Quality Of Clothing Research Articles

Effect of heavy metals in recycled water used for household laundry on quality of cloth and washing machine

Recycled water for washing clothes saves significant amount of potable water and hence has a great potential for sustainable urban-water management. To date, there has been no official acceptance and very rare practice of use of recycled water for household laundry. This study investigates the effects of critical heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) on cloth quality and corrosive/scaling of washing machine to evaluate the feasibility of using recycled water for household laundry. The experimental data can be used for future recycled-water-quality guidelines. Five representative cloth materials namely polyester, satin, polycotton, denim and organic cotton were selected for washing in tap water and synthetic recycled water which contained different concentrations of heavy metals. Cloth durability, surface morphology and textile colour of washed cloth samples were measured to investigate the effects of heavy metals on quality of fabric. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) was used as the indicator for predicting corrosive/scaling effects on washing machine. The results indicated that quality of fabrics after 50 wash cycles was found to have no change by recycled water when concentration of Pb and Mn < 0.5 mg/L, Fe < 1 mg/L, Cu < 5 mg/L and Zn < 30 mg/L. Lower than the above values, the LSI indicated that recycled water would not lead to any negative impact on washing machine.

Impact of novel low cost technological interventions on expenditure pattern of landless and sub‐marginal farmers

Approximately 50% rural population is facing a major challenge of sustainable and reasonable livelihood security. In the present study, low cost‐highly profitable technologies were intervened to landless and sub‐marginal farmers for their socio‐economic upliftment. The study was conducted during 2009‐2013 in Barabanki and Raebareli districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Base line survey in 42 villages (700 farmers) was conducted, interventions initiated in mid 2009 and later, these were expanded in 65 villages (5250 families). For pre‐intervention period, 6 months average was considered, whereas in post‐intervention period 12 months average was taken in comparing expenditure pattern. The farmers were intervened with novel technologies viz.,rural poultry production and purchase of bovine and goat, mineral based estrous induction, mastitis prevention, high yielding perennial fodder on waste land, banana as cash crop and family nutrition, lemon, guava and seasonal vegetables in courtyard, bio‐enhancer for supporting vegetables and fruit plants. Sodic or barren unused land was transplanted with guava intercropped with vegetables and banana seedlings. The expenditure on food and clothing in pre‐intervention period was costing average of 71.4% and only 28.6% monthly earning was available for other family needs, while in postintervention period, in spite of improved food, nutrition and clothing quality, the expenditure was only 23.2% of total income. In conclusion, low input technologies whenever are intervened aiming higher profitability the impact on socio‐economic status is visible within shortest time. It is a better option if governments create the infra‐structural facilities and provide support with technological innovation for rural poverty alleviation.

PERFORMANCE OF MODIFIED YSD-UNIB12 SOLAR DRYER FOR CLOTHES MATERIAL DRYING

YSD-UNIB12 solar dryer has been modified its interior by replacing the trays with rail suitable for clothes hanger and size in order to be applied to dry clothes. The dryer had 3 x 6 m2 total area with about 300 pieces of clothes capacity. The dryer finishes drying of wet towel faster (about 12 hours) than that of sun drying (more than 18 hours). The dryer also completed drying of “batik” cloth comparable to that of sun drying (about 13 hours) and drying of singlet faster (12 hours) that of sun drying (13 hours). The modified YSD-UNIB12 resulted better quality of dry cloth and was ready to be adopted for drying clothes

Introduction and feasibility assessment of laundry use of recycled water in dual reticulation systems in Australia

Laundry is a potential new end use of recycled water in dual reticulation systems. Generally, the community is willing to accept this new end use if it can meet the concerns on health issues, durability of washing machine, cloth quality and aesthetic appearance. This study addresses all these major concerns thereby assisting in the introduction and promotion of this new end use in the existing and proposed dual reticulation systems. Five representative cloth materials were selected for washing in tap water and in recycled water for up to 50 wash cycles for comparative studies. The tearing/tensile strength tests were used for the assessment of cloth durability. ANOVA one way test was applied for the significance analysis (Tukey's test p<0.05) which indicated that there is no significant change in the tensile/tearing strengths of washed cloth samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the washed cloth samples found no distinct change in surface morphology. Textile colour analysis (CIEDE2000) analysed the variation in colour of the washed cloth samples and showed that the change in colour ∆E ranges from 0–1 revealing no visible difference in colour of cloth samples. Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) was used as the indicator for predicting corrosive/scaling potential of recycled water. The LSI values ranged from +0.5 to −0.5, indicating no corrosive or scaling potential of recycled water. The microbiological study of the cloth samples washed in recycled water indicated that there was no contamination with representative bacteria. As the recycled water has similar effects like tap water on cloth and washing machine, it is safe to use for laundry.

