Quality Of Papaya Research Articles

Integrated Nutrient Management of Papaya (Carica papaya L.): Application of Microbial Consortium Enriched Organic Manures for Yield and Fruit Quality Enhancement

An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of papaya under Kerala conditions. The trial was conducted in RBD. Papaya variety used for the study was Surya with ten treatments. The results revealed that the applications of microbial consortium enriched organic manures in papaya plants (NPK (25 %) as PGPR mix-1 enriched vermicompost along with N, P and K 75% of recommended dose of fertilizers fertilizers ( 240 N: 240 P2O5: 480 K2O (g plant-1) + 10 kg FYM) resulted in the highest number of fruit production, enhanced fruit weight , total fruit yield per plant. It also resulted in the production of fruits with highest fruit length, girth, pulp percentage and flesh thickness. Fruit quality characters like high TSS, less acidity, higher carotenoid content, ascorbic acid content, highest total sugar content and reducing sugar content were enhanced in papaya. Organoleptic characters of fruit were also enhanced by adopting integrated nutrient management in papaya . Papaya being an important fruit crop of Kerala gaining importance nowadays. Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious supply of all major and micro components of plant nutrients including local available resources on sustainable basis. Papaya is known to be a heavy feeder of nutrients (NPK) and information regarding the effect of INM is more important

Effect of cinnamon essential oil/γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex on papaya quality and shelf-life.

Papaya, a highly nutritious and economically significant fruit, is susceptible to infections caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Cinnamon essential oil, derived from Cinnamomum cassia (CC), shows promise in preserving papaya due to its antifungal properties. However, CC is volatile, sensitive to environmental factors, and carries a strong aroma. γ-Cyclodextrin (γ-CD) is known for encapsulating hydrophilic molecules, shielding them from environmental influences, reducing odor, and enabling controlled release due to its unique channel structure. This study aimed to tackle these challenges by preparing and characterizing an inclusion complex of CC with γ-CD (CC-γ-CD), and subsequently evaluating its efficacy in preserving papaya fruits. Analyses, including Fourier-infrared, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal gravity analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, and scanning electron microscopy, revealed successful encapsulation of CC components within the γ-CD cavity. Evaluations of the CC-γ-CD complex's impact on papaya fruit shelf life and quality showed notable enhancements. Fruits treated with CC-γ-CD inclusion complex at a dose of 10 g kg-1 exhibited a 55% extension in shelf-life, evidenced by reduced disease severity index compared with untreated fruit in the same storage conditions. Detailed physicochemical and bromatological assessments highlighted significant improvements, particularly in fruit treated with CC-γ-CD inclusion complex at a dose of 10 g kg-1. The application of CC-γ-CD inclusion complex at 10 g kg-1 extended the shelf-life of papaya fruit, significantly and markedly improved the overall quality. These findings underscore the potential of the CC-γ-CD inclusion complex as an effective preservative for papaya, offering a promising solution for its postharvest management and marketability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A combined technique of temperature preconditioning and modified atmosphere packaging to prolong the storage life of papaya

Papaya is a popular tropical fruit for human consumption over the world. However, it has a relatively short shelf life due to rapid ripening and anthracnose infection after harvest. Generally, papaya is stored at the optimum temperature of 12°C and can last only two weeks. After this period, the fruit will begin to ripen and spoil. Theoretically, fruit stored at lower temperatures will have a longer shelf life. However, papaya is prone to chilling injuries characterised by pitting and inability to ripen if stored at sub-optimum temperature, which may also cause secondary postharvest disease attacks if held for a longer period. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of temperature preconditioning treatment and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) in prolonging the storage life of papaya under sub-optimum temperature. In terms of visual appearance, no chilling injury symptoms were observed in samples stored at a suboptimum temperature of 7°C throughout the storage period. No significant differences were recorded in the parameters of total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA) and TSS: TTA ratio. Relatively lower ascorbic acid content and higher firmness value were recorded in fruits subjected to the combined technique of temperature conditioning and MAP, which could be associated with delayed ripening. A combination of temperature preconditioning and MAP techniques maintains the papaya quality under storage at sub-optimum temperatures as low as 7°C without chilling injury problems, with a longer shelf life (4 weeks) than only 2 weeks for conventional handling techniques. The fruits can be ripened by being exposed to ethylene when they are ready to be marketed. The technology is helpful for the industry, farmers, wholesalers, and exporters, particularly for the delivery of more extended distribution and periods.

