Board Quality Research Articles

Board Quality and Earnings Management: Evidence from India

This article examines whether board qualities influence the earnings management behaviour of firms in a large emerging market set-up by using panel data of 783 Indian private manufacturing firms over a period of 7 years (April 2009–March 2016). The study finds that it is board quality that helps in curbing earnings manipulation and not just board independence. Results reveal that diligent and busy boards help in reducing earnings management, CEO duality affects the quality of reported earnings and promoters’ influence on boards increases earnings management. Domestic or foreign institutional investors do not have any independent impact on earnings management. However, domestic institutional ownership reduces earnings management when promoters’ influence exists. The article contributes to the literature by focusing on whether corporate governance (CG) mechanisms are important in curbing earnings management in an emerging market context. The findings are expected to be helpful to policymakers and regulators while framing appropriate CG policies and regulations.

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL AMPAS SAGU BERDASARKAN KADAR PEREKAT ASAM SITRAT

This research was to aimed the quality of particle board made from sago waste on citric acid. Particle board made from sago waste from Ambawang Subdistrict, the Regency of Kubu Raya. The research was conducted at the Wood Workshop Laboratory, Wood Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry and PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara. Particle size with 8 mesh – 10 mesh and Adhesive citric acid levels were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. Mixing material is done manually. Particle board is made with size 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm with target density of 0,6 gr/cm2. specificpressure of 25 kg/cm2 and temperature of 1800 C for 15 minutes. The quality of particle board comply with a request JIS A 5908-2003 is increasing adhesive citric acid 20%.Keyword : citric acid, particle board, sago waste

Investigation on the attack of Trichoderma viride on wheat straw composites manufactured with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Trichoderma viride can infect wheat straw composites (WSC), thus affecting the quality of boards. This study investigated the change in color of the composite and its chemical composition after the straw was infested with mold with for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze chemical structural changes in the WSC after the infestation. The infested surface and core layers were examined and analyzed. The infection of T. viride on the WSC can darken its color. After 12 weeks of cultural infestation, 19.6% of cellulose, 27.2% of xylan, 9.3% of lignin, and 31.9% of ethanol extracts were degraded. The degradation on WSC by T. viride was 9 times and 14 times more than the degradations of pine and poplar wood, respectively. T. viride attacked WSB differently on its surface and center layers. More lignin in the WSB surface layer was degraded. In contrast, cellulose and xylan were degraded to a greater degree in the center.

From Moving Beyond Compliance to Quality to Moving Beyond Quality to Effectiveness: Realities and Challenges.

In 2007, Taylor proposed to move beyond compliance to develop measures for assessing the ethical quality of institutional review board (IRB) reviews. To date, no such tool has been developed. In 2018, Lynch et al. proposed to move beyond quality to advance effective research ethics oversight. Instead of providing a set of measures, they proposed to define and specify ways to measure the effectiveness of IRBs in protecting human subjects. They further claimed that any attempts to measure the quality and performance of IRBs without using such measures, to be developed by them in the unforeseeable future, were not helpful. The realities are that nearly 50 years after its establishment, there has been no systematic assessment of the quality and performance of IRBs, and that nearly two decades after the deaths of Jesse Gelsinger and Ellen Roche and the implementation of reform processes to improve our system of protecting human subjects, there is still plenty of room for improvement. The challenges today are for Taylor to come up with a tool to measure the ethical quality of IRB reviews, for Lynch et al. to develop measures for assessing the effectiveness of IRBs in protecting human subjects, and for the IRB community to decide whether to continue to wait for Taylor and Lynch et al. to develop their promised tools or to start taking advantage of performance measurements to improve the quality and performance of IRBs by using existing IRB performance metrics or to improve those existing performance metrics.

Controlling parameters and characteristics of electrochemical biosensors for enhanced detection of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine

This work discusses the parameters and characteristics required on the development of a scalable and reliable electrochemical sensor board for detecting 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress biomarker for diabetic nephropathy, cancer and Parkinson’s disease. We used Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology to make a precise, low-cost bare sensor board. ZnO nanorods (NRs) and ZnO NRs: reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were used as a pathway for antibody immobilization on the working electrode (WE). The parameters and characteristics of the WE were controlled for enhancing the quality of the electrochemical sensor board. Thickness of the gold and the presence of ZnO NRs or their composite on the WE have influence on charge transference process and reproducibility of the sensor board. The amount of the antibody, and its incubation period are crucial to avoid saturation of the sites during immobilization step and reduce the cost of the sensor. Our ZnO NRs-based electrochemical sensor board showed high sensitivity and selectivity to 8-OHdG with detection capacity in the range of 0.001–5.00 ng.mL−1. The successful application of our immunosensor to detect 8-OHdG in urine was evidenced.

