Site Quality Research Articles

Radiographic Assessment of Cleft Alveolar Bone Defects: A Preliminary Comparison of Periapical and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images

Background & Purpose Accurate radiographic assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) is critical in evaluating SABG outcomes in patients with cleft lip and palate. This study compared Periapical (PA) and Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) grading of SABG outcomes and conducted an analysis of agreement rate between the two imaging modalities. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who underwent secondary alveolar bone grafting at a single institution. Bone quality of the alveolar cleft site was assessed at three root levels of the adjacent teeth on PA and CBCT images. Results 48 patients had pre- or post-operative images with both CBCT and PA that were appropriate for comparison. A total of 174 alveolar bone sections (three root levels of adjacent teeth in 58 pairs) were graded on CBCT and PA images. Agreement of CBCT grading with PA grading was 41.3% (72/174) overall. CBCT assessments rated bone quality lower than PA grading in 51.2% (89/174) of sections. CBCT had higher grading than PA image grading in 7.5% (13/174) of sections. The weighted Cohen Kappa value for comparison of CBCT and PA readings was 0.17, indicating a low rate of agreement. Wilcoxon signed rank test demonstrated that the difference between grading on CBCT and PA assessments was statistically significant ( P < .001). Conclusions CBCT and PA readings demonstrated an overall low rate of agreement in the assessment of cleft alveolar bone. This investigation suggests that PA radiographs have lower sensitivity in detecting poor bone grafting outcomes.

Trust and website conversion in consumer responses to green product purchasing: A new perspective through the lens of innovative website Design's technology integration

This study aims to investigate the role of trust and website conversion in consumer responses to green product purchasing, with a new perspective through the lens of innovative website design's technology integration. To achieve this objective, an online survey was conducted with a sample of 384 consumers in Thailand. The results reveal that user trust in innovative website design are significant predictor website conversion in consumer responses to green product purchasing. Innovative website design's technology integration positively influences anticipated website usability and anticipated website quality requirements, which, in turn, enhances trust and leads to increased consumer conversion to green product purchasing. Moreover, anticipated website quality requirement acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between technology integration of innovative website design and user trust in innovative website design. The relationship between user trust in innovative website design and conversion of consumer response to green product purchase is notably strong (β = 0.203, p-value = 0.014), with user trust accounting for roughly 57.1 % of the variability in consumer conversion (R2=0.571). This substantial link suggests that in the broader context, enhancing elements that build trust within a website's design is crucial as it influences over half of the consumer's decision-making process related to green product purchases. Essentially, for industries and markets centered around eco-friendly products, investing in strategies to bolster user trust in their digital platforms could significantly drive consumer response and engagement. These findings have important implications for marketers and website designers seeking to enhance their green product sales by developing innovative website designs that incorporate technological integration and build trust with consumers. Both markers and website designers can use these insights to optimize their website design strategies, leading to increased conversion rates.

Developing an Instrument to Evaluate the Quality of Dementia Websites.

In today's digital era, health information, especially for conditions like dementia, is crucial. This study aims to develop an instrument, demenTia wEbsite measSurement insTrument (TEST), through four steps: identifying existing instruments, determining criteria, selecting and revising measurement statements, and validating the instrument from March to August 2020. Five health informatics experts used the content validity ratio (CVR) test for validation. Thirteen evaluators compared Fleiss Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values across four dementia websites using TEST and another tool, DISCERN. TEST consists of seven criteria and 25 measurement statements focusing on content quality (relevance, credibility, currency) and user experience (accessibility, interactivity, attractiveness, privacy). CVR = 1 confirmed all statements as essential. The TEST demonstrated stronger consistency and assessor agreement compared to DISCERN, measured by Fleiss Kappa and ICC. Overall, it is a robust tool for reliable and user-friendly dementia resources, ensuring health holistic information accessibility.

