Quality Of Grain Research Articles

Inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer improve food-feed traits of grain legumes in mixed crop-livestock systems of Ethiopia

Grain legumes play an important role as source of food and feed in smallholder mixed systems. They also contribute to soil fertility improvement through biological nitrogen fixation. Although rhizobium inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer are known to improve grain yield of legumes, information is limited on the effect of this practice on the yield and fodder quality of the haulm. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rhizobium inoculation (I) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) on yield and nutritional quality of grains and haulms of grain legumes (faba bean, chickpea, common bean and soybean) on farm across diverse agroecological locations in the Ethiopian highlands. The crops were subjected to four treatments [+I, +P, −I + P and a negative control (-P-I)] at multiple locations on farm during the main cropping season in 2016. Yield data was recorded during grain harvesting, and subsequently representative samples of grains and haulms were collected and analyzed for quality variables. Effects of the treatments were significant (P < 0.05) with 30% increase on grain yield for all studied crops and 28% increase on haulm dry matter yield for faba bean, common bean and soybean. Crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) values of faba bean, common bean and soybean haulms were higher (P < 0.05); and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were lower (P < 0.05) for the treatments than the control. The haulm CP content and IVOMD of chickpea also responded positively (P < 0.05) to the treatments. The current results demonstrated the possibility of improving both yield and quality of grains and haulms of grain legumes with the application of efficient rhizobium inocula and P fertilization. This practice offers an opportunity for smallholders in the crop-livestock system to improve the food-feed traits of grain legumes with minimal input and environmental footprint.

Enhancement of Yield and Quality of Grains through Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization during Stem Elongation in the High-yield Wheat Cultivar for Bread “Setokirara”

Enhancement of Yield and Quality of Grains through Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization during Stem Elongation in the High-yield Wheat Cultivar for Bread “Setokirara”

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА ПШЕНИЦЫ «ВАТАН» И ПОЛУЧЕННОЙ ИЗ НЕЕ МУКИ

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА ПШЕНИЦЫ «ВАТАН» И ПОЛУЧЕННОЙ ИЗ НЕЕ МУКИ

Current Situation and Sustainable Development of Rice Cultivation and Production in Afghanistan

Poverty is a critical issue that is stagnating the development of Afghanistan. In 2007, more than 42% of the population of the country was reported as being below the poverty line, but until 2014, 78.2% of households even in the urban areas were still dealing with food shortages. The agriculture sector is the backbone of the country’s economy and contributes as the key sector to the revival of the well-being of people in Afghanistan. Rice is the second staple crop after wheat and plays a key role in food security, nutrition, and caloric intake. However, Afghan farmers have suffered from the low quality of grains and yield which has resulted in the serious malnutrition which is occurring in the country. Insufficient breeding techniques for new rice cultivars with high yield and acceptable quality, mismanagement of agronomical practices, and unprogressive milling and processing thus can satisfy only 50% of the country’s demand. Accordingly, Afghanistan has been compelled to import a huge annual amount of milled rice from Pakistan, India, and Iran. Although active efforts have been made by the government, research institutes, and international collaboration on rice research, production, and agricultural credits during the last 10 years, the deficit of milled rice in Afghanistan in 2018 is estimated to be 270,250 metric tons. This paper highlights the current situation of rice production in Afghanistan and suggests solutions for food security and sustainability in rice production to promote farmers’ income, consequently strengthening the country’s economy.