Investigating the effect of yarn count and twist factor on the packing density and wicking height of lyocell ring-spun yarns

The moisture transport expressed with wicking is one of the most important aspects in clothing science and strongly effects on the quality of clothes. Wicking is a spontaneous transport of liquid driven into a porous system by capillary forces. Furthermore, the packing density has a direct relation with the yarn structure. At the present work, the effects of yarn count and twist factor on the wicking height and packing density of lyocell ring-spun yarns was investigated. Achieving the objectives of this research, an image processing method was developed to determine the packing density of samples. Experimental results were also used to develop a regression model to predict the wicking height based on the packing density, yarn count, twist factor and rising time. The results demonstrated that the correlation coefficient between the predicted and measured wicking height was 0.98 indicating the capability of the presented model to predict the wicking height of lyocell ring-spun yarns.

Predicting the influence of seam design on formability and strength of nonwoven structures using artificial neural network

Formability which is also known as drapability is defined as the ability of a planar textile structure to be directly deformed to fit a three-dimensional surface without the formation of wrinkling, kinks or tears. According to human’s desire for comfortable and high quality clothing, formability has a specific place in the textile industry so many studies have been conducted on understanding and predicting formability of textiles. Artificial neural network method is used in this study order to predict the influence of seam design on formability and tensile behavior of nonwoven structures. Our findings and analysis showed that seam design, seam allowance and weight of nonwoven layers are three main parameters significantly affecting the formability and overall tensile of nonwoven structure. Predicted values obtained from the ANN methodology were compared with the experimental data proving very good correlation between examined and predicted values.

Intelligent Production of Quality Apparels

Example applications are developed, covering typical sections of garments manufacturing and addressing robotic solutions in three different contexts. The first deals with the fabric storing and sorting sections. The case aims at the integrated management of cloth data (included each bolt failure maps), so that the work-plans setting progresses according to optimal schedules, without surprises of defective parts to be replaced. The change is made possible after re- design of fabric warehousing, with higher automation, in order that all pertinent data on cloth quality are monitored, shared, exploited and up-dated. The second one addresses the laying and cutting sections, already fully operated by unmanned mode. The upgrading looks at knowledge intensive setting, for on-process management of discontinuities, making easy the combined-mode (batch and one-of-a-kind) schedules to expand plant flexibility, joined to early removal of defective parts (using fabric fault maps). The development specifically requires re-thinking the enterprise policy, with minor changes of the computer interfaces, but proper resetting of the shop information system. The third context differs, as we refer to assembly and sewing sections, still, mainly operated by front-end workers. It should be said that the setting of fully automatic sewing cells has been conceived and actual fixtures exist for the mass production of steady specialised articles; yet, this is hardly consistent with economy of scope; a different implementation is outlined, with front-end workers and shared information steering duty-cycle changes. Again, proper improvements are obtained, with benefits requesting little investments in hardware, rather than work-plans up-dating depending on the process progression.

Energy Kinetics in Explosive Cladding of Dissimilar Metals with Interlayer

In explosive cladding, the kinetic energy spent at the dissimilar interface transformed into thermal energy and characterizes the quality of clad. Explosive cladding with interlayer enhances the kinetic energy utilization and restricts the intermetallic formation. The introduction of interlayer increases the heat transfer area and duration of collision and, consequently, the time available for thermal energy transferred into the metals. The thermal energy is transferred to the participant metals by conduction and convection. The influence of interlayer between flyer and base plates on weldability window, an analytical estimation is also reported.

Constitutionalizing Property-Owning Democracy

Constitutionalizing Property-Owning Democracy

Effect of Process Parameters on Clad Quality of Duplex Stainless Steel Using GMAW Process

In recent years, weld cladding are being applied in numerous industries as cost effective engineering solution to use a surface protection layer to protect carbon steel against corrosion attack. The desirable characteristics of cladding alloy are reasonable strength, weldability, resistance to general and localized corrosion attack. The duplex stainless steel having all the desirable characteristic is the candidate material for cladding. However, duplex weld metals have not been studied in detail as duplex stainless steels. Consequently, the properties of duplex weld metals are less well known and only partially understood. In the present study, the properties of duplex weld deposits of the 22 % Cr, 10 % Ni, 3 % Mo, and 0.12 % N type using GMAW process have been investigated. In particular, the influence of welding heat input and shielding gas composition in GMAW process on weld deposit microstructure, impact toughness and resistance to pitting corrosion have been studied. It is observed that concentration of nitrogen of weld deposits influenced by both heat input and shielding gas composition exerted significant effect on microstructure, low temperature toughness and resistance to pitting corrosion.