Produção e qualidades físico-químicas do mamão do grupo ‘solo’ conduzido em diferentes ambientes de proteção em sistema orgânico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar a influência de diferentes tipos de ambiente de cultivo protegido na produção e qualidade dos frutos do mamoeiro. Para tanto, construíram-se três tipos de estruturas de proteção contíguas: (i) estufa, (ii) estufa sombreada e (iii) telado (‘sombrite’), ao lado de uma área de (iv) ambiente natural, a pleno sol, os quais representaram os tratamentos. Mensalmente, ao longo de um ano, colheram-se frutos em cada ambiente e avaliou-se: as severidades da mancha fisiológica do mamoeiro (MFM), da varíola e o teor de sólidos solúveis; e ainda, a cada estação do ano, mediram-se o comprimento, o calibre e a espessura da polpa dos mesmos. Para efeito de análise de variância, foram considerados quatro blocos por tratamento (ambiente de cultivo), procedendo-se a “análise conjunta de experimentos”. Os resultados apontaram que em ambientes protegidos, sobretudo naquele coberto com plástico, colhem-se mais frutos e estes são menos acometidos pelas doenças: Varíola e MFM. Os ambientes protegidos, comparados ao ambiente natural, promoveram reduções da varíola nos frutos na ordem de: 60,4%, 57,4% e 37,9%, respectivamente, na estufa, na estufa sombreada e no telado. Os níveis de luminosidades e de temperaturas médias, nas faixas registradas, respectivamente, de 622 a 1857 mmoles.cm-2.s-1 e limites de 19,2 a 34,8 ºC, têm forte correlação positiva com a severidade da MFM e da varíola. O maior sombreamento influencia no comprimento, calibre e espessura de polpa sendo que no inverno e primavera colhem-se frutos com polpa mais espessa. Na estufa e na estação de verão os frutos são mais arredondados. Frutos produzidos em estufa apresentam maiores teores de sólidos solúveis totais.

Maintaining the firmness of minimally processed papaya using pectin methylesterase and calcium lactate

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of vacuum infusion of pectin methylesterase (PME) and calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6) in maintaining the firmness of minimally processed papaya, in order to maintain the quality and cellular integrity of the fruit. After minimal processing, the treatments used were: fruit without infusion (control), with H2O infusion, with PME infusion, with C6H10CaO6 infusion and with PME+C6H10CaO6 infusion. At zero times, four and eight days of storage, analyzes of total galacturonic acid, methanol, cell integrity, vitamin C, pH, acidity, soluble solids, damage, freshness and contamination were performed. Papaya treated with the PME+calcium combination showed an increase in firmness (5.8 N) on the eighth day of storage, differing from the control treatment (1.3 N), reporting the least leakage of electrolytes. On the fourth day, the fruit treated with PME+C6H10CaO6 showed the highest content of galacturonic acid and on the eighth day the highest content of methanol, indicating an effective action of the enzyme PME and calcium in this period. The PME+C6H10CaO6 treatment was effective in maintaining and improving the quality of papaya while preserving freshness, soluble solids content, acidity and pH throughout storage.

Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) Cv. Taiwan red lady

An experiment trail in field was carried out on research entitled ‘’Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Taiwan Red Lady’’ which was being held at V.P.O. Maheru, Tehsil Phagwara, District Kapurthala, Punjab under the Department of Horticulture, Lovely Professional University during the year 2019-20. Experimental trail was conducted by using various plant growth regulators NAA, GA3, IAA at different concentrations in randomized block designed. The results showed that significantly higher growth parameters like plant height (137.75 cm), plant girth (21.75 cm), no. of leaves per plant (21) and chlorophyll index (56.43), yield (14.92 kg) and fruit parameters like fruit weight (0.76 kg), fruit length (13.92 cm) and diameter (9.95 cm) with application of GA3 100 ppm. NAA 150 ppm improved quality parameters such as TSS (14.22), acidity (0.16%), ascorbic acid (70.22) and sugar content in fruit increased significantly.