Quantitative Analysis of Seeing with Height and Time at Muztagh-Ata Site Based on ERA5 Database

Seeing is an important index to evaluate the quality of an astronomical site. To estimate seeing at the Muztagh-Ata site with height and time quantitatively, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis database (ERA5) is used. Seeing calculated from ERA5 is compared consistently with the Differential Image Motion Monitor seeing at the height of 12 m. Results show that seeing decays exponentially with height at the Muztagh-Ata site. Seeing decays the fastest in fall in 2021 and most slowly with height in summer. The seeing condition is better in fall than in summer. The median value of seeing at 12 m is 0.89 arcsec, the maximum value is 1.21 arcsec in August and the minimum is 0.66 arcsec in October. The median value of seeing at 12 m is 0.72 arcsec in the nighttime and 1.08 arcsec in the daytime. Seeing is a combination of annual and about biannual variations with the same phase as temperature and wind speed indicating that seeing variation with time is influenced by temperature and wind speed. The Richardson number Ri is used to analyze the atmospheric stability and the variations of seeing are consistent with Ri between layers. These quantitative results can provide an important reference for a telescopic observation strategy.

Analysis of the Saintekmu Website Quality on User Satisfaction Using the Modified System Usability Scale and Webqual 4.0 Method

Today, websites are a major means of finding or providing information. The Saintekmu website was created to offer top-notch service to students. One way to ensure that the website's services are appropriate and that information technology is being used to its fullest potential is to evaluate the level of service provided and improve its quality. This study aims to compare the results of two methods - the System Usability Scale (SUS) and Webqual - used to determine the quality and expectations of website users. The study distributed questionnaires online using Google Forms and had a sample size of 20 students. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS program. The results of the SUS method indicated that the website acceptability range was in the marginal category, with a score of 69.9 and a classification rating of OK. The Webqual method yielded an R square of 0.948, indicating that the website's usability, quality, and interaction variables had a significant effect on user satisfaction. All WebQual 4.0 dimensions had a positive and significant effect on user satisfaction, both partially and simultaneously. This study provides Muhammadiyah Saintek University with reference material to evaluate its website in the future.

Website quality and user satisfaction: A higher education perspective

<p>At the forefront of this digital revolution stands the omnipresent website, a virtual gateway that transcends geographical boundaries, providing us unparalleled access to information and services from anywhere on the globe. In this increasingly interconnected world, websites have become the digital storefronts and first impressions of entities, be they businesses, organizations, or individuals. Consequently, people often make swift and decisive judgments about an agency based solely on its online presence's user experience and interface design. Given how quickly the internet is developing, the online quality of an academic university website is essential to student satisfaction. This study explores the intricate relationship between student satisfaction and academic university website quality (usability quality, information quality, service interaction quality, and user satisfaction). It provides a detailed analysis of the student experience. We use multiple regression with a sample size of 104 student respondents. This study uses factual data and student input to analyze significant areas of academic university websites. The results show that user satisfaction with website quality is positively significant to user satisfaction. Repetitive interactions are more common on websites that excel in usability, accessibility, and responsiveness. We hope this research can help developers to improve academic university websites.</p>

Measuring Quality of E-learning Websites Using WebQual 4.0 Method in Higher Education (Case Study : Institute Technology and Science Mandala)

The new normal era due to the Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on various sectors, one of which is the education sector. The Covid-19 pandemic has forced tertiary institutions to innovate by utilizing information technology in implementing higher education tridharma. The Mandala Institute of Technology and Science utilizes the LMS e-learning platform as an online learning medium. This research was conducted to measure the quality of e-learning using Webqual 4.0 approach to improve and maintain service quality based on user assumptions. The Webqual 4.0 method is an instrument used to assess website quality based on the end user's perspective of 3 (three) dimensions, namely usability quality, information quality, and service interaction quality. The results of this study indicate that usability quality, information quality and service interaction quality have a significant and positive effect on user satisfaction

Grouping tree species to estimate basal area increment in temperate multispecies forests in Durango, Mexico

