Quality Of Cabbage Research Articles

Effect of Biocidal Substances on Population Dynamics of Plutella Xylostella Linnaeus, 1758, Auxiliary Insects, and Cabbage Production in the Suburban Area of Dakar

This study was conducted to determine the effects of biopesticides, used in the control of Plutella xylostella, major bioaggressor of cabbage, on its auxiliaries as well as on cabbage quality. It took place in a field of 65 m2, located in Malika, peri-urban area of Dakar. Treatments, based on Crateva religiosa (200g/l), Calotropis procera (400g/l), a mixture of the two products, and the control, were performed every two weeks on a random block device. Analysis of the results was done with the Rstudio software. Results showed that untreated plots were more infested with Plutella xylostella larvae (p-value = 0.01271). Efficacy of Calotropis procera on P. xylostella larvae has been demonstrated. The effect was all the more interesting since auxiliaries were not affected by treatments, as the regular sampling revealed. A satisfactory agronomic result was obtained at the end of this test, with as indicator, a much larger harvest from the treated plots.

Quality of Cabbage and Kohlrabi Depending on the Fertilizing Regime and Use of Mulch

Summary Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group) take a very important place in vegetable farming around the world. Obtaining good-quality plants with minimal inputs is imperative in production. The experiment was set up in Sombor, on chernozem. The research analyzed the effect of 9 organic and mineral fertilizers (individually and in combinations), in the presence or absence of mulch, on the quality and the yield of cabbage (variety Adema) and kohlrabi (variety Volturno). The content of nitrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were determined after harvesting. The highest yield was obtained by using pig manure + 500 kg NPK/ha and mulch in cabbage, and by applying the same treatment without mulch in kohlrabi. Cabbage and kohlrabi fertilized with beef manure in combination with NPK (300 and 500 kg/ha) had a lower concentration of nitrate than with other kinds of fertilizing. The combination of organic and mineral fertilizers gave the best result both in terms of quality (the content of nitrates, N, P) and yield.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveal the mechanism of selenate influence on the growth and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Selenium is an essential trace element for human and animal health, and an appropriate amount of Se can promote the growth and development of plants. Cabbage is a popular cruciferous vegetable with a good ability to accumulate Se, and Se-enriched cabbage can be used as an important Se source for humans. However, the effects of Se-enriched cultivation and the Se accumulation mechanism in cabbage are still unclear. In this study, the effects of different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mmol/L) of selenate on cabbage growth and quality were explored. A low concentration of selenate (0.1 mmol/L) promoted growth and nutritional quality. The contents of total Se, S, selenocystine, and selenomethionine significantly increased following selenate application. Important secondary metabolites, namely glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, participate in the response to selenate in cabbage. Comparative transcriptome and metabolomics analysis revealed that SULTR2.2, SULTR3.1, APS, APK2, HMT, MMT, and NTR2 played important roles in Se absorption and conversion. Additionally, the SUR1, UGT74B1, and ST5b genes and cytochrome P450 family genes CYP83A1, CYP79A2, and CYP79F1 may be the crucial genes in the glucosinolates biosynthesis and regulation pathway. The PAL, 4CL, CAD, CHS3, FLS, and CYP73A5 genes were involved in flavonoid and phenolic acid accumulation under selenate treatment. These results reveal the internal relationships in the regulatory network of Se metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in cabbage and help further the understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanism of how Se biofortification affects cabbage quality, thereby providing genetic resources and a technical basis for the breeding and cultivation of Se-enriched cabbage with excellent nutritional quality.