Selection Strategies for Grain Quality in Upland Rice Lines

The grain quality in rice is extremely important for breeding programs, in order to select lines that meet the standards demanded by the market. The quality attribute is composed by several characteristics, which can make difficult the work for breeder. Thus, the objective in this study was to verify the efficiency of the selection indexes in order to select upland rice lines that meet the grain quality standards. Fourteen lines of the Cultivation and Use Value test (CUV) of the upland rice breeding program of the Federal University of Lavras were evaluated. The experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Lavras-MG and Lambari-MG in the seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The experimental was a randomized block design with three replications. The following characteristics were evaluated to compose the indexes: grain yield, minimum cooking time, water absorption index, grain chalkiness, integer grain percentage, grain length and width, apparent amylose content and gelatinization temperature. The following selection indexes were compared: Base index of Willians, Sum of &amp;ldquo;Ranks&amp;rdquo; of Mulamb and Mock, and Index Sum of Standardized Variables (Z Index) and also was held direct selection through grain yield. It was observed that the Base index obtained good gains with the selection for grain yield, but it was inefficient for the quality characteristics, results when used direct selection. The Ranks and Z index obtained superior and balanced gains for the characteristics, showing up more efficient in the selection of upland rice lines aiming at the quality of grains.

Yield and quality of two hulless barley varieties after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum

The effect of F. culmorum inoculation on the yield and quality of grain of AF Cesar and AF Lucius barley varieties was monitored. Field experiments were conducted between 2015-2017 at two locations. In grain harvested from plots grown under natural infection conditions, the deoxynivalenol content was very low. Inoculation caused a decline in germination, a certain reduction in yield and a change in some qualitative parameters (reduction in protein and fiber content, increase in starch content), but the effect of inoculation was weak and significantly influenced by the environment and the variety. The β-glucan content was not affected by inoculation. The varieties differed significantly from each other in β-glucan content (AF Cesar &gt; AF Lucius). The deoxynivalenol content of both varieties was comparable after the inoculation while it differed under conditions of the natural infection (AF Cesar &lt; AF Lucius).

Ефективність форм і строків внесення цинку на посівах пшениці озимої

The purpose. To study influence of forms, methods of entering zinc on formation of yield and quality of grain of winter soft wheat. Methods. Field, laboratory. Concomitant observation and analysis are executed by standard methods in accordance to standard procedures. Statistical analysis of the gained results was carried out with the use of package of programs Excel and Statistika, methods of dispersive, correlation and regression analysis. Results. At entering N90P60K40 in structure of which superphosphate is modified with inoculated zinc coplexonate on the basis of hydroxyethylenedendiphosphonic acid (HEDP), increase of yield made 20,2 % against alternative without fertilizing, including 6,4 % due to zinc. It is expedient to add zinc in the form of its coplexonate with HEDP, increase of yield in comparison with zinc sulphate — 0,16 t/hectare, and over-all share of influence of that factor — 14%. Entering zinc coplexonate under presowing cultivation in dose of 2 kg/hectare had no advantage as compared to single machining of plants in tillering stage in dose of 250 g/hectare, but transmission of that operation on phase of stem growth provided essential increase of yield (0,2 t/hectare at HCP0,95=0,18). Conclusions. Foliar top dressing with solution of zinc coplexonate (250 g/hectare) increased productivity of grain of winter wheat with the greatest effect at 2-fold machining in tillering stage and stem growth; accretion made 0,2–0,54 t/hectare. Efficiency of using Zn in droughty conditions of South Ukraine on 75,7–96 % is determined by hydrothermal conditions of spring vegetation, but thus the microelement promotes resistance of plants of winter wheat against temperature stress. Concentration of zinc in grain of test alternatives oscillated within the limits of 18,4–22,1 mg/kg (in control — 14,5 mg/kg).

La incidencia de roya amarilla y la calidad industrial del grano y la masa en trigo harinero

