF GROWS OF WINTER WHEAT SOFT

The article presents the results of research on theoretical substantiation and formation of yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the pre–sowing application of a new type of fertilizers with prolonged action in the technology of pre–sowing application of winter wheat. The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of the use of new fertilizers in different formulations, which were applied during the sowing of winter wheat, compared to the absolute control and the option, which was chosen as a production control – with the introduction of nitroamophoska. The research was conducted during 2019/2020–2021/2022 in the scientific laboratories and stationary crop rotation of the department of plant breeding at the VP NUBiP of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station", which is located in the Fastiv district, of the Kyiv region. In the experiments, a high–yielding, medium–early ripening winter wheat variety of MIP Valencia was sown. Sowing was carried out in the second decade of September, the sowing rate was 5 million similar seeds per 1 ha. The predecessor was soybean. The experiment was carried out in quadruplicate. The registered area of the site is 50 m2. To establish the effectiveness of the new types of DoraSOP fertilizers, a two–factor field experiment was conducted: factor A – the type of fertilizers (Actibion, Phos, Elite), factor B – the rate of fertilizer application (80; 100; 120 kg/ha physical weight). As a result of the conducted research, the parameters and regularity of the formation of elements of the crop structure were established. With the introduction of Actibion, Phos, Elite fertilizers in all the years of our research, a greater differentiation of grains in the ear was established compared to absolute control and zonal control. The number of grains in an ear when fertilizers were applied increased by 17–50% compared to the control variant. The mass of grain from an ear in the control version was 0.74 g. In the zonal control version, it was 0.97 g in Actibion 125 versions – 1.29 g; Phos – 1.05–1.11 g; Elite – 1.20 –1.22 g. The weight of 1,000 grains is influenced by the weather conditions of the year and the provision of moisture during the period of formation and pouring of grains. The highest indicators of the mass of 1000 grains were noted in the versions using Dorasop – Actibion fertilizers – 42.4–44.1 g.; Phos – 39.0 – 41.5 g; Elite – 42.5–43.0 g. The highest yield among the studied options was obtained in the options with Actibion application, and was 6.51–6.79; Elite – 6.24–6.58; Phos – 5.11–5.56 t/ha, yield in control – 3.17, production control – 4.88 t/ha. The use of fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of quality indicators of wheat grain. The protein content in grain when Actibion fertilizers were used increased to 13.6–13.8%, in the control variant – 11.1%, and in the production control – 13.5%. The application of Elite provided a protein content of 13.5 to 13.7%. The maximum indicators of crude gluten content were noted in variants with the use of Actibion fertilizers of 23.6 – 24.6%, slightly lower indicators were formed when using Elite – 23.6 – 24%, production control formed indicators of crude gluten at the level of 24.3%, which corresponds to the 2nd quality class. Variants using Phos post–sowing fertilizer – 19.4 – 20.0%, respectively, 3rd quality class. Even lower indicators of the amount of gluten were in the control version without application of post–sowing fertilizer – 17.5%. Conducted complex studies of DoraSOP fertilizers on winter wheat crops, made it possible to draw conclusions about the high efficiency of fertilizers. Fertilizers have a prolonged effect, are characterized by a low rate of application, surpass the production control, which was significantly higher in terms of the total application of the active substance of macroelements. The effectiveness of all types of fertilizers depends significantly on weather conditions, in particular the amount of precipitation.