Multispecies forests have received increased scientific attention, driven by the hypothesis that biodiversity improves ecological resilience. However, a greater species diversity presents challenges for forest management and research. Our study aims to develop basal area growth models for tree species cohorts. The analysis is based on a dataset of 423 permanent plots (2,500 ​m2) located in temperate forests in Durango, Mexico. First, we define tree species cohorts based on individual and neighborhood-based variables using a combination of principal component and cluster analyses. Then, we estimate the basal area increment of each cohort through the generalized additive model to describe the effect of tree size, competition, stand density and site quality. The principal component and cluster analyses assign a total of 37 tree species to eight cohorts that differed primarily with regard to the distribution of tree size and vertical position within the community. The generalized additive models provide satisfactory estimates of tree growth for the species cohorts, explaining between 19 and 53 percent of the total variation of basal area increment, and highlight the following results: i) most cohorts show a “rise-and-fall” effect of tree size on tree growth; ii) surprisingly, the competition index “basal area of larger trees” had showed a positive effect in four of the eight cohorts; iii) stand density had a negative effect on basal area increment, though the effect was minor in medium- and high-density stands, and iv) basal area growth was positively correlated with site quality except for an oak cohort. The developed species cohorts and growth models provide insight into their particular ecological features and growth patterns that may support the development of sustainable management strategies for temperate multispecies forests.

Assessment of surface water quality: Case study of Oued Fez catchment areas (Morocco)

Under sustainable development conditions, water quality and quantity play a crucial role in meeting basic human needs. To meet the growing demand for water, surface water quality management is an important aspect. Consequently, water quality must be monitored and assessed via the use of innovative techniques, such as water quality index (SEQ-Water).For that purpose, water quality of Oued Fez catchment areas was evaluated according to Moroccan water quality guidelines by using the weighted quality index (SEQ-Water), physicochemical parameters, trace elements and bacteriological characterization. Five Sites were chosen after a diagnosis based on different criteria such as activity and density of population. These sites were Amont oued Fez (S1), Oued Fez (S2), Oued Ljawahir (S3), Oued Tgat (S4) and Oued Ain Smen (S5). Physicochemical quality was determined by evaluating Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (NTK), suspended solids (SS), nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+), sulphates (SO42-), total phosphorus (TP) and trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb and Zn). Bacteriological analyses were carried out by testing enumeration of total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC).Except Oued Ain Smen, physico-chemical parameters exceed by far the Moroccan standards of surface water quality. High concentrations of Se, Cd, Pb and As were detected. Fecal and total coliforms were also present at all sites, and varied from 1150 CF/100 mL to 100,000 CF/100 mL. All results were statistically validated with a p value < 0.05. Overall quality of the water sites assessed basing on the concept of the weight quality index, showed high pollution of the Oued Fez catchments. System based on the concept of the weighted quality index (SEQ-Water) is a suitable method to monitor point sources of pollution in surface water, and could provide a crude guideline for selecting the priorities of possible preventative measures in the proper management of the surface water resources.To summarize, it would be dangerous to use water from these rivers for domestic and agricultural purposes without some form of physical and chemical treatment. Sensitization of the authorities on the extent of water pollution of this Oued and the harmful consequences for man and the ecosystem should be urgent and mandatory.

The influence of service quality on the Aceh government SIGAP website

The Aceh Government's SIGAP website can also be measured by looking at service quality. The influence of service quality on the Aceh Government's SIGAP website as a form of E-Governance application in collecting data and information about Villages. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of Involvement, Responsiveness, Reliability, and Security on Service Quality of the SIGAP website and to analyze the influence of Service Quality on E-Government. The research method uses probability sampling techniques with stratified random sampling. Research questionnaires were distributed to 6 districts/cities in Aceh Province with a research sample of 128 respondents. Data analysis in this study used Partial Least Squares with the SmartPLS.3.0 application. The research results show that involvement has a positive and significant effect on service quality. The influence of Responsiveness, Reliability, and Security on service quality has a positive but not significant effect. Meanwhile, the influence of service quality on E-Government has a very positive and significant influence.

Understanding Trust Drivers of S-commerce

Trust has emerged as a pillar in the acceptance and use of new technologies in the ever-changing digital landscape, notably in the booming field of social commerce. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it explores in-depth the aspects of customer trust in Instashopping using new constructs that have yet to be explored in s-commerce literature. Focusing on Instashopping, the research proposed a multi-dimensional model of trust to examine the dynamics of user trust in social commerce platforms and analyses the effects of various factors, including institution-based trust, disposition to trust, personal inventiveness, perceived page quality, and overall web experience. Structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine data from 267 responses in a survey of university students in the United Arab Emirates who have used Instagram for shopping. The analysis showed that user trust and trusting beliefs were significantly influenced by the disposition to trust, institution-based trust, and general web experience. Still, no significant association was found between perceived site quality and trusting beliefs. These findings highlight the crucial part that user trust plays in social commerce platform success and how important it is for online platforms to build and maintain user trust. The work also contributes theoretically to the knowledge body by comprehensively analysing trust dynamics in social commerce. In practice, the knowledge gained can help organisations plan their strategy for gaining and keeping client trust, which is essential for long-term success in the digital arena. To ensure long-term success, organisations must emphasise building and maintaining customer trust.