Dado que la incidencia de la roya amarilla en trigo afecta la calidad física del grano, así como el de la harina y masa. El objetivo de ésta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la roya amarilla en la calidad física del grano y de la masa en función de la presencia y ausencia de la enfermedad en genotipos de trigo harinero. Los genotipos se sembraron bajo temporal en un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con dos repeticiones en un arreglo de parcelas divididas, en la parcela grande estuvieron los tratamientos con y sin fungicida y en las chicas las variedades. La incidencia de roya amarilla fue natural y el fungicida utilizado fue Folicur®. En campo se estimó el porcentaje de incidencia de roya amarilla y en el laboratorio la calidad física evaluó: el porcentaje de granos llenos y chupados, su largo y ancho, el peso de mil granos, peso hectolítrico, así como dureza de grano, rendimiento harinero, proteína en harina, volumen de sedimentación y tiempo de amasado. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y correlaciones de Pearson y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey. La roya amarilla disminuyó la calidad física del grano y el rendimiento harinero. Los genotipos con incidencia menores al 20 % de roya con y sin la aplicación del fungicida presentaron menores pérdidas en porcentaje de granos llenos, peso de mil granos, peso hectolítrico y rendimiento harinero. Mientras que en la mayoría de los genotipos el contenido de proteína en harina y las variables evaluadas en la masa no mostraron diferencias con y sin la presencia de la enfermedad. Por lo que el uso de genotipos tolerantes a la roya amarilla se relacionó con una mayor calidad física del grano, pero no con la de harina y masa.

An Empirical Analysis of Food Security and Public Distribution System

The present study deals with an empirical analysis of food security and public distribution system. The present paper deals with the importance of food security and public distribution system and objectives and methodology. Further, it is devoted to examine the food security and public distribution system. This paper is primarily based on the data gathered from primary as well as various secondary sources, especially those related to the availability of the statistical information pertaining to food security and public distribution system. The researcher is of the opinion that there is a need to improve the quality of grains supplied from PDS. By and large, it can be said that the sample respondents offered many suggestions for a better functioning of the system. The suggestions that they offered comprise of an improvement in the quality of goods supplied through FPSs, an increase in the quantity of goods, regular supply from govt., and preventing black marketing by dealers and elimination of bogus cards.

Grain cooling by vertical air-stripping tower

Исследования процесса охлаждения зерна вентилированием проводились в основном в условиях хозяйств Ивановской области в 2015–2018 годах. В последнее время в зернопроизводстве из-за нарушений технологии наряду с возросшими потерями существенно снизилось качество зерна. В процессе послеуборочной обработки и хранения зерна оно постоянно подвергается рискам, обусловленным высокой температурой, миграцией влаги, активностью плесеней, насекомых и развитием микотоксинов. Температура зерна наряду с его влажностью является одним из основных параметров, определяющих состояние зернового материала и процессов, происходящих в нём. Охлаждение средствами вентиляции является основной технологической операцией безопасного хранения зерна. Отличительная особенность вертикальных аэрационных колонок (ВАК) в сравнении с другими вентиляционными устройствами — их высокая технологическая эффективность и низкая стоимость. Цель исследования — определение оптимальных конструктивно-технологических параметров ВАК при их применении для охлаждения зерна. В статье представлены хозяйственные исследования процессов охлаждения зерна основных сельскохозяйственных культур с применением ВАК, а также обобщены результаты современных зарубежных исследований. Определены основные технологические и конструктивные параметры ВАК, обеспечивающее сохранность и качество зерна, поступающего с поля или после сушилок. Проведён сравнительный анализ применения колонок в режиме нагнетания и всасывания. Хозяйственные исследования показали, что одна промышленная вертикальная аэрационная колонка при высоте зерновой массы 3 м обеспечивает в режиме нагнетания охлаждение кубоида зерна массой около 100 т, а в режиме всасывания — 80 т. Материалы статьи могут служить основой для рекомендаций по применению ВАК в условиях зернопроизводящих хозяйств, а также на элеваторах и в других организациях, связанных с обработкой и хранением зерна. Investigations took place in the Ivanovo region in 2015–2018. Lately grain production faced high grain yield and quality losses due to improper technology. High temperature, water movements, fungi, insects and mycotoxins can negatively affect grain quality during its treatment and storage. Grain temperature and moisture are main parameters defining its condition and internal processes. Using ventilation systems is an important technological technique for safe storage. Unlike other ventilation systems vertical air-stripping tower has high effectiveness and low price. Investigations aimed at definition of optimal design and technological parameters of air-stripping tower for grain cooling. Paper reports on practical analyses of cooling by air-stripping tower and contains a review of recent foreign researches. Experiments determined basic technological and design parameters of vertical air-stripping tower that lead to effective storage and high quality of grain coming directly from field or dryers. Discharge and suction modes were tested competitively. One large-scale vertical tower cooled around 100 t of grain cube of 3 m in height in discharge mode and 80 t — in suction mode. Paper materials can be used as a basis for application of air-stripping tower at grain producing farms.