Effect of chemical plant protection products on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

Relevance. The use of phytosanitary means to ensure high and stable yields of winter wheat is one of the tasks of growing winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” in the central non-chernozem zone of the Moscow region.Methods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of various plant protection preparations on the productivity and quality of winter wheat varieties by intensity levels: basic (the purpose of using the biological potential of the variety by more than 50%), intensive (involving the use of intensive varieties and the creation of conditions for a more complete realization of their biological potential) and high–intensity (a set of measures aimed at ensuring the realization of the potential of the variety is more than 85%). Treatments included fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations. Results. Three varieties of winter wheat were studied: Nemchinovskaya 85, Moskovskaya 40 and Moskovskaya 27. Insecticides (Picus 1.0 l/t, Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vantex 60 ml/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vincit forte 1.5 l/t and Picus 0.7 l/t + Vantex 50 ml/ha), fungicides (Impact Exclusive 0.75 l/ha, Alto Super 0.5 l/ha, Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha + Consul 1.0 l/ha and Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha), herbicides (Aton 0.06 kg/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Exactly Extra 35 g/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha, Tandem 0.03 kg/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Tandem 30 g/ha + Foxtrot Extra 0.4 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha and Lintur 180 g/ha) have confirmed their effectiveness. Nemchinovskaya 85 increased yield by 1.14–3.10 t/ha, Moscow 27 — by 0.64–3.62 t/ha, Moscow 40 — 0,71–3,21 t/ha.

Effects of Post-Anthesis Irrigation on the Activity of Starch Synthesis-Related Enzymes and Wheat Grain Quality under Different Nitrogen Conditions.

To develop optimal management strategies for water and nitrogen fertilizer application in winter wheat cultivation, we conducted a potted experiment to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the activity of starch synthesis-related enzymes and the grain quality of winter wheat. The potted experiment consisted of three irrigation levels, with the lower limits set at 50-55% (I0), 60-65% (I1), and 70-75% (I2) of the field capacity. In addition, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied, denoted as N0 (0 kg N hm-2), N1 (120 kg N hm-2), N2 (240 kg N hm-2), and N3 (300 kg N hm-2), respectively. The results revealed the significant impacts of irrigation and nitrogen treatments on the activities of key starch-related enzymes, including adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphrylase (ADPG-PPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzymes (SBE) in wheat grains. These treatments also influenced the starch content, amylopectin content, and, ultimately, wheat yield. In summary, our findings suggest that maintaining irrigation at a lower limit of 60% to 65% of the field capacity and applying nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 240 kg hm-2 is beneficial for achieving both high yield and high quality in winter wheat cultivation.

GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT WHEN FED FROM LEAVES IN IRRIGATED GRAY SOILS

The problem of improving the quality of winter wheat grain is relevant and, at the same time, relatively intractable. In many farms of the republic, in recent years, the yield of winter wheat grain on irrigated lands is 50 c / ha and more. However, the quality of the grain remains low, the protein content in the grain ranges from 10-12%, and the amount of crude gluten in it is in the range of 19-25%. This protein content in winter wheat grain is significantly below the established standard.

Productivity and grain quality of winter wheat varieties depending on the fractional nitrogen top dressings and seeding rates

The study was carried out in the Kostroma region on soddy-podzolic soils with an average degree of cultivation in 2019–2022, with three repetitions of a field trial. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of different doses of nitrogen top dressings applied at critical phases of plant development on productivity and grain quality of winter wheat at seeding rates of 2, 4, and 6 million germinating kernels per hectare. There have been studied 5 winter wheat varieties of domestic breeding, such as ‘Moskovskaya 39’ (a standard variety), ‘Moskovskaya 40’, ‘Moskovskaya 56’, ‘Nemchinovskaya 57’ and ‘Nemchinovskaya 85’. The used agrotechnology corresponds to the zonal one in the Kostroma region. As a result of the study there has been identified a productivity variation from 2.9 to 3.7 t/ha depending on a variety. The largest productivity was formed by the variety ‘Moskovskaya 56’ with the use of a triple dose of nitrogen at a seeding rate of 6 million germinating kernels per hectare, which significantly exceeded the control variant on 0.5 t/ha. There has been estimated an influence of doses of nitrogen top dressings on technological parameters and flour properties of winter wheat grain. There has been found that the high content of crude protein (17.44–19.41 %), gluten (28.16–35.80 %) and hardiness (65.9–74.6 %) was demonstrated by the variety ‘Moskovskaya 40’. There has been also established a large hardiness of the variety ‘Nemchinovskaya 57’ (62.5–75.0 %). The largest 1000-grain weight (42.0–45.2 g) has been found in the variety ‘Moskovskaya 56’. Through three years of the study, there has been proved a stable response of the studied varieties to the improvement of productivity and n qualitative indicators as a result of the use of doses of nitrogen top dressings for winter wheat crops.