A new index integrating forestry and ecology models for quantitatively characterizing forest carbon sequestration potential ability in a subtropical region

Due to the important role of forests in carbon neutrality, it is a big task in accurately calculating and predicting forest carbon storage and carbon sink capacity in recent years. However, considering the factors on the capacity of forest carbon sequestration, ecologists and foresters consider different models to evaluate the forest carbon sink ability at different scales, with foresters focusing more on forest growth models, while ecologists adding more climate and environmental factors, which may result in inconsistent results in carbon storage. Therefore, constructing an integrated model by combining the forestry and ecology models is essential for accurately quantifying and characterizing the forest carbon sink potential at the regional scale. Here, we proposed a new forest carbon sink potential index (FCSPI), which is defined as fractional deficiency of the current forest carbon to its maximum level, based on forest permanent plots, climate, and edaphic data to evaluate the forest sink potential ability from stand level to zonal scale across the northern subtropical zone in Hubei province, China, which coupled the stand growth model and climate-productivity model. The results at stand level showed that the R2 and RMSE of FCSPI were 0.78 and 0.072 respectively, which indicated that the FCSPI is an intuitive, highly practical, straightforward, easy, and rapid to implement methodology for forest carbon sequestration assessment. Moreover, FCSPI can conveniently extended from stand scale to zonal scale based on the site quality index for carbon sink (SIC) and stand age variables, which were derived from the opened climate, edaphic, and topographic data. The results of wall-to-wall FCSPI across the subtropical forest in Hubei province reveal the current and future carbon potential sequestration, which can help managers to focus on forest management for climate-smart actions and planning in forest ecosystem services framework.

Seismic Station Quality Monitoring and Evaluation System in Indonesia

Good quality seismic data is needed to produce accurate earthquake information, namely seismic data with low background noise. A reliable monitoring and evaluation system are necessary to determine the quality of seismic stations in recording earthquake waves quickly and accurately. The Seismic Station Quality Monitoring and Evaluation System (SQES) was created to obtain information regarding the quality of seismic data and the quality of seismic station sites efficiently, quickly, and accurately by assessing parameters that affect seismic station quality. Seismic data quality assessment is based on background noise, data continuity, and signal anomalies. In contrast, seismic station site quality is measured based on geological conditions, site class, Power Spectral Density (PSD), and solar energy potential. This system works automatically, semi-realtime, daily, and monthly through a web service that functions continuously to be accessed anytime and anywhere. By obtaining seismic station quality information quickly and accurately, it can be used to monitor the accuracy of earthquake information and optimize seismic station maintenance. SQES has been used to evaluate the quality of 428 seismic stations in InaTEWS and can provide an overview of the quality of seismic stations in Indonesia.

The Influence of E-trust and E-Servqual on E-Repurchase Intention with E-Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable

The significance of e-commerce in the digital economy relies on repeat customers for sustainable growth. Key factors influencing customer return visits include e-trust and e-service quality. E-trust involves trust in platform security, product reliability, and transaction transparency. E-service quality includes website quality, responsive customer service, and efficient shipping and returns processes. This research aims to analyze the influence of E-trust and E-Servqual on E-Repurchase Intention with E-Satisfaction as an intervening variable. The study adopts a quantitative research approach, with the sample selected using nonprobability sampling, specifically the purposive sampling technique. The sample for this study comprises 244 students from Putra Bangsa University. Data analysis employs the Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach. Based on the data analysis, the following findings emerge: (1) E-trust has a positive effect on E-satisfaction, (2) E-service quality has a positive effect on E-satisfaction, (3) E-satisfaction has a positive effect on E-revisit intention, (4) E-satisfaction mediates the influence between E-trust and E-revisit intention, and (5) E-satisfaction mediates the influence between E-service quality and E-revisit intention.The results of this research have significant implications for businesses using e-commerce platforms, indicating that building trust, improving service quality, and increasing customer satisfaction are important strategies for influencing repurchase intentions in the online environment.