CREATION OF WHEAT CULTIVAR SIBIRSKAYA 21 ADAPTED TO THE WESTERN SIBERIA CONDITIONS

The paper presents biological, economic and technological characteristics of the new spring common wheat cultivar Sibirskaya 21. Breeding work on the creation of the cultivar was carried out in Novosibirsk region on chernozem soils of the forest-steppe zone in 2004-2012 preceded by bare fallow. Observations and studies were carried out according to the conventional methods in comparative analysis with the standard cultivar Novosibirskaya 31. Cultivar Sibirskaya 21 was created by a single individual selection from a hybrid population (Novosibirskaya 67 × Udacha) × Sibirskaya 17, obtained as a result of intraspecific hybridization by the Tvel method and the estimation of recombinants in yield, intensity of plant productivity elements, flour-baking qualities of grain and resistance to the fungal pathogens on a provocative background to artificial infection. Cultivar Sibirskaya 21 is a variety of Lutescens. It is a mid-early cultivar, with the growing period of 72-82 days. Plant height is 95-105 cm. The average yield in fallow over the years of competitive variety testing amounted to 3.27 t/ha, which is 0.57 t/ha higher than the standard. The maximum yield was 6 t/ha. The cultivar is characterized by high drought resistance. In the highly arid year 2012, the yield was 1.97 t/ha, which is higher than the standard by 0.59 t/ha. Baking qualities of grain are average. The weight of 1000 grains is 29.0-37.0 g. The nature of the grain is 750-800 g/l. The content of crude gluten is 28.0 – 36.0%. The volume output of bread is 500-640 cm3/100 g. The total baking score is 3.7-4.2 points. The cultivar is resistant to covered and loose smut, slightly susceptible to powdery mildew, and moderately susceptible to leaf brown rust. The cultivar is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements for the West Siberian region. It is recommended for cultivation in different areas of the Altai territory, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions.

The selective-genetic value of chosen from the collection varieties of winter tritikale in connection with the selection of culture for the central non-black soil region

Under the conditions of Moscow region were investigated 1.5 thousand of models X.Triticosecale Wittmack of different ecological- geographical origin, concentrated in the world gene pool and also new types and the line of Federal Research Center, obtained with the use of those isolated in Dias (5x5) and other field experiments of the genetic sources and donors of valuable signs. The results of the analysis of diallel crossings according to the method of B.J.Hayman (1954) attest to the fact that for all studied signs of tritikale is characteristic the additive- dominant diagram of inheritance. According to the signs the mass 1000 of grains, the content of protein in the grain, the content of starch in the grain in F1 hybrids is revealed the super-domination. According to the sign the mass of grain from the ear the nature of inheritance changed from the complete domination to the super-domination. The basic contribution to the increase of the signs of productivity introduced dominant genes, by their concentration the prospect of the separate combinations of crossing is determined. According to the sign the mass 1000 of grains is promising the line Of Prag 468, throughout the mass of grain from the ear – line ADK 1369t. The high content of starch in the grain is caused by dominant alleles, they were separately allotted to the line Prag 468 and 6418-145. It is shown that by the authors obtained the fundamentally new types and lines with the high indices of productivity and quality of grain, which considerably exceed standard Victor. The collection of grain in the control nursery of new lines (5802-10-5-6 5802-10-5-59, 154-11-55) even under the extremely unfavorable weather conditions of 2017 year varied from 8,34 to 9,91 t/ha. The harvest of standard type Victor proved to be equal 5,04 t/ha, i.e., almost in 2 time it is lower than in the line 154-11-5-5. In the competitive strain testing (2014-2017) superiority showed the type Gera. The advantage of the noted new genotype over standards lies in the fact that they form the excellently ear with the coarse full-weight grain ear (to 80 the grains), have the increased productivity, a good safety of plants to the harvesting, high stability to the limiting factors of medium.