Impact of an Agriphotovoltaic System on Metabolites and the Sensorial Quality of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and Its High-Temperature-Extracted Juice

To date, the impacts of agriphotovoltaic (APV) condition on the production yield of crop have been studied; however, the effect of APV production on the sensorial quality and consumer acceptability of the produce remains unexplored. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, we cultivated “Winter Storm” cabbage under solar panels (20.16 kW) and in open field in 2020. The weight and diameter reduction rate of fresh cabbage grown under APV condition compared to open-field conditions were 9.7% and 1.2%, respectively. The levels of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products were not significantly different in the fresh cabbage between the two conditions. The amount of volatile organic compounds, which may affect the perception of smell, were significantly higher in the cabbage juice prepared from the ones grown in open-field conditions than in the juice prepared from cabbages grown under APV conditions (n = 3, p < 0.01). However, untrained subjects could not distinguish the difference in the quality of the 2 sets of cabbage juices in the triangle test (n = 70, p = 0.724). Regardless of the distinguishing features of color, aroma, and taste, the subjects did not have any preference between the two different cabbage juices.

Replacing 30 % chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer increases the fertilizer efficiency, yield and quality of cabbage in intensive open-field production

ABSTRACT: The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer is an effective way to improve soil fertility, crop yield and quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield, quality and fertilizer use efficiency of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) grown under different ratios of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer at a rate of 225 kg N ha-l in 2019 and 2020. The fertilizer treatments included N0 (non nitrogen fertilizer), CK (only compound fertilizer was applied, N:P:K=15.0 %:6.5 %:12.4 %), T1, T2 and T3 (organic fertilizer replaced 15 %, 30 % and 45 % chemical fertilizer, respectively), and T4 (total nutrient input was reduced by 10 % under T2). Results showed that T2 had the highest marketable yield and fertilizer use efficiency, as well as the best quality. The marketable yield, vitamin C content, soluble sugar content, REN (apparent uptake efficiency of fertilizer N) and AEN (agronomic N use efficiency) of T2 increased by 32.2 %, 14,9 %, 5.5 %, 97. % and 55.6 %, respectively, in contrast, the crude fibers decreased by 34.0 %, compared with CK in the two years. In addition, T4 guaranteed the yield and moderately improved the quality of cabbage, compared with CK. Therefore, we can alternatively apply fertilization according to the purpose of capturing the highest yield or properly declining fertilizer to sustain soil texture and productivity.

The microorganisms natural consortia effectiveness in the white cabbage crop cultivation

The research on effectiveness of microbial consortia with growth-regulating and anti-pathogenic functions on the yield and quality of white cabbage had been carried out in the field conditions for 2 years. It was obtained that under N90P120K150, the use of the experimental biofungicide Tridem promoted an increase in nitrogen-fixing activity in the soil and a decrease in the infectious conditions in the rhizosphere under cabbage hybrids. The use of the experimental microbial complex BIS provided an increase in the mass of heads of cabbage, the accumulation of biologically active substances in them, and contributed to an increase in the biodiversity of soil microbiota. The combined use of the biofungicide Tridem and the microbial complex BIS stimulated an increase in yield, had a positive effect on the quality of cabbage and contributed to a decrease in the number of pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the soil under cabbage.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Fulvic Acid Application on the Growth, Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Cabbage

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Fulvic Acid Application on the Growth, Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Cabbage

Sulphur fertilization on biochemical constituents of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata. L) in non-calcareous soil of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu

Sulphur is the fourth most important plant nutrient after nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and it is becoming increasingly crucial in high-quality crop production (Bhoyar., 2019). Since limited work has been carried out regarding different sulphur sources on cabbage production in the Coimbatore district, the present study was undertaken to investigate the sulphur sources and levels on various biochemical constituents of cabbage. Hence a field experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Viraliyur village, Thondamuthur block of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu to assess the effect of sulphur fertilization on improving the biochemical constituents of cabbage hybrid Saint. There were four different S sources (Elemental sulphur, Potassium sulphate, Gypsum, Single super phosphate) applied at five levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1) and replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The crop was fertilized with a Soil Test Crop Response-prescribed dose of NPK (200:125:25 kg ha-1). The crop was harvested on 90th day and cabbage heads were analysed for various biochemical constituents like ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), chlorophyll content, glucosinolates (GLs), total phenol content (TPC), sulphur containing amino acid (methionine) and antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase). The influence of S fertilizers on biochemical constituents increased significantly with increasing levels of sulphur fertilization up to 80 kg S ha-1 excluding ascorbic acid content. The pooled data showed that gypsum applied at 80 kg ha-1 registered the maximum GLs (69.0 µmol g-1), TPC (31.9 mM 100g-1), methionine (32.3%), peroxidase activity (0.70 units min-1mg-1), TSS (7.64 0Brix), TA (0.64%), ascorbic acid (61.4 mg 100g-1) and total chlorophyll (1.21 mg g-1) in cabbage head. The lowest content of biochemical constituents viz., GLs (34.1 µmol g-1), TPC (8.10 mM 100g-1), methionine (17.6%) and peroxidase (0.31 units min-1mg-1) were observed in control applied NPK alone. There were positive and significant changes in the biochemical constituents of cabbage due to S application which confirms the improvement in the quality of cabbage head. The study concluded that gypsum was the better sulphur source for improving the quality of cabbage.