The Redevelopment of Ya’ahowu Park with Creative Placemaking in Gunungsitoli City

One of the elements of a city that is considered capable of supporting the quality of the environment and the quality of urban life is public open spaces. Ya'ahowu Park in the Municipality of Gunungsitoli is a public open space that serves social, cultural, and economic functions. As an area that is continually developing, issues arise due to the increasing intensity of its use as a coastal tourism destination and culinary center. The current arrangement of the site is still partial, purely aesthetic, and lacks a master plan as a guide. Therefore, if its development is not properly planned, it is feared that it may exacerbate problems and worsen the site's quality. This thesis aims to design the development of Ya'ahowu Park as a public open space for tourism, using the waterfront concept and a placemaking approach. These theories are employed because they are relevant to the physical conditions of the design site, with the hope of creating a quality and meaningful public space for its users. The focus of the development is on the waterfront redevelopment, as an effort to reorganize the waterfront area along with the facilities that can still be utilized. The previous facilities are restored and/or reactivated during the planning process, but with new roles that lean more towards public interests, with the objective of improving the environmental quality. Creative placemaking is the central approach, aiming to enliven the place, stimulate the economy, and provide a platform for creativity with local wisdom.

Mediating Role of Training Engagement Between Service Quality, Interface Quality, and Employee Creativity in Workforce of Ministry of Interior Abu Dhabi, UAE

Purpose: Employee creativity is vital for the success of any organization. Organizations conduct trainings and engagement of employees in the trainings helps organizations to get successful results. Theoretical framework: Employee creativity is highly dependent on service quality and interface quality. Therefore, this study is tailored to identify the mediating role of training engagement between service quality, interface quality and employee creativity. In order to test the framework developed on the basis of new website quality assessment model by the supporting role of engagement theory and investment theory of creativity. Design/methodology/approach: For testing the model, adopted questionnaires have been used and structural equation modeling has been applied. The findings revealed that training engagement significantly mediate the relationship between service quality, interface quality and employee creativity. Findings: The findings are significant for the policy makers to stress on engagement of employees in the training activities and by improving the service quality and interface quality to develop creativity among employees to get fruitful results. Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: provides basics for understanding effectiveness e-learning, training engagement over employee creativity. As a result, it is revealed that training engagement in the presence of information qualities, system qualities, service qualities, interface qualities, and emotional qualities have a significant effect on employee creativity. Originality/value: the current research focuses on the importance of service quality and interface quality over training engagement and its interaction together over employee creativity.

Predicting the Stand Growth and Yield of Mixed Chinese Fir Forests Based on Their Site Quality, Stand Density, and Species Composition

The Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is the largest tree species used for afforestation in China. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of site quality, stand density, and tree species composition on the growth and yield of mixed Chinese fir forests and to build prediction models for their stand average DBH (diameter at breast height), average height, and volume. Using 430 plots of mixed Chinese fir forests in the Fujian Province of China, the optimal base models for predicting stand average DBH, average height, and volume were selected from the Schumacher, Korf, Logistic, Mitscherlich, and Richards equations. On this basis, the site class index (SCI), stand density index (SDI), and tree species composition coefficient (TSCC) were introduced to improve the model’s performance, and the applicability of the different models was evaluated. The optimal base models for the average DBH, average height, and stand volume of mixed Chinese fir forests all used the Richards equation. The best fitting effect was obtained when the SCI was introduced into parameter a in the average height model, while the inclusion of the TSCC did not improve the model significantly. The fitting effects of the average DBH and stand volume models were both best in the form of y=a1SCIa2[1−exp⁡(−b1SDIb2)t]c when the SCI and SDI were introduced. When the TSCC was further included, the fitting effects of the stand average DBH and volume models were significantly improved, with their R2 increased by 47.47% and 58.45%, respectively, compared to the base models. The optimal models developed in this study showed good applicability; the residuals were small and distributed uniformly. We found that the SCI had an impact on the maximum values of the stand average DBH, average height, and volume; the SDI was closely related to the growth rate of the diameter and volume, while the TSCC influenced the maximum values of the stand average DBH and volume. The model system established in this study can provide a reference for the harvest prediction and mixing ratio optimization of mixed Chinese fir forests.