The Effectiveness of the Use of Melafen Growth Promoter with Seed Treatment of Winter Wheat with Protectant “Polaris”

The most important task at all stages of development of modern agriculture is to increase the yield and quality of grain. Plant growth regulators can play a big role in this. In this paper, the influence of winter wheat seed treatment with Polaris fungicide and the use of Melafen growth regulator in winter wheat crops in the conditions of the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered. Treatment of seeds with fungicide Polaris in combination with preparations for crop care provided yield at the level of 41.8-61.5 centner/ha. The use of Melafen in the experiment of growth regulator in the conditions of the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan provided an increase in crop yield to 59.2-63.7 centner/ha or by 30.3-40.4%, depending on the applied processing scheme. Due to the fact that the group of quality-all options correspond to the 2 group of quality or grain 3-5 class, the assessment of the quality of winter wheat grain shows that in the experiment the quality of grain of all options corresponds to the 3 commodity class.

RESPONSIBILITY OF SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES FOR THE PROCESSING OF DRUGS OF THE “B-PLUS” PRK LINE "WHITE PEARLS"

The practice of manufacturers using substances that stimulate the growth and development of plants, increase their resistance to external influences, and as a result increase the yield and quality of grain, has become a common practice in field cultivation technology. A wide variety of their production requires careful study and detailed application in agricultural practice. In the process of studying the variety of spring soft wheat after treatment with the studied organo-mineral mixtures (OMM) of the B-plus line, PRK «White Pearl» increases the vegetative mass and productivity, and improves the technological qualities of grain. The article presents data on the processing of seeds and plants of ОMM on the formation of the yield of varieties of spring soft wheat Astana and Karaganda 30. Studies have shown that the varietal reaction of soft wheat showed different responsiveness to treatment with drugs. Thus, grain yield was obtained from the use of the B-plus line of PRK «White Pearl» - Astana varieties 27.87 c/ ha, Karaganda varieties 30 - 32.16 c / ha (increase + 6.3; 8.75 c / ha in comparison with the control) with an increase in the amount of gluten by 0.1-2.2% and its quality.

Wpływ nawożenia azotowego na wartość technologiczną ziarna jęczmienia jarego

The objective of the research study was to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilisation level on changes in the technological value of five spring barley cultivars intended for food production. A pot experiment with spring barley was performed in the greenhouse run by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation. The barley cultivars studied were compared for the quantity and quality of grain yield including their response to three levels of nitrogen fertilisation (NH4NO3): 1, 2 and 3 g N/pot. The nitrogen fertilisation level proved to have a significant effect on the yield and quality of grains of the barley cultivars examined. With the increase in the nitrogen dose levels to 3 g/pot, a significant increase was reported in the grain yield and number of spikes per pot in all the spring barley cultivars, however there was a decrease in the weight of 1000 kernels. The levels of nitrogen fertilisation and the barley cultivars proved to have a significant impact on the contents of total dietary fibre (TDF) and (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucans but no interaction was found between the level of fertilisation and the cultivar. Significantly higher contents of TDF and (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucans were reported in the examined spring barley cultivars at a dose of 2 and 3 g N/pot compared to 1 g N/pot. With the increase in the nitrogen dose to 3 g N/pot, a significant increase was reported in the protein content in all the cultivars. Owing to the highest contents of dietary fibre and (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucans, and to a high protein content, the ‘Bordo’ and ‘Tocada’ varieties can be recommended as the best varieties to produce food.