AgNPs seed priming accelerated germination speed and altered nutritional profile of Chinese cabbage

In this study, the performance of AgNPs-priming (20, 40, and 80 mg/L) on the seed germination, yield, and nutritional quality of Chinese cabbage were evaluated. We found that AgNPs-priming at 20 and 40 mg/L for 15 h significantly accelerated seed germination speed and seedling development. Cabbage seeds primed with different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L) were then planted in a real soil and allowed to grow for 1 month in greenhouse. Results showed that AgNPs-priming at 40 mg/L significantly increased cabbage yield by 44.3%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) combining with sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) reveals that AgNPs priming altered the metabolite profile of cabbage leaves in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing carbohydrates and increasing nitrogen related compounds. This indicates that the metabolic stimulation during germination stage can influence the entire life cycle of cabbage. The nutritional quality of cabbage edible leaves was evaluated by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results showed that AgNPs-priming at all tested concentrations significantly increased the content of essential amino acids for several folds in cabbage leaves, including alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. Meanwhile, AgNPs-priming (40 mg/L) significantly increased iron (Fe) content by 23.8% in cabbage leaves. Ag did not bioaccumulate in edible tissues, indicating the bio-safety of AgNPs-priming. These results suggest that AgNPs-priming is a low-cost and eco-friendly approach to increase crop yield and nutritional quality.

Effects of dose of pyrophyllite on yield and quality of the cabbage

In this study was researched the influence of the pyrophyllite as a nutrient, bio-stabilizer, soil conditioner, as the adsorbent in different combinations and correlated standard quantitative relations with mineral fertilizers (NPK 15 : 15 : 15), on the yield and nutritional value of Bravo cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata). Within the examined factor of fertilization treatment, the following variances were represented: a1 – 800 kg ha–1 NPK 15 : 15 : 15 (control plot), a2 – 800 kg ha–1 NPK 15 : 15 : 15 + 2200 kg ha–1 pyrophyllite, a3 – 800 kg ha–1 NPK 15 : 15 : 15 + 1700 kg ha–1 of pyrophyllite, a4 – 800 kg ha–1 NPK 15 : 15 : 15 + 1200 kg ha–1 of pyrophyllite, a5 – 800 kg ha–1 NPK 15 : 15 : 15 + 700 kg ha–1 of pyrophyllite. The purpose of this research was to determine the extent to which the components of the yield and nutritional quality of cabbage depend on the different applied doses of pyrophyllite. The results indicate the fact that the treatments with the application of higher participation of pyrophyllite had a positive effect on the weight and quality of the cabbage head in relation to the control variance.