Influence of varietal characteristics of winter wheat and weather conditions on lodging resistance and productivity

Growing technologies and variety selection are crucial for increasing yields and improving the quality of winter wheat grain. The area under winter wheat is the largest in Ukraine, which is associated with the production of high-quality grain. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of weather conditions and variety characteristics on winter wheat plant height, internode length, lodging resistance, productivity factor and yield during the years under study. In the course of the study, the following generally accepted methods were used: systematic approach, system analysis approach, analytical synthesis approach, field approach and statistical approach. The article presents data on the results of research with 20 varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the Training and Practical Centre of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University from 2017 to 2023. Agricultural technology for growing winter wheat varieties is widespread in the steppes of southern Ukraine. The influence of weather conditions and varietal characteristics on lodging resistance and productivity of winter wheat was investigated. The results showed that the optimum plant height of winter wheat varieties ranged from 82.1 to 84.5 cm, and the highest yield was 6.32 t/ha in Staleva and 6.68 t/ha in Duma Odeska. A significant effect of varietal traits on stem length, second and last internode, number of stems formed per 1 m2 , grain weight in the ear and lodging resistance of winter bread wheat was established. Plants of the tested winter soft wheat varieties Staleva, Dyvo, Katarina, Felix, Ozerna, PONTICUS, Faust, Glaucus have a very high (9.0 points) resistance to lodging regardless of the weather conditions of the year. Ukrainian varieties Duma Odeska (6.68 t/ha) and Staleva (6.32 t/ha) achieved higher productivity. The obtained scientific results of the research contribute to the widespread use of the studied winter wheat varieties of this reasonably climatic zone and contribute to further improvement of grain production

Breeding estimation of the winter wheat varieties in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The expansion of winter wheat sowing areas is one of the reserves for increasing grain production in the Siberian region, since the areas under winter wheat is 15–20 % larger than under spring wheat according to productivity and has great potential in using bioclimatic resources of the region. the availability of sources of economically valuable traits and the development of various initial material on their basis is of decisive importance for breeding of new winter wheat varieties and their successful introduction into production. The purpose of the current paper was to find sources of economically valuable traits from the collection of winter wheat varieties of Russian breeding in the conditions of Western Siberia. There has been studied a collection of varieties and lines of winter common wheat of Russian breeding from the institutions of the Rostov region, Stavropol, and Krasnodar Areas. Field and laboratory trials were carried out on the experimental field of the Omsk SAU in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia in 2020–2022. Sowing was laid in fallow at the generally accepted sowing dates. According to the breeding estimation of the studied samples in the field seasons of 2020–2022 there was a significant correlation between winter resistance of plants and winter wheat productivity (r = 0.59), as well as an inverse correlation between productivity and gluten percentage (r = –0.36), grain ash content (r = –0.73) and sedimentation (r = –0.38). The varieties ‘Barynya’ (North Caucasian FNAC), ‘Gubernator Dona’, ‘Donna’ (Rostov ARC), ‘Don 107’, ‘Nakhodka’ (ARC “Donskoy”) and the line ‘K18918’ (RCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko), characterized by increased winter resistance (6.5–8 points) and productivity (351–384 g/m2) have been recommended as sources in breeding to improve productivity level and stability of winter wheat varieties in the conditions of Western Siberia. The varieties ‘Etnos’, ‘Anka’, ‘Gurt’, ‘Antonina’, ‘Alekseich’ and ‘Duplet’ of Krasnodar breeding with a high protein and gluten percentage (16.1–17.9 % and 35.5–39.3 %), large grain ash content and sedimentation (1.59–1.92 % and 58.0–67.0 ml) can be used as an initial material in breeding to improve the quality of winter wheat grain.

TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS FORMATION OF THE WINTER WHEAT GRAIN QUALITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENTALIZATION OF THE STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Wheat is the leading food grain in the global food balance. Ukraine is among the top 10 world grain producers and therefore the issue of increasing the production of high-quality, environmentally friendly grain is extremely relevant. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the system of agrotechnical measures for the greening of agriculture on the formation of technological indicators of the quality of winter wheat grain, which will make it possible to obtain high-quality environmentally friendly wheat grain in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, as well as reduce the negative pressure on the environment of modern factors of intensification of agriculture. The assessment of the quality of winter wheat grain was carried out according to such technological indicators as the protein content, the quantity and quality of gluten, the falling number, the weight of 1000 grains and bulk density. The experiments were carried out in a grain-rowed short-rotation 5-field crop rotation with alternating crops: peas – winter wheat – corn – sunflower – winter barley. The soil of the experimental plot is southern chernozem, low-humus, medium-thick, difficult loamy in the forest. The conducted studies have shown that the quality of grain changes both from the system of the main soil cultivation in the crop rotation, and from the use of spreaders of by-products of the predecessor, and the influence of these factors manifested itself depending on the weather conditions over the years of research in different ways. The best result with the element of biologization of agriculture was obtained with the use of the biodestructor Cellulad 2 l/ha, which significantly improves the technological indicators of the quality of winter wheat grain. So, on average, over the years of research, the best grain was obtained in the variant with a system of no-till multi-depth tillage against the background of the introduction of the biodegradable Cellulad 2 l/ha with the protein content of 12.6%, the crude gluten content of 23.4%, the gluten quality indicator according to its deformation index is 82.2 conventional units of the VDC device and the falling number of 334.3 s. With the introduction of additional nitrogen N10 per 1 ton of by-products, as an energy material for the efficient decomposition of organic matter by soil microorganisms, an increase in the quality of winter wheat grain is also observed, but the results are inferior to the best option. Carrying out a moisture-saving system of a non-linear mid-depth basic tillage increases the action of a biodestructor in the conditions of the arid Southern Steppe of Ukraine.

The effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain on meadow‐chestnut soil

Aim. The study of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain on meadow‐chestnut soil.Methods. Analyses of soil samples were carried out using generally accepted standard techniques. Assessment of the biological yield of grain and its structure was carried out according to the "Methodology of the State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops". Tillage for winter crops after stubble predecessors was carried out according to the irrigation halfsteam system.Results. With an increase in the hydrothermal coefficient, a more elastic gluten is formed. Studies have shown that as the dose of nitrogen fertilizing increases, the indicators of the sowing qualities of seeds and the baking qualities of winter wheat grain of the Grom variety improve. In the best variant N90P90, the following indicators were obtained: seed germination energy – 99%, germination – 100%, weight of 1000 grains – 34.7 g, protein content – 14.8%, gluten 27.4%, which represent respectively 4%; 4%; 3.9 g; 1.3% and 6.1% more than in the control variant without the use of mineral fertilizers and higher than in the variants N30P90 and N60P90.Conclusion. The research area determines the use of the high‐intensity Thunder variety, which helps to stabilise productivity and improve product quality. The use of nitrogen top dressing (N30, N60 and N90) against the background of P90 increases the yield of winter wheat grain from 6.25 to 7.90 t / ha and improves the main indicators of baking qualities of grain: protein – 14.3–14.8% and gluten – 22.1–27.4%, the best option with nitrogen top dressing being a dose of N90 (N30 in autumn + N60 in spring).

