QoS-aware Routing Research Articles

Priority Based Data Transmission for WBAN

<span>Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) or Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a growing field in healthcare applications. It enables remote monitoring of patient’s physiological data through wireless communication. It is composed of sensor network which collects physiological data from the patient. There are several issues concerning WBAN such as security, power, routing protocol to address QoS metrics (reliability, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency), etc. The focus of the study is the issue on different QoS metrics. There were several QoS aware routing protocol that has been proposed which implements multiple queues for different types of data. However, one issue on multiple queue system is starvation, end-to-end delay, and reliability. The study proposed an efficient priority queue based data transmission that improves the end-to-end delay, reliability, and queuing delay of QoS aware routing protocol.</span>

A joint energy- and QoS-aware routing mechanism for WMNs using software-defined networking paradigm

Providing energy conservation together with the quality of service (QoS) becomes more challenging in wireless mesh networks. A promising way to achieve this goal is to design a routing mechanism that takes both energy and QoS into account. On the other hand, software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging network paradigm which separates the control plane from the data plane and facilitates a high level of programmability and manageability. In this paper, we propose FACOR, a novel SDN-based routing mechanism which aims at minimizing the energy consumption while providing a certain level of QoS for multimedia applications in wireless mesh networks. This technique is essentially suitable for battery-operated mesh nodes with solar panels. To obtain optimal paths, FACOR first estimates the cost of each network link using a fuzzy logic system. The fuzzy part takes parameters related to the quality of service and the energy in order to calculate the cost of the links. The routing problem is then formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) model. Since ILP is NP-complete, we propose an ant colony optimization-based algorithm to solve the model. The proposed method is implemented in the well-known OpenDayLight controller and strictly follows a modular design for the sake of efficiency. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our mechanism which achieves a gain of about 17% and 10% in terms of network lifetime and PSNR, respectively, compared to other methods.

Multi-Objective Optimization Assisted Network Condition Aware QOS-Routing Protocol for MANETS: MNCQM

The exponential rise in wireless communication systems and allied applications has revitalized academiaindustries to achieve more efficient data transmission system to meet Quality-of-Service (QoS) demands. Amongst major wireless communication techniques, Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is found potential to provide decentralized and infrastructure less communication among multiple distributed nodes across network region. However, dynamic network conditions such as changing topology, congestion, packet drop, intrusion possibilities etc often make MANET’s routing a tedious task. On the other hand, mobile network feature broadens the horizon for intruders to penetrate the network and causes performance degradation. Unlike classical MANET protocols where major efforts have been made on single network parameter based routing decision, this research paper proposes a novel Elitist Genetic Algorithm (EGA) Multi-Objective Optimization assisted Network Condition Aware QoS-Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MNCQM). Our proposed MNCQM protocol exhibits two phase implementation where at first it performs node-profiling under dynamic network topology for which three factors; irregular MAC information exchange, queuing overflow and topological variations have been considered. Towards this objective node features like Packet Forwarding Probability (PFP) at the MAC layer, Success Probability of Data Transmission (SPDT) of a neighboring node, and Probability of Successful Data Delivery (PSDD) have been obtained to estimate Node-Trustworthiness Index (NTI), which is further used to eliminate untrustworthy nodes. In the second phase of implementation, a novel Evolutionary Computing assisted nondisjoint best forwarding path selection model is developed that exploits node’s and allied link’s connectivity and availability features to identify the quasi-sub-optimal forwarding paths. EGA algorithm intends to reduce hop-counts, connectivity-loss and node or link unavailability to estimate best forwarding node. One key feature of the proposed model is dual-supplementary forwarding path selection that enables alternate path formation in case of link outage and thus avoids any iterative network discovery phase.

Alternative Priority-based Queuing for WBAN

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technology enables medical services to expand its scope. It allows medical expert to monitor physiological data of patients using wireless communication. Despite of the numerous advantages it provides, WBAN still incur issues on different metrics on quality of service (QoS) such as end-to-end delay, queuing delay, and reliability. QoS metrics of the WBAN is affected on the efficiency of its queuing system. Previous studies proposed different routing algorithms to address QoS metrics which implement multiple queues to enhance data transmission of different data types. These studies used strict priority logic which serves the highest priority queue first. However, the main problem of this approach is that lower priority data may be totally blocked by a higher priority data. This paper presents an alternative priority-based queuing to address issue on QoS metrics. The results showed that the proposed algorithm decreased the end-to-end delay and queuing delay and increased the reliability of QoS aware routing protocol. Based on the implementation result, it can be seen that the proposed algorithm can be implement on WBAN.