ADAPTASI TIGA VARIETAS PEPAYA (MERAH DELIMA, JUPE, MADU) DI LAHAN KERING DATARAN RENDAH

Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) is classified as having high economic value and is being developed by many farmer. A common problem is the papaya variety that farmer \s develop usually from careless seeds, so the production and quality are low. The aim of this research is to introduce superior papaya and have good quality. Three varieties papaya are used in this study, namely: Merah Delima, Jupe, and Madu.The research location is located in the dry land of Banturung, Palangka Raya City. The result that the land suitability class of the study site included S3wa,on, which is Marginal Suitability with the heaviest inhibiting factors of water availability and oxygen availability. On Growth parameters, then Merah Delima has the largest stem circumference of 10,1 cm althought it is not significantly different from other varieties 8,8 cm. While the plant height is the best Merah Delima papaya and signficantly different from Madu. Interms of Productioan Jupe has a number of Fruits (38 fruits/tree) that are significantly different from Madu, and the weight of fruit (1,2 kg/fruit) is significantly different from Merah Delima., and fruit weight per tree 34,1 kg is significantly different from the other two varieties. Base on the sweetness level, the sweetest Merah Delima reaches 9,1 oBrix significantly different from Jupe (6,9 oBrix) and Madu (6,6 oBrix). Parameters of growth, productionand quality of papaya can still be improved by improving the management of inhibiting factors.

Effect of plant elicitors on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica Papaya)

Effect of plant elicitors on growth, yield and quality of papaya (<i>Carica Papaya</i>)

Effect of starch edible coating on drying characteristics and antioxidant properties of papaya

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of potato starch coating on the drying efficiency and quality of papaya. The potato starch with different concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% and calcium gluconate salt of 0.5% w/w were applied as an edible coating before drying. The effect of coating on the retention of bioactive compounds and physical properties of papaya during hot air drying at various temperature of 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C were investigated. The rehydration ratio and shrinkage percentage of the edible coated dried papaya slices were reduced whereas the moisture content, water activity and hardness were increased with the increasing of the concentration of edible coating. The edible coating retains the color loss during drying. The drying behavior of all the coated samples was best described by Midilli-Kucuk model, whereas the control samples followed the Page model with higher R2 and lower RMSE values. The retention percentage of antioxidants were increased by increasing the concentration of the potato starch coating, but the higher air-drying temperature reduced the antioxidants significantly (p ≤ 0.05).

Effect of Packaging Fillers Materials on the Quality of Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya I.)

Papaya is classified as a high economic value commodities, however it is perishable, easy to lose weight due to its thin skin and soft flesh and has a short shelf-life. Generally, the papaya transportation process in Indonesia is only conducted using a simple packaging method such as using papers or baskets to avoid wound on the fruit. Therefore, packaging improvement would provide a great advantage for papaya trading. This study aimed to determine the effect on papaya quality while packaged in different packaging fillers materials during land transportation using simulation. The results showed that the highest percentage of weight loss, mechanical damage and hardness after simulation at frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 HZ were 6.74%; 71.48%; 4.23 gr/mm and 7%; 97.16%, 4.17 gr/mm respectively in RST3 treatment (plastic basket of straw filler in 5 hours simulation), while the lowest percentage after simulation at frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 Hz were 0.14%; 30.95%; 2.86 gr/mm and 0.17%; 26.18%; 2.56 gr/mm respectively in NPT1 treatment (newspaper filling material in 1 hour simulation). The best packaging to reduce quality degradation in papaya using transportation simulation at the frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 Hz was the plastic basket with newspaper filler.

Effects of non-chemical treatments on postharvest diseases, shelf life and quality of papaya under two different maturity stages

