Quality Of Treated Water Research Articles

UV-activated persulfate oxidation and regeneration of NOM-Saturated granular activated carbon

A new method of ultraviolet light (UV) activated persulfate (PS) oxidation was investigated to regenerate granular activated carbon (GAC) in drinking water applications. The improvements in iodine and methylene blue numbers measured in the GAC after ultraviolet- (UV) activated persulfate suggested that the GAC preloaded with natural organic matter (NOM) was chemically regenerated. An experimental matrix for UV-activated persulfate regeneration included a range of persulfate doses and different UV wavelengths. Over 87% of the initial iodine number for GAC was restored under the optimum conditions, perfulfate dosage 60 g/L and UV exposure 1.75 × 104 mJ/cm2. The persulfate dosages had little effect on the recovery of the methylene blue number, which was approximately 65%. Persulfate activation at 185 nm was superior to activation at 254 nm. UV activation of persulfate in the presence of GAC produced acid, lowering the solution pH. Higher persulfate concentrations and UV exposure resulted in greater GAC regeneration. Typical organic and inorganic byproducts (e.g., benzene compounds and sulfate ions) were measured as a component of treated water quality safety. This study provides a proof-of-concept that can be used to optimize pilot-scale and full-scale UV-activated persulfate for regeneration of NOM-saturated GAC.

Water Quality Treatment Efficacy Model of Porous Concrete Pavement

The authors would like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the City of Calgary and Urban System Ltd. for the financial support of this research.

Использование комплексных критериев качества для оценки экологической безопасности водохозяйственной деятельности

Integrated quality criteria have been developed. Th ey can be used for assessment of both water bodies’ water quality and waste waters treatment technique quality. Techniques’ quality is to be determined by indirect assessment of their technical level by the discharged waste water quality with the use of the proposed criteria: anthropogenic load indicator, impact potential in terms of negative impact, discharges impact index, etc. Practical signifi cance of the developed integrated quality criteria has been shown in the process of fi nding and identifi cation of techniques as the best available ones while including them in national reference books, ranking of water users in terms of their negative impact rate, assessment of water body water quality and water body degrading degree. Th e proposed toolbox will provide formation of uniform, simple and transparent system of accounting of negative impact consequences and water use regulation, use of the objectively justifi ed costs for adoption of the best available techniques, and justifi cation of general action norms.

G0900201 上向流傾斜板式沈殿池における密度流流動機構

A removal efficiency of turbidity is sometimes reduced in an sedimentation basin equipped with inclined plate settler in summer afternoon by the cause of density flow. The purpose of this study is to clarify the flow structure of density flow and improve the removal efficiency. The three dimensional numerical simulation was carried out to clarify the details of flow structure in a sedimentation basin, by considering the change of inflow water temperature. The results show that the density flow occurs when the temperature of inflow water raised, and forms the non-uniform flow field by an increment of upward flow velocity in the settler. This phenomena causes the carry turbidity matters over from an overflow trough, and worse the treated water quality. Furthermore, effect of baffle plate was examined to reduce the influence of density flow and confirmed the improvement on the water quality.

Microbiological Quality of Surface Water Treated with <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seeds or Cakes during the Storage: Case Study of Water Reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 Dams in Burkina Faso

Water purification with Moringa oleifera seeds has received a lot of attention because it reduces water turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is important to define the optimum conditions of storage to preserve the treated water quality. The study aims to investigate microbial quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds or cake coagulants in relation to the storage temperature and shelf life in order to define the optimum conditions of storage. A total of 45 water samples from 3 water reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 dams were collected in sterile glass bottles and treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seeds or defatted cakes coagulants. Treated water samples obtained at optimum conditions were stored at room temperature (25˚C - 30˚C) and at 4˚C. Fecal bacteria pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus) and parasites were monitored every 24 hours during three (3) days based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student's t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, bacterial indicators increased significantly with storage temperature (p < 0.0001) and shelf life (p < 0.0001). However, for all water samples, bacterial growth was more important in samples treated with Moringa oleifera cakes than seeds (p < 0.0001). For water samples treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and stored at room temperature, bacterial increase after 72 hours was 57 - 80, 42 - 50 and 22 - 47 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, E. coli and fecal * Corresponding author.