Effect of Mulching and Spacing on the Yield Quality of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L), South West Nigeria

The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of mulching and spacing on yield quality of cabbage. The objectives were to determine the appropriate spacing for cabbage, know the effect of mulching on yield quality and measure the combine effect of mulching and spacing on yield of cabbage. The experiment was laid out in a 2 x 5 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The mulch materials used for the experiments were; black polyethene plastic mulch, gliricidia, Elephant grass, Sunflower, and No mulching (control) while the planting spacing used were (45cm x 45cm and 30 cm x 30 cm). Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separation was done using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level. Result obtained revealed that spacing at 45cm gave the best yield quality with fruit weight (114.36g), fruit height (26.47cm) and girth (48.13cm). Black polyethene (BP) gave the best yield fruit weight (1369.76g), fruit height (29.5cm) and girth (52.33cm). The combined effects of mulching and spacing revealed that combined effect of the factors do not have significant effect on the yield quality of cabbage. Based on the findings spacing of 45 by 45cm and black polyethene mulching materials were recommended for optimum yield quality of cabbage in the region.

Application of Response Surface Methodology Based on a Box-Behnken Design to Determine Optimal Parameters to Produce Brined Cabbage Used in Kimchi.

The factors of brine time, concentration, and temperature, affect the high-quality production of brined cabbage used in Kimchi. Although changes in Kimchi cabbage quality depending on brine time and concentration have been reported, changes in brine temperature have not been explored. Here, we optimized the brine process considering specific conditions of temperature (15–25 °C), concentration (10–14%), and osmosis duration (14–18 h) affecting the characteristics such as pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, glucose, fructose, and lactic acid bacteria and mass transport (salt gain, water loss, and weight reduction). The optimal parameters were determined using multivariate statistical analysis using the Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. For each response as qualitative characteristics, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple regression analysis. Analysis of variance was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The brine temperature and concentration affected salt gain and water loss; the optimal brining temperature, concentration, and time were 19.17 °C, 10.53%, and 15.38 h, respectively. Statistical regression analysis indicated that standardized brined cabbage can be produced efficiently using a brining tank at controllable temperature.

​​Response of INM, Spacing and Cycocel on Quality Attributes of Cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. capitata] in Bundelkhand

Background: The significance of stabilized use of fertilizers is more populous between the farmers to get higher quality of produce. In integrative agricultural system, integrated nutrient management (INM) provide best way to solve numerous issues regarding sustainability, improving quality, boosting yield and keeping good soil fertility in efficient and economical way. Cabbage is one of the most valued crop among cole group vegetables and it is rich in vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1, B2 and B3, sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, sodium etc. Methods: Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of vermicompost, inorganic fertilizers and growth retardant (cycocel) with different spacing in cabbage and carried out in factorial randomized block design at Experimental Farm Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) during rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19. Fertilizers with cycocel treatment increases the accumulation of various minerals and vitamins. Result: Result indicated that quality attributes of cabbage were found to be highest and significant in the treatment where 50% RDF (Inorganic Fertilizer) + 50% Organic (vermicompost) were applied at wider crop geometry (45cm x 45cm spacing) along with spraying of 300 ppm cycocel (growth retardant). Head yield of cabbage was positively correlated with various quality attributes. Application of vermicompost along with inorganic in head of the cabbage. The experimental findings indicated that reduction in the amount of inorganic fertilizer was not detrimental to quality of cabbage while applying the vermicompost in proper amount that is 50% in combination with inorganic fertilizers. It is evident that integration of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer at wider spacing under cycocel treatment enhances the quality of cabbage and also sustaining the fertility of soil.

Nondestructive evaluation of Chinese cabbage quality using mechanical vibration response

Mechanical vibration response using a self-made hammering device was performed to non-destructively measure Chinese cabbage quality using multidirectional vibration indices. To obtain a wide range of texture and different chemical attributes in cabbages, experiments were conducted every 3 d over 16 d of storage. The vibration parameters of each cabbage were extracted from the optimized frequency-response curves in both X-axis and Z-axis directions. A total of 26 features were extracted from the time and frequency domain signals. Cabbage quality attributes were determined by compactness and chemical indicators (soluble solids content, moisture content, Vitamin C content, and crude fiber content), and the newly introduced indicator of compactness was determined by a self-made apparatus. Stepwise multiple linear regression methods were used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the cabbage quality. Results showed that the compactness indicator was applicable to evaluate the texture of Chinese cabbage. The method which utilized mechanical vibration response was capable of evaluating and predicting cabbage quality indicators except for soluble solids content, particularly for compactness (rp = 0.757, RMSEP = 0.002 MPa). The better detection method for the vibration test was to stimulate the point in the equatorial part of a Chinese cabbage, and then collected the response signals at the point 180° apart from the excitation point. The factors consist of the second resonant frequencies in X-axis and Z-axis directions were designated as the major factors, and the residual vibration signals contributed to improving the evaluation effects of cabbage quality, as well as the morphological index, mass, density, and logarithmic damping ratio in the Z-axis. The proposed approach provides a method for non-destructive detection of Chinese cabbage quality, and it may be applied to online inspection, grading, and quality judgment during the post-harvest process.