Investigation of the Physiological Effects of Plant Conditioners in Field Experiments of Winter Wheat

Our study aimed at to test the effects of two different plant conditioners on some morphological parameters, yield and grain quality of winter wheat (Babona) in a field experiment with medium plots, and to investigate some physiological parameters closely related to yield quantity and quality at the beginning of ear emergence by in vivo field measurements. At the beginning of ear emergence we determined the relative chlorophyll content of leaves (SPAD value), moreover leaf reflectance was measured with a portable spectroradiometer to produce spectral vegetation indices that can be used to evaluate the effects of treatments on chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and water content of leaves, and to infer photochemical efficiency and stress sensitivity. The results were strongly influenced by the unfavourable rainfall distribution during the growing season. Precipitation deficit in spring significantly reduced the development of the crop stand (yield was below the national and county levels), and its effect was also observable in quality parameters (low raw protein and gluten content), but the positive effect of treatment 1 was detectable: higher yield and quality, higher plant height and ear length compared to the control. At the beginning of ear emergence, some spectral vegetation indices indicated the positive effect of treatment 1 despite the drought: chlorophyll content and photochemical activity of leaves were higher, and higher stress sensitivity and protective pigment concentration in the control.

Yield and grain quality of winter wheat under traditional and modern fertilization systems

Aim. The study of the patterns of formation of relationships between the yield and quality of winter wheat grain when using traditional and latest fertilizer systems, including resource-saving and environmentally-saving technologies, various types of a new generation of organic-mineral bioactive fertilizers with fertilizer, reclamation propertie. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical. The studies were carried out in a long-term experiment on gray forest soil of the Department of Agrochemistry of the NSC «Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences» in a 5-field crop rotation. Results. The impact of various traditional and new types of fertilizers on the quality and yield of winter wheat has been assessed. It was found that the highest yield was obtained with the traditional organo-mineral fertilizer system, which included the combined use of cattle manure and mineral fertilizers at a dose of 12 t/ha of cattle manure + N100P60K100 against the background of double feeding with complex chelate fertilizer – 2 l/ha – 5.67 t/ha. With organic systems, the grain yield was the highest for the introduction of OMBD at a dose of 2 t/ha against the background of pea straw 3 t/ha, where it was 5.10 t/ha with an increase of 47% compared to the control: straw. A downward trend in protein content was determined depending on the yield and moderate nitrogen nutrition, so with a control yield without fertilizers of 3.31 t/ha, the protein content was 12.4%. The use of pea straw led to the lowest protein levels - 8.99%. At the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers, the highest protein content was determined - 13.6%. The gluten content was the highest for foliar application of chelated fertilizers, 12 t/ha of cattle manure + N100P60K100 - 21.4%. Conclusions. Tendencies to maintain quality indicators at the same level for the content of starch, phosphorus and potassium for all fertilization systems were determined.

Productivity and quality of winter wheat grain in crop rotations with different types of fallow and at different levels of fertilization

The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of various winter wheat forecrops (weedfree fallow, green fallow, sown fallow) and fertilization levels (control without fertilizers, NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–80 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha) on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain. The study was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Kursk FARC” in 2018–2020. There has been established that the large-sized grain was grown in a crop rotation with a sown fallow. There has been established that with an increase of mineral fertilizers’ doses, the differences between crop rotations raised. In the crop rotation with sown fallow, grain evenness was also higher, by 0.3 and 0.5 % more than in crop rotations with green manure and weedfree fallow. There has been found that regardless of the crop rotation, with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers, grain evenness increased. There has been determined that the trait ‘1000-grain weight’ was the highest when it was sown in green fallow with 48.4 g of NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha, which was due to the improvement of the nutrient regime of the soil with the introduction of green manure. There has been determined that when growing wheat in green fallow in the variant without fertilizers, crude gluten in the flour was 2.3 and 2.5 % more than in sown and weedfree fallow. This pattern was also preserved on fertilized backgrounds. The indicator of gluten percentage in flour increased with the growth of fertilizer. There has been found that crop rotation with weedfree fallow was the best in terms of gluten elasticity. Winter wheat productivity at NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha and NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha was higher when sown in weedfree fallow, and on unfertilized control and at NPK–80 kg.a.i. / ha when sown in green fallow. There has been noted that there is a significant improvement in crop productivity, for example, from 4.39 to 6.19 t/ha in crop rotation with weedfree fallow, with an increase in fertilizer application rates.