Productivity and quality of grains of tritikale varieties at various quantities of mineral nutrition

This paper presents the influence of varieties and different doses of applied nitrogen on grain yield and protein content of triticale. The experiment was set in the period from 2010 to 2012 in the north of Montenegro, in the vicinity of Bijelo Polje. The research included 5 varieties of winter triticale (Odyssey, Kg-20, Triumph, Rtanj and Tango) originating from different breeding houses and the following varieties of fertilization: control (without fertilization), only nitrogen in the amount of 60 kg ha-1 and nitrogen in the amount of 60 and 90 kg ha-1 in combination with the same amount of phosphorus and potassium (80 kg ha-1). The results of the study showed that the lowest average grain yield was obtained in the non-fertilizing variant - control. The use of fertilizers in all tested varieties has led to a very significant increase in yield in all variants compared to control. The Kg-20 variety had the lowest average yield, and the Tango variety had the highest. The highest average protein content was achieved in the fertilizer variant where only nitrogen was used in the amount of 60 kg ha-1. Among the researched varieties, the Triumph variety had the highest protein content in the grains. The data on the achieved yields and the content of protein in grains, depending on the variety and the used doses of fertilizer, indicate the characteristics of individual varieties and can serve as a criterion for the selection of the most suitable variety for certain agroecological conditions. This is particularly important for cattle-oriented farms, where the main priority is to ensure a sufficient amount of quality food.

Yield and quality of grain of perspective varieties of winter barley for different sowing periods in the conditions of the Black Sea Steppe of Ukraine

Yield and quality of grain of perspective varieties of winter barley for different sowing periods in the conditions of the Black Sea Steppe of Ukraine

Investigation effect of the throughput combine on the quality of grain separated by a preliminary threshing device

Purpose. Improving the efficiency of the combine harvester by establishing the effect its throughput (thresher loading) on the quality indicators of the grain separated by a preliminary threshing device. Methods. Experimental researches were carried out using the method planning and conducting single-factor experiments. The processing of experimental results was carried out taking into account the methods by regression analysis. The approximation of the experimental dependencies by the mathematical model was performed using the least squares method using the statistical software package STATISTIKA-6.5. Results. A combined technological process transportation and threshing of grain-straw mass (GSM) was developed, which is based on a preliminary threshing device and takes into account the differences in the interaction of GSM with the device drum bars. The identity the processes change in the energy of germination and seed germination culture germination depending on the level loading for all the considered device options is noted. For each device option, a rational value throughput is established, which corresponds to a high level of germination energy. Conclusions. The highest germination energy level harvested grain is 99% set for a header, the drum of which contains four strips, when the combine thresher is loaded at 7.5 kg/s. For a serial header, a high germination rate of 92% is set when the thresher is loaded at 8.5–9.5 kg/s; for a header with a preliminary threshing device with a whip under the drum at 97% when loading 6–7 kg/s; for a header with a smooth drum 94.0–94.5% with a threshing load of 8–9 kg/s; for the reaper, the drum of which contains two strips about 95% when loading the thresher 3–4 kg/s, respectively. Comparing with the serial, for a header with the four slats drum, a higher 7% level of seed germination has been noted with a slight (1.0–1.5 kg/s) reduction in the capacity of the combine. Keywords: combine harvester, header, device for preliminary threshing of grain, grain-straw mass, germination energy, seed germination.