Predicting context-sensitive urban green space quality to support urban green infrastructure planning

Urban green spaces (UGSs) support human health and well-being in diverse ways. In addition to their availability and accessibility, also the quality of UGSs is relevant for understanding human-environment interactions between urban populations and their local UGS. However, data on UGS quality are rarely available with the geographic coverage required for spatial decision making and urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning and management.This study uses data from a large-scale public participation GIS (PPGIS) survey to predict perceived UGS quality across the city of Espoo, Finland. The respondents (n 3,132) mapped over 8,500 frequently visited sites situated in UGSs. Generalized linear mixed models were used to study associations between the perceived place quality of the respondent-mapped sites and diverse objectively measured UGS characteristics. The presence of blue elements, high forest biodiversity, level of UGS maintenance, and low daytime noise exposure contributed to positive perceptions of UGS quality, while daytime noise exposure and decreasing UGS size were associated with negative perceptions.The model was extrapolated spatially to predict perceived UGS quality across the entire city, revealing local differences in the accessibility of high-quality UGS. The results exemplify how both UGS quantity and quality are relevant for understanding the mechanisms leading to UGS visitation and the health and well-being benefits gained from UGS use and exposure. Moreover, the study demonstrates how UGS characteristics valued by the local population may be identified to support local UGI planning and management.

Website Quality Analysis, Trust and Loyalty of Indonesian Railway Service

This study intends to discover the analysis of quality websites to consumer trust and loyalty since online transaction activities are quickly increasing. The number of online clients in Indonesia grows year after year, as does the number of online shops selling different internet-based media. Opportunities for online stores are expanding, but competition is also rising. For customers to be trusted and loyal, online business owners must understand and meet their customers’ desires. The study employed quantitative research methodologies, and the sample size was 100 respondents, who were analyzed using path analysis and the third edition of the SmartPLS program. Data acquired will be picked first, and unnecessary data will be removed, before being filtered and processed through data gathering; this stage is required. The analysis findings are extremely maximum in deciding the final result, and the study results indicated that all factors have a positive and substantial influence on the result, which is very nice and acceptable.

Examining the Influence of Website Quality on Citizen’s E-Loyalty in Domestic Tourism in Jordan: The Role of E-Trust and E-Satisfaction

The fast development of the Internet has raised the number of government-related websites and the variety of e-services available. Despite tourism’s critical significance in supporting the national economy, relatively few researches have been conducted on the influence of tourism website quality dimensions on electronic loyalty among citizens (e-loyalty), particularly in the Jordanian domestic tourism context. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that impact the e-loyalty of citizens toward the e-government services offered by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities in Jordan, considering the mediating influence of citizens’ e-satisfaction and e-trust, primarily following Oliver’s (1999) e-loyalty model. The survey questionnaire was adopted as a main strategy to collect and analyze primary data and to investigate the relationships between variables. Statistical processing was applied using IBM SPSS version 22 package and Amos version 25 for path analysis as the main statistical software package. The results indicated that citizens’ e-loyalty toward the governmental tourism-related website in Jordan is moderate, demonstrating that citizens are generally comfortable with the e-services provided. Furthermore, the results suggest that e-satisfaction and e-trust both play a mediating role in the connection between dimensions of website quality (specifically, information quality and personalization) and the e-loyalty of citizens. This study contributes to the theory by combining the relationships among website quality dimensions, citizen e-trust, e-satisfaction, and e-loyalty, particularly in the unique setting of Jordan’s domestic tourism sector. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and tourism sector managers, aiding them in the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) strategies that facilitate citizens’ transactions and encourage them to participate effectively in e-government activities, thereby boosting the kingdom’s economy and gross domestic product (GDP). The government also recommended enhancing awareness programs and employee training in order to enhance the e-services offered to citizens.