An Afternoon with Professor Hermanowicz: Exploring Sustainability and Water Filtration

A n A fternoon with P rofessor H ermanowicz : E xploring S ustainability and W ater F iltration By: Harshika Chowdhary, Luis Castro, Phillipa McGuinness, Juwon Kim, Saavan Patel, Kevin Nuckolls, and Manraj Gill. B S J BSJ had the distinct pleasure and honor of interviewing Dr. Slav Hermanowicz. Dr. Slav Hermanowicz is an Environmental Engineering professor at the University of California Berkeley. His research focuses on the process of water quality treatment so that wastewater can be reused. Another aspect of Dr. Hermanowicz’s research is centered on improving the quality of stored water. In this interview, Dr. Hermanowicz talks about the process of wastewater filtration and how filtration techniques have changed over time. He also discusses the implications of environmental engineering and what constitutes sustainability. BSJ thanks Dr. Hermanowicz for his time. Berkeley Scientific Journal: How did you get involved in your field of research? Professor Hermanowicz: To give you a background, I was born and brought up in Poland. I also went to college there. The focus of environmental engineering was a little bit different than what it is today. At that time, environmental engineering was focused on public health, on providing safe water, sanitation, and cleaning the aquatic environment. The focus was on people, but the focus has evolved today to encompass the broader picture. I wanted to be an engineer because engineers are “doers”. Environmental engineering is unique such that it cuts through many different sciences. Unlike civil engineers, I had to take microbiology, structure, and chemistry classes. Today, we encourage our students to study sociology or psychology because they will interact with communities and people. I like to compare civil engineering and environmental engineering with the following example. You are using an iPhone to record me. If this iPhone does not work properly, it is not such a big deal; you can buy a new phone. On the other hand, if we build a treatment facility or a bridge, the scale is larger and affects more people. There is perhaps a different perspective when considering the field of environmental engineering. The consequences of environmental engineering are not necessarily bigger, but they are consequences that last longer. These consequences are felt by very broad groups of society. What really drew me into the field of environmental engineering was that it is useful to large groups of people and allows the engineer to regard problems in many different scales. This turns out to be true. In my research, students are looking at the nanoscale of catalysts with modified properties to the scale of a whole building and then perhaps even larger scales, like the Colorado River. There is a huge range of topics and opportunities in this field. BSJ: How exactly do you measure and define sustainability in the water reuse cycle? Professor Hermanowicz: First of all, no one knows the answer to that question. Sustainability is a term that is defined differently by every person. When pressed, people fall back to the definition of the Bruntland Report, which is now 30 years old. People quote a passage about meeting the needs of the current generation and allowing future generation to have a range of choices. This is more a process or a path, rather than a destination. We’re trying to implement and find solutions in a way that will 42 • B erkeley S cientific J ournal • W aste • S pring 2015 • V olume 19 • I ssue 2