Papaya is a climacteric fruit and highly perishable in nature, which trigger ethylene production and hence, its consumption period is very short after harvesting. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratories of the Departments of Horticulture and Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University; and Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh during the period from March to June 2018 to study the effect of non-chemical treatments on postharvest diseases, shelf life and quality of papaya under two different maturity stages. The two-factor experiment consisted of two maturity stages viz. (i) Maturity stage 1 (M1: mature green colour) and (ii) Maturity stage 2 (M2: 0-10% yellowing); and six non-chemical treatments viz. (i) Control (T0), (ii) Hot water treatment @ 50°C for 10 minutes (T1), (iii) Gamma irradiation @ 0.08 kGy for 10 minutes (T2), (iv) Chitosan coating @ 2% (T3), (iv) Hot water + gamma irradiation (T4), and (vi) Hot water + chitosan coating (T5). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. The combined effect of maturity stages and non-chemical treatments were significant on all the parameters studied viz. external colour, weight loss, pulp to peel ratio, pulp pH, total soluble solids (TSS), disease incidence and severity, and shelf life of papaya. The papaya fruits under combined treatment of hot water plus gamma irradiation showed better appearance and external colour than the others at both maturity stages. The maximum weight loss was recorded in M1T0 (17.96%) followed by M2T0 (16.58%) while the minimum was found in M1T5 (3.69) followed by M2T5 (3.91). The highest pulp to peel ratio was observed in M1T4 (3.82) followed by M1T5 (3.78), while the lowest (3.00) was recorded in control under both maturity stages. The highest pulp pH was observed in M2T4 (6.15) followed by M2T5 (6.07) while the lowest was found in M2T0 (4.83) followed by M1T0 (5.05). The maximum disease incidence and severity were recorded (100%) in M1T0 and M2T0, whereas the minimum disease incidence (81%) and severity (12.36%) was found in M1T4. The longest shelf life (16.50 days) was obtained in M1T4 followed by M2T4 (15.25 days) and the shortest shelf life (8.65 days) was observed in M2T0 followed by M1T0 (9.25 days). Thus, hot water plus gamma irradiation followed by hot water plus chitosan coating under both maturity stages could be used to significantly reduce postharvest fungal infection, extend shelf life and improve quality of papaya.&#x0D; J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(1): 14–25, March 2019

Growth and Quality of Papaya 'Tainung 01' Seedlings Submitted to Different Irrigation Depths

Growth and Quality of Papaya 'Tainung 01' Seedlings Submitted to Different Irrigation Depths

Growth and Quality of Papaya ‘Golden THB’ Seedlings Cultivated under Different Irrigation Depths

Growth and Quality of Papaya ‘Golden THB’ Seedlings Cultivated under Different Irrigation Depths

Effect of foliar spray of boron and zinc on fruit quality of papaya (&lt;i&gt;Carica papaya&lt;/i&gt; L.) cv. Red Lady in Chitwan, Nepal

A field experiment was carried out at the commercial papaya farm, Chanauli, Chitwan, from January 2016 to December 2016 to find out the effect of foliar spray of boron and zinc on the quality of papaya ( Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz., T1-Control (No spray), T2-Water Spray, T3-Borax at 0.1 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.1 %, T4-Borax at 0.1 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.2 %, T5-Borax at 0.1 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.3 %, T6-Borax at 0.2 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.1 %, T7-Borax at 0.2 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.2 %, T8-Borax at 0.2 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.3 %, T9-Borax at 0.3 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.1 %, T10-Borax at 0.3 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.2 % and T11-Borax at 0.3 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.3 Post-harvest analysis of the harvested fruits was done at the post-harvest laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan. Significantly the highest values were observed for the quality parameters like ascorbic acid content (4.67 mg/100 g pulp), TSS (11.68 °Brix), P H of fruit juice (5.53), TSS/TA ratio (101.63), and fruit firmness (2.73 Kg/cm 2 ) with the application of borax at 0.3 % and ZnSO 4 at 0.2 %. Similarly, the lowest values for titratable acidity (0.115 %) and physiological loss in weight during 3 days (1.60 %), 5 days (2.00 %), 7 days (3.05 %), and 9 days (4.75 %) after storage at room temperature were found in the same treatment.

Optimal experimental plot size for papaya cultivation

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the optimal size of experimental plots for the evaluation of agronomic characteristics and fruit quality of papaya, by the linear model of plateau response, under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano region, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The experiment consisted of a uniformity test, with the papaya lineage L78, at 3×2 m spacing, in 16 rows with 22 plants, totaling 352 plants and 2,112 m2 useful area. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, and 11 forms of pre-established plots, with rectangular and row formats, were obtained. The agronomic characteristics and fruit quality were evaluated in the plots. Optimal plot size varied greatly among the variables related to agronomic characteristics, with a greater participation of the variable number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months (16 basic units). The optimal plot size for the evaluation of the agronomic characteristics and fruit quality in papaya is eight experimental units, with 48 m2 area, at a spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants.