Fuzzy Clustering with Multi-Constraint QoS Service Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based, service differentiated, QoS aware routing protocol (FMSR) offering multipath routing for WSNs, with the purpose of providing a service differentiated path meant for communication between nodes, based on actual requirements. The proposed protocol initially forms a cluster by fuzzy c-means. Next, the building of a routing follows, so as to establish multiple paths between nodes through the modified QoS k-nearest neighborhood, based on different QoS constraints and on optimum shortest paths. If one node in the path fails due to lack of residual energy, bandwidth, packet loss, delay, an alternate path leading through another neighborhood node is selected for communication. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, packet drop ratio and throughput compared to other existing routing protocols.

A survey on QoS mechanisms in WSN for computational intelligence based routing protocols

With the rapid development in ubiquitous smart sensors, wireless sensor networks have started to evolve into numerous applications including healthcare, medical, agriculture, transportation, industry, internet of things, and smart cities. However, satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the diverse application domains remains a challenging issue due to heterogeneous traffic flows, dynamic network conditions, and resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes. In this regard, application-specific QoS provisioning techniques have received considerable research attention at the network layer. This paper presents a systematic review on the QoS mechanisms that have been employed by routing protocols and also highlights the performance issues of each mechanism. Afterwards, the survey presents a comparative analysis of computational intelligence based QoS-aware routing protocols with their strengths and limitations. Finally, this survey discusses various potential directions for future research in the field of QoS provisioning at network layer.

Efficient energy, cost reduction, and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

<span lang="EN-US">Recent developments and widespread in wireless sensor network have led to many routing protocols, many of these protocols consider the efficiency of energy as the ultimate factor to maximize the WSN lifetime. The quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different applications of wireless sensor networks has posed additional challenges. Imaging and data transmission needs both QoS aware routing and energy to ensure the efficient use of sensors. In this paper, we propose an Efficient, Energy-Aware, Least Cost, (ECQSR) quality of service routing protocol for sensor networks which can run efficiently with best-effort traffic processing. The protocol aims to maximize the lifetime of the network out of balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, by using the concept of service differentiation, finding lower cost by finding the shortest path using nearest neighbor algorithm (NN), also put certain constraints on the delay of the path for real-time data from where link cost that captures energy nodes reserve, energy of the transmission, error rate and other parameters. The results show that the proposed protocol improves the network lifetime and low power consumption.</span>

LLTP-QoS: Low Latency Traffic Prioritization and QoS-Aware Routing in Wireless Body Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) is deployed in delay-sensitive application scenarios where providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) is utmost important. The QoS-aware routing protocol not only discovers a route from source to destination but also satisfies QoS requirements in heavily loaded wireless networks. Emergency/critical data packets must reach the intended destination without incurring significant delays and fulfill multiconstrained demands (reliability, delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)) of heterogeneous applications. Congestion occurs in heavy traffic situation when the incoming traffic load exceeds the capacity of transmission link, buffer overflows, packet collision, channel contention. Consequently, it impacts QoS in terms of packet loss, end-to-end delay and PDR. Moreover, the selection of poor links/routes may have detrimental impacts of the performance of WBSN and there can be significant variations in throughput, delay, network lifetime, route stability performance. Majority of the existing priority-aware routing protocols proposed for Medium Access Control (MAC) layer to solve the slot allocation problem by which data packets are classified into different categories. However, less attention has been given to traffic prioritization at network layer for data categorization. Furthermore, optimized traffic prioritization has been overlooked, thereby increases the data redundancy, queue/link delay, data loss and decreases the reliability of the network, and it does not satisfy the QoS requirements of WBSN and affects the critical data to be delivered in a less privileged manner. This work proposes the Low Latency Traffic Prioritization scheme for QoS-aware routing (LLTP-QoS). The LLTP-QoS is designed to enhance the transmission of critical data in a privileged manner (reliability) and avoids the end-to-end delay. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of throughput, average end-to-end delay, PDR, normalized routing load, network lifetime through extensive simulations using Network Simulator-2 (NS2). The simulation results verified improved performance of proposed LLTP-QoS scheme as compared to existing routing protocols.

QoS aware routing in body-to-body network for emergency medical care: issues and challenges

QoS aware routing in body-to-body network for emergency medical care: issues and challenges

QoS aware routing in body-to-body network for emergency medical care: issues and challenges

With the increase in frequencies and unpredictability of disasters worldwide, there is a necessity for novel ubiquitous communication systems enabling Emergency Medical Care (EMC) at the disaster site for e-triaging of the victims. It is necessary to give importance to the transmission of critical victims' data as opposed to non-critical victims' data, over the deployed communication system towards the medical caretaker at the disaster site. This needs the requirement of medical condition aware Quality-of-Service (QoS) support for the transmission of the heterogeneous type of medical data. This paper proposes the deployment of Body-to-Body network (BBN/B2B) to transmit medical data towards the healthcare professionals to perform e-triaging. Further, the paper focuses on the importance of medical condition aware probabilistic and differentiated flow specific and network-specific QoS support at BBN to improve the quality and speediness of the e-triage by analysing design criteria required by the routing protocol for BBN at EMC. The proposed approach is applicable to disaster management, mobile health monitoring, military, and sports training.