Automated resource-saving technology of ion-exchange water treatment

Stable high quality of the purified water can be provided by adaptive control of water-treatment installations with the observer in a loop of the control system on the basis of observer of ion exchange processes. To obtain this goal the following problems have been solved: the hierarchic structure of water treatment system is developed; the system of water treatment quality criteria for ion exchange processes is developed; the created mathematical model of ionic exchange processes is functionally oriented to application in control system as an observer; methodologies of identification of a mathematical model of ionic exchange processes is developed; verification of the mathematical model of ionic exchange is performed on experimental-industrial basis; automatic control system of water treatment with observer in the loop is developed for low-waste installation of a heat supply system. Water resources that are widely used in the modern industry rarely meet the requirements of direct applications. Impurities contained in natural water are removed at water treatment installations (WTI) implementing technological processes chain, and ensuring water quality that is relevant to the technical regulations, sanitary rules and norms. This leads to the important role of the WTI as a subsystem in the system structure of the production and consumption of heat and electricity. Decreasing in the quality of treated water leads to huge costs for the restoration of the main energy-producing equipment - steam generators, turbines, and consumers' technology systems - heat exchangers, pipelines. Costs for improvements of WTI are significantly lower than the cost of liquidation of technological failures consequences. The application of currently developed technologies for the production of purified water, consisting of the processes for removal of suspended, colloidal, molecular-dispersed impurities and gases is constrained by the instability and uncertainty in source water quality, uncertainty of market demands and technological modes instability. The problem solution can be based on system analysis using a systematic structural mathematical modeling and identification of water treatment processes with the help of observer in the circuit of the automatic control system (ACS) of WTI in order to provide an effective control under conditions of uncertainty (1-3). Figure 1 presents a structural diagram of an adaptive ACS for regulating the quality of feed water at large thermal power plants. The loop of the ACS contains the observer which is based on functionally oriented mathematical model (FOM) of ion-exchange water treatment and includes also a mathematical model of the pH index to determine the components of alkalinity; mathematical model of the ion couples concentration; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Removal of high-concentration geosmin using a GAC filter and a cross-flow-type membrane filtration process combined with PAC

The purpose of this study is to remove high-concentration geosmin (GSM) by applying a granular-activated carbon (GAC) filter and a membrane filtration (MF) process injected with powdered-activated carbon (PAC). In this study, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to (1) develop isotherm equations for GSM adsorption using PAC and GAC, (2) assess GSM adsorption competition by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (3) derive design factors for a pilot plant. In addition, the flux of the cross-flow-type pressurized MF was assessed at various PAC concentrations. Based on the results, a pilot plant was designed and operated from 14 July to 16 August 2013. The pilot plant operation achieved not only a stable treated water quality with an average GSM concentration of 10 ng/L or less (removal efficiency: 99.5%), but also a treated water quality with an average DOC concentration of 0.5 mg/L or less (removal efficiency: 91.7%) at the same time. From these findings, it was concluded that it may be possible (a) to meet the monitoring criteria for drinking water quality when high-concentration GSM is exposed, (b) to reduce the total amount of PAC inputs, and (c) to redress possible public complaints about compounds with unpleasant taste and odor.

Performance characterisation of a stormwater treatment bioretention basin

Treatment performance of bioretention basins closely depends on hydrologic and hydraulic factors such as rainfall characteristics and inflow and outflow discharges. An in-depth understanding of the influence of these factors on water quality treatment performance can provide important guidance for effective bioretention basin design. In this paper, hydraulic and hydrologic factors impacting pollutant removal by a bioretention basin were assessed under field conditions.Outcomes of the study confirmed that the antecedent dry period plays an important role in influencing treatment performance. A relatively long antecedent dry period reduces nitrite and ammonium concentrations while increasing the nitrate concentration, which confirms that nitrification occurs within the bioretention basin. Additionally, pollutant leaching influences bioretention basin treatment performance, reducing the nutrients removal efficiency, which was lower for high rainfall events. These outcomes will contribute to a greater understanding of the treatment performance of bioretention basins, assisting in the design, operation and maintenance of these systems.

Evaluating of raw and treated water quality for some water treatment plants in Tikrit by Water Quality Index

Evaluating of raw and treated water quality for some water treatment plants in Tikrit by Water Quality Index

Wetlands and Sustainability

This editorial provides an overview of the special issue “Wetlands and Sustainability”. In particular, the special issue contains a review of Paul Keddy’s book “Wetland Ecology” with specific reference to wetland sustainability. It also includes papers addressing wetland data acquisition via radar and remote sensing to better understand wetland system dynamics, hydrologic processes linked to wetland stress and restoration, coastal wetlands land use conflict/management, and wetland utilization for water quality treatment.

A history of water distribution systems and their optimisation

Water distribution systems have a very long and rich history dating back to the third millennium B.C. Advances in water supply and distribution were followed in parallel by discoveries and inventions in other related fields. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to review both the history of water distribution systems and those related fields in order to present a coherent summary of the complex multi-stranded discipline of water engineering. Related fields reviewed in this paper include devices for raising water and water pumps, water quality and water treatment, hydraulics, network analysis, and optimisation of water distribution systems. The review is brief and concise and allows the reader to quickly gain an understanding of the history and advancements of water distribution systems and analysis. Furthermore, the paper gives details of other existing publications where more information can be found.