Growth, yield, and postharvest quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) in response to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer

In the Philippines, vegetable farmers generally apply excessive amounts of fertilizer to maximize yield while not understanding the cost impacts and environmental effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the productivity of two cabbage cultivars. The experiment was conducted as a factorial using a randomized complete block design in two growing seasons. The two factors included level of nitrogen (21, 141, 191, 241, 291, 341 and 391 kg N ha-1) and cultivar ('Resist Crown' and 'KEX-734') with each treatment combination replicated four times. The study showed that application of 291 kg N ha-1 resulted in the highest dry matter, largest heads (polar and equatorial) and highest average yield (35.49 t ha-1) in the two growing seasons. At 391 kg N ha-1, cabbage yielded the highest number of leaves and leaf count increased concomitantly with increasing N application rate. Results further showed that N application at the highest rate (391 kg N ha-1) resulted in the highest postharvest weight loss (33.7%) and shrivelling of cabbage heads. The cultivar 'Resist Crown' produced a greater number of leaves, largest polar head size and consequently highest mean yield (25.7 t ha-1) than cultivar 'KEX-734' in both cropping seasons. The results indicate that an application rate of about 291 kg N ha-1 is recommended for cabbage production since it increases yield through enhancing the size and weight of the cabbage head. 'Resist Crown' was a better cultivar than 'KEX734' having greater yield and postharvest quality. © 2021 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

Relaxation characteristics for quality evaluation of Chinese cabbage

Static rheological behaviors of Chinese cabbage have rarely been reported, and the quality are still mostly assessed by empirical methods. This study mainly aimed explore the feasibility of using relaxation characteristics to nondestructively evaluate the cabbage quality. Intact Chinese cabbages (Brassica pekinensis L.) were subjected to comprehensive stress relaxation tests and evaluation under storage conditions (at 10 ± 1 °C, 85 ± 2% RH). The five-element Maxwell models (R2 > 0.99) were applied to effectively describe the relaxation behaviors of cabbages. Among the parameters of the relaxation model, the values in the first component were significantly higher than those values in the second component. Maxwell model parameters were correlated well with the quality parameters of cabbage. Meanwhile, the firmness, SSC, and crude fiber content could be effectively predicted by relaxation parameters, with the exception of VC content and moisture content. The predictive models of quality properties were effectively validated by t-test and multi-linear regression methods. The results corroborated the relationship between relaxation characteristics and quality properties, which indicated that the stress relaxation test was a feasible and nondestructive method to evaluate and predict the quality properties for Chinese cabbage.

Selenium yeast promoted the Se accumulation, nutrient quality and antioxidant system of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

ABSTRACT The application of Se yeast as a Se source to cultivate Se-rich cabbage has a significant effect on cabbage growth and quality indices. Results showed that total plant weight, head weight, and head size in cabbage were notably increased by 48.4%, 88.3%, and 25.4% under 16 mg/kg Se yeast treatment, respectively. Compare with the control, a high proportion of 3874% of Se accumulation in cabbage head was also detected in 16 mg/kg Se yeast treatment. Selenocystine (SeCys2) and Methyl-selenocysteine (MeSeCys) were the main Se speciations in the cabbage head. Application of 8 mg/kg Se yeast improved cabbage quality and antioxidant system indices, including free amino acid, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid, phenolic acid, glucosinolates, and SOD activity, which had 81.6%, 46.5%, 34.9%, 12.3%, 44.8%, 25.2% higher than that of the control, respectively. In summary, considering 8 mg/kg Se yeast as the appropriate level of Se enrichment during cabbage cultivation. These findings enhanced our understanding of the effects of Se yeast on the growth and quality of cabbage and provided new insights into Se-enrichment vegetable cultivation.