Reinforcement learning-based real time search algorithm for routing optimisation in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy link cost estimation

Internet of things is a technological advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which are characterised by highly complex, large scale, heterogeneous, dynamically changing and asymmetric networks. Such constraints make routing in WSNs a difficult task. This paper introduces fuzzy link cost estimation-based real time search routing algorithm (fuzzy RTS) in which link cost estimation is obtained from physical and MAC layer parameters like residual energy, packet drop rate and RSSI. Its performance has been evaluated with traditional reinforcement learning-based algorithms like real time search, adaptive tree, ant routing and constrained flooding algorithms on the basis of metrics like throughput, loss rate, success rate, energy consumption, energy efficiency and node battery life. The simulation results reveal that fuzzy RTS algorithm is most appropriate reinforcement learning-based routing algorithm among given algorithms for ensuring energy efficient and QoS aware routing in dynamically changing, asymmetric and unreliable environment of WSNs.

Reinforcement learning-based real time search algorithm for routing optimisation in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy link cost estimation

Internet of things is a technological advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which are characterised by highly complex, large scale, heterogeneous, dynamically changing and asymmetric networks. Such constraints make routing in WSNs a difficult task. This paper introduces fuzzy link cost estimation-based real time search routing algorithm (fuzzy RTS) in which link cost estimation is obtained from physical and MAC layer parameters like residual energy, packet drop rate and RSSI. Its performance has been evaluated with traditional reinforcement learning-based algorithms like real time search, adaptive tree, ant routing and constrained flooding algorithms on the basis of metrics like throughput, loss rate, success rate, energy consumption, energy efficiency and node battery life. The simulation results reveal that fuzzy RTS algorithm is most appropriate reinforcement learning-based routing algorithm among given algorithms for ensuring energy efficient and QoS aware routing in dynamically changing, asymmetric and unreliable environment of WSNs.

Energy efficient service differentiated QoS aware routing in cluster-based wireless sensor network

In today's technological era, WSNs has gained attention worldwide with its miniature size and low cost. Data transmission demands both energy and quality of service (QoS) to ensure efficient use of the sensors and adequate access to collecting information. Lot of research work in literature has been focused on QoS provisioning by differentiated service technique that differentiates and priorities different traffic classes to meet the user requirements. Our work toward scheduling based on packet type providing high priority to emergency data to facilitate reliable transmission of emergency data in critical situations. We proposed an approach for effective sensing by use of stochastic scheduling to increase the energy efficiency of sensor nodes for intracluster communication. The proposed technique in this work outperforms when compared with the existing protocol in the literature in terms of minimised energy consumption, delay and high throughput by offloading of the energy-intensive tasks.

QoS Aware Routing Protocol Through Cross-layer Approach in Asynchronous Duty-Cycled WSNs

The growing usage of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in different scenarios makes the Quality-of-Service (QoS) a paramount issue in WSN-based applications. We are especially interested in the QoS aware of asynchronous duty-cycled WSNs in the light of designing routing protocol, whereby waiting for latency and malicious packet dropping are critical to the network performance. We first propose an optimized detection mechanism for malicious packet dropping attack. Then, based on sleep latency and queue length, a method for congestion degree measurement is proposed under asynchronous duty-cycled low power listening (LPL) modes. Last but not least, we introduce related QoS aware metrics for the design of QoS aware routing protocol, which can enhance the QoS performance in throughput, delay, and packet losses (TDL). Experimental results demonstrate that the QoS performance of our TDL-based routing protocol is better than those of the CTP-Watchdog protocol and the CTP-Optimized protocol, especially in terms of higher-throughput, lower-delay, and less-loss rate. By optimized threshold, the detection accuracy of our detection mechanism is improved much more than that of the traditional watchdog technology. Furthermore, we evaluate that the preferred optimization factor can help to make a tradeoff between the false negative rate and the false positive rate. Our TDL-based routing protocol is implemented under the component-based architecture by a cross-layer approach, which provides a practicable solution for the design of QoS-aware routing protocol in asynchronous duty-cycled WSNs.