A molecular insight into papaya leaf curl-a severe viral disease.

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCuD) caused by papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) not only affects yield but also plant growth and fruit size and quality of papaya and is one of the most damaging and economically important disease. Management of PaLCuV is a challenging task due to diversity of viral strains, the alternate hosts, and the genomic complexities of the viruses. Several management strategies currently used by plant virologists to broadly control or eliminate the viruses have been discussed. In the absence of such strategies in the case of PaLCuV at present, the few available options to control the disease include methods like removal of affected plants from the field, insecticide treatments against the insect vector (Bemisia tabaci), and gene-specific control through transgenic constructs. This review presents the current understanding of papaya leaf curl disease, genomic components including satellite DNA associated with the virus, wide host and vector range, and management of the disease and suggests possible generic resistance strategies.

Nutrient Requirement of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) for Yield Optimization and Commercial Cultivation Under Kerala Conditions

Papaya has gained commercial importance over the years because of its varied uses, mainly for table purpose. One of the reasons for low production in papaya is inadequate nourishment. As the export of papaya from India is rapidly increasing, there is a pressing need to enhance its productivity and improve the fruit quality. The present experiment was undertaken to study the response of major plant nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and quality of papaya and also to find out the optimum dose of NPK for commercial cultivation of papaya under Kerala conditions. The trial was conducted in confounded factorial randomized block design. Different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (200, 250 and 300) gram per plant per year were tried in six equal splits. Results revealed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at the rate of 250: 250: 500g per plant per year in six equal splits, at two months interval was economically viable and improved the growth, yield and quality of papaya.

Progress in marker-assisted breeding of papaya in Australia

Inconsistent eating quality of papaya, Carica papaya, is a major concern for consumers in Australia and limits expansion of the papaya industry. The challenge for the papaya industry in Australia is to improve flavour and eating quality of commercial cultivars of both yellow and red papayas and to enhance uniformity and yield of red papayas. Twenty-seven different cultivars of papaya were evaluated for 11 productivity traits and 13 characteristics related to fruit quality based on both grower and consumer preferences. Replicate trees were evaluated on three different harvest dates, April 2012, October 2012 and May 2013, to confirm that the data represented the genetics of the trees rather than environmental effects. Selection of parental lines for the next phase of the breeding program was based on consistent expression of the traits of interest over three seasons. F1 seeds have been grown to maturity and some trees with good traits have been selected. New cultivars, F2s and backcrosses to commercial cultivars will be planted and evaluated. Segregating populations will be developed to identify DNA markers linked to each trait of interest.

Effect of papaya ringspot virus on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars

The field experiment was conducted during 2008 – 2010 to study the effect of papaya ringspot virus – type P on growth, yield, and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) varieties under PRSV infected conditions at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Significant variation was observed for disease score, DAS-ELISA, tree growth, fruit parameters, yield, and quality characters among the varieties evaluated. The results revealed that all the papaya varieties tested were ELISA positive and PRSV adversely affected the growth, yield and quality of papaya varieties. Among the cultivars evaluated, CP 50 performed better even under PRSV infected conditions and recorded the lowest disease score (1.9), ELISA value (0.198), highest plant height (255.60 cm), stem girth (41.76 cm), number of leaves (41.78), maximum yield (29.26 fruits/plant), dry papain production (8.3 g dry papain/fruit) and tyrosine unit (139.2).

Preharvest calcium chloride sprays affect ripening of Eksotika II’papaya fruits during cold storage

The effects of preharvest application of calcium chloride on ripening, activity patterns of pectin modifying enzymes and overall quality of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Eksotika II’) fruits have been investigated. Foliar sprays of 0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% (w/v) calcium chloride were applied six times during the growing season. After harvest, fruits were stored at 12°C for up to three weeks. Higher calcium concentrations in the sprays coincided with increasing calcium concentrations in peel and pulp tissues, higher firmness and titratable acidity, and reduced respiration rate, ethylene production and soluble solids concentrations, compared with those of the untreated control fruits. The overall quality of fruits treated with calcium was greater than the control fruits. Also, fruits sprayed with calcium had decreased activities of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methyl esterase (PME) during storage. Microscopic results confirmed that the middle lamallae of cell walls was more intact in calcium chloride-treated fruits.