Consumers and professionals perceptions of garment quality for a selection of women's vests

The purpose of this study was to gauge consumer and professional perceptions regarding attributes of garment quality and its assessment. The work focused on the standards of quality of products from three major clothing retailers in the UK. A basic vest was selected from each retailer and a panel of experts from the clothing industry were invited to examine these garments and to render their professional judgement on which garment exhibited the best quality in terms of handling, and also of aesthetic appearance. A panel of potential consumers were also invited to offer their perception of the quality of the garments. Both groups expressed their opinions about the perceived cost in a blind test. These tests were conducted to achieve quality perceptions from two points of view; real actual objective quality versus subjective discernment of quality. The research highlighted the extent to which clothing quality exists in both material attributes and construction; also its awareness and expectations.

Effects of the inner mould material on the aluminium–316L stainless steel explosive clad pipe

The clad pipe played an important part in the pipeline system of the nuclear power industry. To prepare the clad pipe with even macrosize and excellent bonding quality, in this work, different mould materials were adopted to evaluate the effect of the constraint on the clad quality of the bimetal pipe prepared by explosive cladding. The experiment results indicated that, the dimension uniformity and bonding interface of clad pipe were poor by using low melting point alloy as mould material; the local bulge or the cracking of the clad pipe existed when the SiC powder was utilized. When the steel mould was adopted, the outer diameter of the clad pipe was uniform from head to tail. In addition, the metallurgical bonding was formed. Furthermore, the results of shear test, bending test and flattening test showed that the bonding quality was excellent. Therefore, the Al–316L SS clad pipe could endure the second plastic forming.

소비자의 브랜드 태도가 인터넷 브랜드 의류 구매행동에 미치는 영향

Purchasing behavior of brand clothes in internet shopping mall is largely used on the purpose of having a good quality of clothing, price advantage and shopping efficiency. This study aims to find out consumer's evaluation on the properties of brand clothes in internet shopping mall according to consumer's brand attitude(brand identification and brand pursue value). The influences consumers' evaluation of the properties of brand clothes on the purchase satisfaction and off-line brand image evaluation were also investigated. This study surveyed male and female consumers in their 20s~40s for empirical analysis in August 2011 who have purchased brand clothing through internet shopping malls. The survey was conducted on 254 subjects who were selected through online convenience sampling. Data were analyzed by using SPSS for Windows 12.0, and descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor analysis, and regression analysis were done as well. The results are as follows. First, it was identified that consumers' brand identification and brand pursue value had significant influence on the evaluation of physical, functional, and expressional product properties. Second, it was identified that consumers' evaluation on the brand clothing properties significantly influenced on internet purchase satisfaction and brand image evaluation. Especially, expressive property of brand clothes appeared to be the most influential factor on purchase satisfaction and brand image evaluation. The results of this study will help clothing companies with prestigious brand names to administer the product qualities with differentiation policy from off-line sales and satisfy the consumer needs in internet shopping, hence enhancing the brand image of the company.

Study on Original Design Features of First Ladies' Evening Dresses - Comparison of Jacqueline's Styles and Later First Ladies' Styles -

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (July 28, 1929 - May 19, 1994) was served as First Lady of the United States in the early 1960s. Her fashion styles are analyzed into the elements of designs, and the features of Jackie look are assorted. A variety of sources about women's suits for the 21st century are suggested in the research. Jackie's taste in fashion, her fashion image are searched. In addition, after Jackie, other nine fashionable First Ladies' evening dresses are compared to Jackie's dresses so as to see if there are similarities between their styles. Based on this data, the typical First Lady's look is classifiable. The purpose of this study is to furnish the industry with basic information which helps create high value fashion design. Most of Jackie's evening dresses had the straight - sheath silhouettes, and the round or bateau necklines without collars. Pale tones like white predominated in her dresses, and patternless colorful silk, silky and bright texture of cloth was used for the dresses. Elegance and classic represented her image. Design features of Jackie look are the straight silhouette, the simple line excluded adornments, and the fine quality of cloth. There has been little change in other nine First Ladies' evening dresses since Jackie. They weren't influenced by the vogue at that time, but they kept the style the way Jackie did. Jackie style is the beginning of the typical first lady look, that is.