Energy efficient service differentiated QoS aware routing in cluster-based wireless sensor network

Energy efficient service differentiated QoS aware routing in cluster-based wireless sensor network

Video Traffic Analysis over LEACH-GA routing protocol in a WSN

Abstract One of the most advanced evolutions of Wireless communication is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which plays a vital role in many applications. The growth and attention towards the designing of many new QoS aware routing protocol for WSN has been increased for the past few decades. Energy awareness has a greater significance while developing a routing protocol in order to increase network lifetime. In this paper, a traditional LEACH-GA routing protocol has been used for analyzing the video traffic over the sensor network.

Multi-Objective Optimization Assisted Network Condition Aware QoS-Routing Protocol for MANETs: MNCQM

The exponential rise in wireless communication systems and allied applications has revitalized academiaindustries to achieve more efficient data transmission system to meet Quality-of-Service (QoS) demands. Amongst major wireless communication techniques, Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is found potential to provide decentralized and infrastructure less communication among multiple distributed nodes across network region. However, dynamic network conditions such as changing topology, congestion, packet drop, intrusion possibilities etc often make MANET’s routing a tedious task. On the other hand, mobile network feature broadens the horizon for intruders to penetrate the network and causes performance degradation. Unlike classical MANET protocols where major efforts have been made on single network parameter based routing decision, this research paper proposes a novel Elitist Genetic Algorithm (EGA) Multi-Objective Optimization assisted Network Condition Aware QoS-Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MNCQM). Our proposed MNCQM protocol exhibits two phase implementation where at first it performs node-profiling under dynamic network topology for which three factors; irregular MAC information exchange, queuing overflow and topological variations have been considered. Towards this objective node features like Packet Forwarding Probability (PFP) at the MAC layer, Success Probability of Data Transmission (SPDT) of a neighboring node, and Probability of Successful Data Delivery (PSDD) have been obtained to estimate Node-Trustworthiness Index (NTI), which is further used to eliminate untrustworthy nodes. In the second phase of implementation, a novel Evolutionary Computing assisted nondisjoint best forwarding path selection model is developed that exploits node’s and allied link’s connectivity and availability features to identify the quasi-sub-optimal forwarding paths. EGA algorithm intends to reduce hop-counts, connectivity-loss and node or link unavailability to estimate best forwarding node. One key feature of the proposed model is dual-supplementary forwarding path selection that enables alternate path formation in case of link outage and thus avoids any iterative network discovery phase.

A novel approach of WSN routing protocols comparison for forest fire detection

Wireless sensor networks represent a promising solution for forest fire detection. Yet, these networks are composed of constrained elements and their operation must be optimized to reach a satisfying performance in terms of response time, fault tolerance and network lifetime. Studies have been made in this direction but they have studied only some of the aforementioned constraints and have not discussed the influence of the encountered situations after network deployment. The aim of this paper is to propose a comparison approach of fault tolerant routing protocols for the forest fire detection application which studies the network lifetime and network response time to an event taking into account the specificities of the different cases encountered in the field. To test this approach, the fault-tolerant routing protocols Multilevel, Heterogeneous Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol (HDMRP) and Enhanced Ant-based QoS-aware routing protocol for Heterogeneous wireless Sensor Networks (EAQHSeN) are implemented and tested in the Castalia WSNs simulator. Simulations results showed that the three protocols have a very comparable network lifetime with a slight advantage in favor of the HDMRP and EAQHSeN protocols. On the other hand, HDMRP and EAQHSeN present a network response time respectively twice and approximately trice more preforming than that of multilevel.

VANETs QoS-based routing protocols based on multi-constrained ability to support ITS infotainment services

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

Multi-path selection based on fractional cuckoo search algorithm for QoS aware routing in MANET

PurposeMultimedia applications such as digital audio and video have stringent quality of service (QoS) requirement in mobile ad hoc network. To support wide range of QoS, complex routing protocols with multiple QoS constraints are necessary. In QoS routing, the basic problem is to find a path that satisfies multiple QoS constraints. Moreover, mobility, congestion and packet loss in dynamic topology of network also leads to QoS performance degradation of protocol.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors proposed a multi-path selection scheme for QoS aware routing in mobile ad hoc network based on fractional cuckoo search algorithm (FCS-MQARP). Here, multiple QoS constraints energy, link life time, distance and delay are considered for path selection.FindingsThe experimentation of proposed FCS-MQARP is performed over existing QoS aware routing protocols AOMDV, MMQARP, CS-MQARP using measures such as normalized delay, energy and throughput. The extensive simulation study of the proposed FCS-based multipath selection shows that the proposed QoS aware routing protocol performs better than the existing routing protocol with maximal energy of 99.1501 and minimal delay of 0.0554.Originality/valueThis paper presents a hybrid optimization algorithm called the FCS algorithm for the multi-path selection. Also, a new fitness function is developed by considering the QoS constraints such as energy, link life time, distance and delay.