Вміст полісахаридів у вегетативній масі кукурудзи у зв’язку з її селекційною характеристикою

The aim of our scientific research was to determine the content of the total amount of polysaccharides and their fraction composition in the vegetative mass of maize having different selection characteristic. 24 grades, lines and hybrids of maize grown on the experimental field of the V. Ya. Yuriev Institute of horticulture of the National Academy of Agricultural Science were used in the research. The content of water- soluble polysaccharides in some parts of the plants (stems, leaves, inflorescence) as well as the content of water- soluble polysaccharides, pectin, hemicellulose A and hemicellulose B have been determined. The former substances can be easily digested by ruminant animals under definite conditions. Object of investigation. The complex phytochemical study of the carbohydrate complex including polysaccharides of maize (Zea mays L) has been conducted. Subject of investigation. The determination of polysaccharides and water- and acid-soluble complexes of polysaccharides as the substances that can be easily digested by ruminant animals under definite conditions has been carried out in some parts of the vegetative mass (stem, leaves, inflorescence) of 24 grades, lines and hybrids of maize. Methods of investigation. Phytochemical, analytical, statistical methods were used in the research. Recently highly productive hybrids of maize of the Ukrainian and foreign selection with the unknown chemical composition of its vegetative mass have been widely used in Ukraine, so the objective necessity has appeared to study thoroughly the carbohydrate composition of all the feeds made from the above crop It has been revealed that the most part of polysaccharides was in the leaves of the plants – from 17,72 ± 0,53 % to 23,75 ± 0,56 % depending on the selection characteristic. High content of polysaccharides was revealed in the hybrids of the maize: Sugar AC-70, Waxen WM-69-8, Waxen WM-06 and the grade of Svitlana over sugar maize had the lowest content of polysaccharides. The structure of polysaccharides of water- soluble form was the following: leaves – 2,7%, stems – 1,8%, inflorescence – 1,7%. The content of pectin was 3,84%, 5,90% and 1,90%, respectively, the content of hemicellulose A was 6,81%, 12,22% and 5,84 %, respectively; the content of hemicellulose B was 21,20%, 23,61% and 9,75 %, respectively. The general conclusion has been made that the high content of the substances of polysaccharide complex led to the actuality of the scientific research in this aspect and to the conducting of the selection work with this crop in order not only to increase the crop yield and quality of grain but to improve the quality of vegetative mass in order to increase the amount of water- soluble substances in its polysaccharide complex.

Chilled Aeration to Control Pests and Maintain Grain Quality during Summer Storage of Wheat in the North Central Region of Kansas

Abstract.Chilled aeration allows grain to be cooled, independent of ambient conditions, to “safe” temperatures at which insects, fungi, and spoilage development are reduced to a minimum. The objective of this research was to evaluate the advantages of using grain chilling to preserve the quality of grain and reduce post-harvest losses caused by insects and fungi, compared to the conventional aeration and storage strategies used during summer storage in central Kansas. The research trials were developed at a farmer’s cooperative in central Kansas in 2015 and 2016 on low-moisture wheat harvested during the summer of 2015 and 2016, respectively, and stored in two 1,350 metric ton (t) steel silos in which one was chilled and the other was used as a control managed by the cooperative. Temperature of the grain inside each silo was monitored with temperature cables. Variables evaluated were: moisture content (MC), grain and flour quality, insect-pest development and reproduction rate, insect fragments per 500 g of grain, and fungi presence. In 2015, the chilling treatment reduced the grain temperature from 28°C to 17°C in approximately 175 h, while in 2016 it took 245 h to reach about the same temperature with an initial grain temperature of 39°C. Grain temperatures below 25°C were not achieved in the control silo during the summer using ambient aeration. Minimum variation of MC was observed in the Chilled silo while ambient aeration reduced the moisture content by 0.5%. Reproduction rates of the red flour beetle and lesser grain borer were significantly reduced by chilling temperatures lower than 17°C. Lower temperatures also reduced insect populations detected in probe traps and insect damaged kernels. Insect fragments and fungi presence had no significant increase throughout the trials in either of the silos. No clear evidence of flour quality being better preserved at lower temperatures was detected. The energy cost of running the grain chiller was between 0.26-0.32 $/t higher than ambient aeration. Keywords: Ambient aeration, Grain chilling, Grain quality, Stored-product fungi, Stored-product insects, Summer storage, Wheat.