Retrofitting Residential Streets with Stormwater Control Measures over Sandy Soils for Water Quality Improvement at the Catchment Scale

Impervious cover (IC) has been shown to increase runoff volumes, peak discharges, and pollutant loads to streams, which can lead to degraded water quality and biological integrity. Stormwater control measures (SCMs) have been developed to mitigate the hydrologic and water quality impacts of urban areas and IC. This paired watershed study evaluated the impacts of multiple SCM retrofits on water quality at a catchment scale in a 0.53 ha urban residential drainage area. In February 2012, an in-street bioretention cell (BRC) retrofit, four permeable pavement parking stalls, and a tree filter device were installed to treat residential street runoff in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the retrofitted catchment, 94% of the directly connected impervious area (DCIA) and 91% of the total drainage area were retrofitted for water quality treatment. Underlying soils in the study area were sand. After the SCM retrofits were constructed, concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorous (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) significantly decreased by 62%, 38%, 82%, 62%, 89%, and 76%, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved pollutants [nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen (NO2,3-N), total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and orthophosphate (O-PO43−)] did not change. Mass exports of TKN, TAN, O-PO43−, TP, TSS, Cu, Pb, and Zn significantly decreased by 79%, 60%, 54%, 72%, 91%, 54%, 88%, and 77%, respectively. Improvements in water quality were due to decreases in particulate and particulate-bound pollutant concentrations and loads. This study has shown that a limited number of SCMs installed within a street right-of-way can mitigate a substantial portion of the water quality impacts caused by existing residential development.

Alternating Drought and Wet-weather Conditions Cause Dramatic Changes in Raw Water Quality and New Treatment Challenges throughout Southeast Texas and Western Louisiana that Require New Treatment Approaches – A Real Life Case Study

In the Gulf region of the US many large industrial complexes own and operate their own raw water treatment facilities. These industries, like many communities and public water utilities, are solely dependent upon surface water supplies. In some cases dramatic changes in raw water quality have a more significant impact on downstream treatment processes for industrial users. These industrial users can have requirements for purified water that exceed domestic drinking water standards. So, climatic changes and extreme weather conditions that create highly variable raw water quality can have a significant impact on productivity and profitability.

Long-term operation of an MBR in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles reveals no significant adverse effects on its performance

The role of environmental nanoparticle pollutants (ENPs) in wastewater biological treatment has attracted considerable attention in recent years, while the long-term impacts of ENPs on membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance remain unclear. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were continuously introduced into an MBR system to evaluate their long-term effects. In general, the results showed that ZnO nanoparticles had no obvious adverse effects on the treated water quality and membrane filtration performance. However, subtle changes in membrane fouling behaviors and microbial communities were found between the MBR with nanoparticles (MBR-NPs) and the control MBR. The presence of ZnO nanoparticles could aggravate the membrane pore blocking but alleviate the external fouling (gel layer) in the MBR-NPs. In addition, 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing indicated that Gemmatimonadaceae, Chlorobiales and Nitrospiraceae were the most resistant bacteria genera, while Bacillus, Rhodoplanes and Xanthomonadaceae were the most sensitive groups of which the relative abundances were impaired in MBR-NPs. The results demonstrated that the microbial community could delicately respond to the presence of nanoparticles. Moreover, specific comparison down to the genus level indicated the relative abundance of Nitrospiraceae_Nitrospira affiliated to nitrite oxidizing bacteria was enhanced while the relative abundances of Nitrosomonadaceae (ammonium oxidizing bacteria) and denitrifying bacteria were not evidently changed. It was also found that the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadaceae in MBR-NPs was increased, which could result in the enhanced formation of carbonate minerals on the membrane surface.