The International Trade in Secondhand Clothing: Managing Information Asymmetry between West African and British Traders

The nature of the international trade in secondhand clothes is such that the Igbo importer in West Africa cannot know what specific items of clothing are packed in the bales supplied to him from Britain. Since he is not there to pick and select at the sorting factory of his supplier, how is he assured of the quality of the clothes he is importing? The question of information asymmetry is at the heart of this article. An empirical description is provided here of what goes on within an international network of traders in secondhand clothes in relation to quality assurance on items of clothing that cannot be viewed by the importer until the bales are opened up in West Africa. Such assurance is shown to depend on certain practices in the trade, especially the seconding of an apprentice from the shop of the Igbo importer to the sorting factory of the British supplier. The article also explores how the commercial problem of quality assurance is resolved through relationships of trust and cooperation. Importers jostle to establish such relationships with suppliers that understand the subjective as well as pragmatic factors determining the quality of secondhand clothing imported into the West African market from Britain.

Influences of Processing Parameters on Dilution Ratio of Laser Cladding Layer during Laser Metal Deposition Shaping

Laser Metal Deposition Shaping (LMDS) is a state-of-the-art technology that combines rapid prototyping and laser processing. There are many factors affecting the quality, precision, microstructure and performance of LMDS-deposited parts. Among them, dilution ratio is a significant one since it is not only an important index to judge the laser cladding quality, but directly affects the interlayer bonding strength and performance quality of as-formed metal parts. Thus, the substantial LMDS experiments were performed to conclude the influence of processing parameters on dilution ratio of laser cladding layer. The results indicate that the influence degree of scanning speed is most significant, while that of laser power is relatively slight. In order to ensure the perfect forming quality and strong metallurgical bonding, it is necessary to choose suitable dilution ratio to accomplish the LMDS process.

Application of Taguchi-based gray relational analysis for evaluating the optimal laser cladding parameters for AISI1040 steel plane surface

The effect of various laser cladding process parameters like laser power, scan speed, and powder feed rate on clad bead quality characteristics (or clad bead geometry) for AISI 1040 steel substrate have been studied by performing a number of experiments with L 9 orthogonal array. In order to find the process parametric setting for best quality clad bead based on experimental results, a multiresponse optimization technique using gray relational analysis (GRA) is presented in this paper. The GRA is applied on laser cladding process to find out the gray relational grade for each experiment. On optimization, power of 1.25 kW, scan speed of 0.8 m/min, and a powder feed rate of 11 gm/min have been found to be the best parametric setting for laser cladding operation of AISI 1040 steel substrate. Moreover, the analysis of variance is also performed to determine the contribution of each control factor on the clad quality characteristics. Finally, to ensure the robustness of GRA, a confirmatory test is performed at selected optimal parametric setting.

An approach to calculate fatigue properties of laser cladded components

Regarding the fatigue strength of laser cladded components only very few investigations exist today. This situation induced an investigation whose most important technical results are presented in this paper. The final goal of this work is to predict the optimal process and material parameters for the laser cladding process regarding the fatigue strength and locations of crack initiation. With the intent of calculating the residual stresses in the coating and the adjacent substrate, a FEM-based weld simulation model was developed. On the basis of the calculated residual stresses, the mechanical load situation during cyclic bending is simulated. In order to verify the FE models, round specimens have been laser cladded and analysed regarding clad quality, dilution and hardness as well as fatigue strength during a four-point bending test. The results from simulations and experiments are used as input for calculating the fatigue strength and locations of crack initiation. The Cobalt-based alloy Stellite 21 has been cladded on two substrate materials: the austenitic steel X5CrNi18-10 and the hardened and tempered steel 42CrMo4. Experimental analyses showed that the fatigue limits of the specimens strongly depend on the core materials. The fatigue strength of the steel 42CrMo4 has been figured out to be lower compared to that of the austenitic steel. It is assumed that these results are associated with different residual stresses. A model to simulate residual stresses induced by the cladding process has successfully been set up. Possibilities of fatigue-limit calculation using two approved models for hardened steels have been investigated.

“A Curious Revolution Has Been Taking Place in the Dress of What Used To Be Called ‘The Workman'”: Walker Evans's Unpublished Article on Men's Fashion

This article considers an unpublished photo story by Walker Evans, shot in 1963 and intended for publication in Fortune, Time Incorporated's business magazine, where Evans was employed as special photographic editor from 1945–65. Titled “The Clothes: A Note on Sartorial Actuality,” the assignment concerns the working dress of American men, and is shot on the streets of New York and the campus of Yale University, New Haven. Evans's intention was to reveal how the postwar concept of men's fashion was starting to infiltrate the representation of American men at work; attempting to capture a shift in the kinds of clothes worn by men for the purpose of work, noticeably influenced by the sphere of leisure. In correspondence with the editor of the magazine, Evans termed his work “documentary fashion photography” as an attempt to capture the readable quality of clothing in pictorial form. This article examines this body of work, paying particular attention to the hat as an item of apparel, once described by Evans as “a sort of defiant signature.”

The Key Algorithm and System of Clothing Quality Prediction

The Key Algorithm and System of Clothing Quality Prediction