Increasing the Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Grain through the Use of Innovative Fertilizers and Agricultural Machinery

Introduction. The article deals with the study of optimizing the process of using liquid nitrogen mineral fertilizers based on a carbamide-ammonia mixture, both in the serial form of CAS-32 and in the innovative CAS+S (with the addition of a mesoelement-sulfur-S), as a top dressing for winter wheat during tillering in spring. The dressing process was carried out superficially on crops with a serial rod sprayer Tuman-2 with large-drop nozzles and an innovative multi-injector unit Tuman-2M. Aim of the Article. The article aims at justifying rational technologies with the main components of the effective application of CAS on the main types of crops. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, there were used a common methodology of field experience, OST and GOST standards for testing machines for fertilization. Liquid nitrogen mineral fertilizers CAS-32 and CAS+S produced by PJSC Kuibyshev- Azot and taken as objects of research were introduced by sprayers Tuman-2 and Tuman- 2M manufactured by the company Pegas-Agro LLC. Results. The field comparative tests of innovative technologies for the use of CAS conducted by Samara State Agrarian University showed an increase in the yield of the winter wheat variety Basis to 59.9% compared with the option of dressing crops with ammonium nitrate. In addition, the use of CAS+S increases the class of wheat in protein from class III to class I, in gluten from class III to class II. Discussion and Conclusion. In general, liquid mineral fertilizers of CAS have an advantage over ammonium nitrate, especially in dry years that is very topical in the conditions of predicted global warming. The results obtained are of great importance for the wider introduction of this innovative technology in the agro-industrial complex.

Effect of year, variety and treatment with nitrogen fertilizer on grain quality of winter wheat

Pšenica je po proizvodnji druga najvažnija ratarska kultura u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uvođenjem Kodeksa otkupa žitarica i uljarica, pored uroda zrna, sve veća važnost poklanja se parametrima kvalitete zrna pšenice, prvenstveno sadržaju proteina i hektolitarskoj masi, koji direktno utječu na cijenu pšenice prilikom otkupa. Genetski potencijal sorte kao i okolinski uvjeti izravno utječu na navedene parametre. Trogodišnjim istraživanjem provedenim na lokaciji Staro Topolje na 12 sorti ozime pšenice, uzgajanim pri tri različite razine gnojidbe dušikom, procijenjen je utjecaj godine, sorte i tretmana dušičnim gnojivom na sadržaj proteina, hektolitarsku masu i masu 1000 zrna. Prema dobivenim rezultatima utvrđen je signifikantan utjecaj godine, sorte i tretmana dušičnim gnojivom na sadržaj proteina. Najveći utjecaj na ovo svojstvo imala je godina, zatim tretman dušičnim gnojivom, a najmanji sorta. Signifikantan utjecaj godine i sorte utvrđen je i za hektolitarsku masu, dok tretman dušičnim gnojivom nije signifikantno utjecao na ovo svojstvo, uz činjenicu da je utjecaj godine bio znatno veći u odnosu na sortu. Također je utvrđeno da su sve testirane sorte jednako reagirale na tretman dušičnim gnojivom. Prosječni sadržaj proteina pri najnižoj količini primijenjenog dušičnog gnojiva iznosio je 11,08 %, pri srednjoj 11,95 %, a pri najvišoj 12,89 %.