Effect of Botanical Extracts on the Growth and Nutritional Quality of Field-Grown White Head Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).

Nutraceuticals and functional foods are gaining more attention amongst consumers interested in nutritious food. The consumption of foodstuffs with a high content of phytochemicals has been proven to provide various health benefits. The application of biostimulants is a potential strategy to fortify cultivated plants with beneficial bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, it has not yet been established whether the proposed higher plants (St. John’s wort, giant goldenrod, common dandelion, red clover, nettle, and valerian) are appropriate for the production of potential bio-products enhancing the nutritional value of white cabbage. Therefore, this research examines the impact of botanical extracts on the growth and nutritional quality of cabbage grown under field conditions. Two extraction methods were used for the production of water-based bio-products, namely: ultrasound-assisted extraction and mechanical homogenisation. Bio-products were applied as foliar sprays to evaluate their impact on total yield, dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, nitrates, micro- and macroelements, volatile compounds, fatty acids, sterols, and sugars. Botanical extracts showed different effects on the examined parameters. The best results in terms of physiological and biochemical properties of cabbage were obtained for extracts from common dandelion, valerian, nettle, and giant goldenrod. When enriched with nutrients, vegetables can constitute a valuable component of functional food.

Effect of different planting time and spacing on growth, yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cv. Golden Acre under Bundelkhand region in U.P.

A field experiment was carried out to know the optimum planting time and spacing for cabbage cultivation in Bundelkhand region at Organic Research Farm, Karguwan ji, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.). The treatments comprises three planting times viz., 5th November (P1), 15th November (P2) and 25th November (P3) and three spacing viz., 60 × 45 cm (S1), 60 × 30 cm (S2) and 45 × 30 cm (S3). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Design with three replications. The observations were made on growth, yield and quality parameters of cabbage. The results revealed that highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, stem diameter, head weight, head yield, head diameter and Total Soluble Solid content was obtained with early seedlings transplanting on 5th November while, minimum days taken to head maturity and highest head compactness was observed with seedlings transplanted on 25th November. There was no significant difference observed between planting times for dry matter content. Among the spacing’s, highest growth and quality parameters were observed with seedlings transplanted on wider spacing (S1) while, highest head yield was recorded with seedlings transplanted on medium spacing (S2). The interaction effect of planting times and spacing were non-significant effect for all the parameters except yield however, highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, stem diameter, head weight, head diameter, TSS and dry matter content was observed with treatment combination of P1S1 (5th November + 60 cm × 45 cm). The significantly highest yield (490.98 q ha-1) was obtained with treatment combination of P1S2 (5th November + 60 cm × 30 cm). Minimum number of days taken to head maturity and crop harvest as well as highest head compactness was recorded with treatment combination of P3S1 (25th November + 60 cm × 45 cm).

English

Horse manure composts may provide nutrients to crops as well as enrichment of good microorganisms for phytoprotection. Previous studies have shown their effectiveness against diseases but there are problems to overcome their composting procedures. The purpose of this experiment is to treat the horse manure starting from the stable to produce compost for crop growth. The results indicate that the manure can be enriched in its nutrient components after appropriate crushing. Biophase analysis of the microorganisms on manure composts during their fermentation showed that the main genus is Bacillus subtilus species which is characterized by higher temperature resistance and so has higher concentration after fermentation. Field experiment on cabbage growth shows that horse compost may improve soil property, nutrient components and cabbage quality more than the compost sold in the market. Key words: Horse manure, plant nutrition, agricultural management, resource, product innovation.