Contemporary design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse systems

Water scarcity driven by population growth, lack of conventional supplies, and climate change impacts have resulted in increasing interest worldwide in drinking water augmentation using treated wastewater effluents. Potable reuse can occur indirect or direct, but is also practiced in many places as ‘de facto reuse’, where upstream wastewater discharge occurs to drinking water supplies. With this increasing recognition of potable reuse, there is very limited guidance and standardization for proper design and operation of potable reuse schemes that is protective of public health. This study provided guidance on contemporary approaches for the design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse schemes, including source water characterization and source control approaches; linking water quality treatment performance goals to health risks; risk mitigation strategies including the design principles of multiple barriers for microbial and chemical contaminants; assessing system reliability and fail-safe design approaches; and, finally, monitoring strategies for process performance and compliance.

PEMANFAATAN KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG KERANG BULU(Anadara inflata) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENJERNIH AIR SUNGAING DARI LIMBAH KULIT DURIAN

The title of this study is the utilization of chitosan from shellfish waste as water purifier. The purpose of the study is to utilize coagulant of shellfish waste in water treatment proes into clear water. The research variabel are the concentration of chitosan 1,3,5,7, and 9 g/l. The particle size of chitosan used in this research is 150 mesh. The time consume 8 hours for purification process. The result showed that 9 g/l chitosan shell waste is effective to water purification process. At a concentration of 9 g/l. Chitosan shellfish waste can produce clean water in complianee with health minister No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 about water quality treatment.

The potential of a semi-decentralised bulk water treatment approach for emergency relief

Humanitarian water treatment interventions vary from package bulk ‘kits’ to household (point-of-use) options. Whereas the former can be perceived to be too complex to operate, the latter, whilst relatively simple and effective, has logistical requirements that may hinder its application during relief operations. This study evaluates the potential of a semi-decentralised water treatment approach for humanitarian emergencies. Its performance was evaluated against the relevant water quality treatment objectives (The Sphere Project) under controlled laboratory conditions using a synthetic test water. Results revealed that whilst the recommended minimum free chlorine residual levels were not attained (possibly due to high chlorine demand of test water), all other treatment objectives were within desired values, namely: &amp;lt;1 colony-forming unit (cfu)/100 mL with regards to thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms and &amp;lt;5 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) for treated water turbidity. Given the performance of the semi-decentralised approach tested here, it could be expected to attain all treatment objectives when tested in natural surface waters. It has the potential to bridge the gap between centralised (i.e. bulk water treatment kits) and fully decentralised (i.e. household) water supply strategies.

Research on the Treatment of the Yellow River Micro-Polluted Water in Shanxi by Ozone-Activated Carbon Process

In this study, the micro-polluted water of a reservoir filled with Yellow River water in Shanxi was used as the raw water. The removals of chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), ammonia nitrogen, petroleum substances, and volatile phenol were investigated by ozone-activated carbon process. Results showed that ozone-activated carbon process had a good removal of the pollutants mentioned above. The optimum dosage of ozone for each pollutant was 2.0 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, 3.0mg/L, with the corresponding removal efficiency of 59.36 %, 88.01%, 79.31%, and 88.16%, respectively. The treated water quality could meet the standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006) in China.

Drought to flood: A comparative assessment of four parallel surface water treatments during the 2010–2012 inflows to the Murray–Darling Basin, South Australia

Four treatment processes; conventional coagulation, magnetic ion exchange (MIEX)/coagulation, with and without granular activated carbon (GAC), and membrane treatment combining microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF), were operated in parallel using the same source water from the Murray–Darling basin in South Australia. During the two year study, high levels of natural organic matter and turbidity arising from floods affecting the Murray–Darling basin in 2010–2012 challenged the four processes. The comparative study indicated that all four processes could effectively meet basic water quality guidelines of turbidity and colour despite challenging source water quality but that the more advanced treatments improved overall organic and bacterial removal. Interestingly, the high organics and turbidity arising from the floods resulted in improved treatment efficiency for all treatments incorporating coagulation to the extent that, despite flood conditions, treated water quality could remain comparatively constant provided that the process was operated and optimised effectively.