Урожайність пшениці озимої в умовах дефіциту вологи на дерново-підзолистому ґрунті

Goal. To investigate the peculiarities of the formation of productivity and grain quality of winter wheat at different levels of organo-mineral nutrition in the Polissia zone. Methods. Field — stationary experiment; laboratory — determination of quality indicators of soil and grain according to the generally accepted methods; the processing of experimental data — using Microsoft Office Excel computer program. Results. Research conducted during 2016–2020 on the dynamics of moisture reserves in sod-podzolic drained soil had established that during the period of grain formation and swelling, productive moisture reserves in the 0–100 cm soil layer decreased to a critical level of 60–80 mm (by 130–200 mm — during the period of vegetation recovery). In conditions of low soil moisture, 2.67 t/ha of grain (14.1% increase compared to absolute control) was obtained under the biological fertilizer system (byproducts of soybeans). Against the background of the by-products the introduction of the recommended for the zone dose of mineral fertili­zers (N60P60K60), the yield of grain increased to 3.52 t/ha. The highest grain productivity (3.86 t/ha) was obtained with the use of an increased (intensive) dose of mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90) with a se­parate application of nitrogen in 3 stages (N30 — for sowing, N30 — at the output to the tube, N30 — at grain swelling) in combination with side products. The fullness of the wheat grain did not depend significantly on the fertilizer system. The weight of 1000 seeds was 41.0–43.0 g, the grain quality index was within 738–748 g/l. The protein content in the versions with fertilizer application was 13.7–14.2%, on the increased background — 14.5%, which was 1.6% more than the indicator in the control version. Conclusions. The highest level of profitability of growing winter wheat was achieved under the biological fertilizer system using soybean by-products — 150%. Although the application of the enhanced fertilizer system (N90P90K90) in combination with by-products resulted in the highest grain yield (3.52 t/ha) and its protein content (14.5%), the profitability of winter wheat cultivation decreased to 68%. That is, mineral fertilizers increase and improve the quality indicators of grain and at the same time reduce the profitability of crop cultivation.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers and predecessors on the productivity of winter wheat

Topicality. Global warming requires the search for effective predecessors and doses of nitrogen fertilizers to obtain stable yields of high quality winter wheat grain. Purpose. To study the influence of the grain legume predecessor (peas) on the yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and establish the optimal dose of nitrogen fertilizers for the biologization of its cultivation. Methods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. The data of researches on the influence of legume predecessor (peas) and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat are given. It was found that the legume predecessor (peas) and nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. It was defined that increasing the dose of nitrogen fertilizers for winter wheat from 40 to 80 kg/ha on both predecessors was effective. Conclusions. The application of N80P60K60 for winter wheat in the crop rotation link with peas provided the highest grain yield – 5.42 t/ha with an excess to the control without fertilizers by 1.02 t/ha. Under the predecessor (meadow fescue), the application of N80P60K60 decreased grain yield by 1.03 t/ha. It was found that an increase in the nitrogen fertilizer dose from 40 to 80 kg/ha for winter wheat was more effective in the peas link – grain yield increased by 0.56 t/ha, while in the meadow fescue link – by 0.38 t/ha. A clear correlation between dose of nitrogen fertilizers and winter wheat grain yield was established: with the coefficient of determination in the meadow fescue link – 0.9999, the peas link – 0.9966. The plowing of pea straw under winter wheat against the background of the dose of mineral fertilizers N60P60K60 was determined to be effective; the grain yield increased by 0.23 t/ha compared to the application of mineral fertilizers alone, with an absolute indicator of 5.36 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers in both links increased the growth of stem mass, ensuring the straw yield in the peas link by 0.4–0.7 t/ha higher than in the meadow fescue link. Under peas as a predecessor, the quality of winter wheat grain has significantly improved. In the control without fertilizers, the protein content in wheat grain after peas was 11.4 %, after meadow fescue – 11.0 %; for the application of a dose of N40P60K60 fertilizers – 11.8 % and 11.4 %, respectively; N60P60K60 – 12.0 % and 11.5 %, N90P60K60 – 12.1 % and 11.7 %. Due to the legume predecessor (peas), the protein content in the grain increased by 0.4–0.5 % compared to the meadow fescue as a predecessor. Key words: nitrogen, predecessor, peas, productivity, winter wheat