Блок керування установки для експонування фоторезисту

One of the most commonly used technologies for developing electronic devices is the use of printed circuit boards. Often there is the need to create PCBs in small amount, for example, for experimental production, training laboratories, etc. It is important to create a device that will simplify and make the process of production of printed circuit boards for small-scale production more effective.The basis of the methods of manufacturing printed circuit boards is the removal of a copper layer from a metallized dielectric. Before removing it is necessary to protect the necessary areas. In the device that is being developed, for this purpose it is planned to use the photochemical method. As a protective layer photoresist is used - a substance that changes its internal structure under the action of ultraviolet еxposure. The use of a photomask can expose the necessary areas, creating a protective layer. An LED will be used as a source of UV radiation, as it has a number of advantages over mercury lamp: longer life span and stable illumination that instantly reaches the required wavelength and does not require calibration. In addition, there are advantages in overall dimensions and cooling system, which is much easier to implement for LED technology. An important factor is the exposure time of the photoresist. Incorrect exposure can lower printed circuit board quality. Exposure limiting is done using a time controller.The main elements of the device are the following blocks: the input block - an encoder containing a button in its design; As a control unit, the STM32F103S8T6 chip series of the ARM family of microcontrollers is used as the most functional and economical. Information output will be carried out on an LCD screen that has no limitations on the type of information to be output. The lighting unit consists directly of the UV light-emitting diode and voltage converter to ensure the technical conditions of the LED.Thus, the undeniable advantage of the device is its low cost through the use of inexpensive components of the element base. In addition, the compactness and portability of the device facilitates its storage and maintenance, does not create complications during its placement. It should be emphasized that the adjustment of all parameters of the device is built in one regulator, which greatly simplifies its operation. All of the foregoing proves that we have developed a device that will provide a reliable and at the same time a simple photoresist exposure process in the laboratory and does not require the user to have high technical awareness. Such a device will be useful in school and university classrooms, in experimental and research laboratories.Библ. 8, рис. 1, табл. 1.

Effect of Particle Immersing in Various Concentrations of Acetic Acid to Enhance the Sandwich Particleboard (SPb)

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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PENGGERGAJIAN KAYU SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria) MENJADI PAPAN SERAT

Fiberboard can be made from a variety of berligno-cellulose fiber materials. One of the berligno-sesulose fiber materials is Sengon wood which is a waste of sawmills. Efforts to use sengon wood waste can be used for high density fiberboard. In this study we want to see the quality of sengon wood fiber board with TRF adhesive (Tanin Resolsinol Formaldehyde). The sengon wood fiber board was tested according to the JIS A-5905-2003 standard. The parameters tested were the physical-mechanical quality of the fiberboard, namely density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness development, elastic modulus, fracture modulus and internal adhesive strength. TRF is applied in three levels, namely: 0%, 6% and 8%. The results showed that the physical-mechanical quality that met the JIS A-5905-2003 standard was density (0.935 - 1.204 g / cm3), moisture content (9.840 - 12.2%), modulus of elasticity (313.55 - 355.53 kg / cm2), broken modulus (36,672 - 39,341 kg / cm2) and internal adhesion strength (4,244 - 4,371 kg / cm3). While the nature of water absorption (65,875 - 79,856%) and the development of thickness (27,665 - 39,295%) did not meet the JIS A-5905-2003 standard, at all TRF levels.

SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL SERAT KULIT BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon sago ROTTB.) BERDASARKAN UKURAN SERAT

Wood is the most used basic material for daily life, such as material construction, furniture, appliances, and etcetera. This causes the increase of the necessity of wood in the other hand, the availability of wood are decrasing. On of the solutions for this problem is the particle-board from the agriculture waste which is sago. One of the sago parts which can be used is the sago bark. It contains more number of cellulose and lignin then dago dregs and it also contains bigger cellulose and lignin than woods, so it can be used as particle-board. The fibers used are 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm. The citterate solution concentrate is 20% which was mixed with the particle-board. These particle mixtures were in an oven in 24 hours. The production of particle-board with the target of density 0,6 g/cm2 and forged in 1800 C within 15 minutes. The aim of this research is to find out the size of fibers for the particle-board. The best quality of particle board based on JIS 5908 standard is on the 10 cm fiber , with board mechanical characteristic : the flexibility module 22801,8196 kgf/cm2, the fracture module 334,9006 kgf/cm2, and the screw holding strength 46,5448 kgf/cm2. The physical characteristic of water concentrate 10,6249 % and the water absorption 66,8314 %. The score of dense/thickness development and internal bonding did not quality JIS 5908 A (2008). In general, the result of the research showed that longer the size of fibers the better the quality would be produced. Keywords : fiber size, oven duration, particle-board, sago bark

The Effect of Wood Sawdust Mesh Combination on Mechanical Behaviour of Particle Board

Particle boards are widely used as furniture materials in the world. The particle boards on the market have a disadvantage that is when this materials contact with water, the mechanical properties decrease significantly. Material engineering is carried out by changing the particle board composition and other factors. One of the factors that influence the quality of particle board is wood sawdust mesh. Filler mesh combinations are carried out to obtain the best quality particle board. The result of experiment refers to SNI 03-2105-2006 for some mechanical properties, such as density, thickness swelling, hardness, bending strength, and impact toughness. The compositions of particle board in this research are 15% fibre of oil palm, 50% wood sawdust, 15% resin epoxy and 20% polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Samples were carried out by cold press single punch method with pressure 30 bar. The result from this research known that the best mechanical properties of particle board on filler mesh combination M40-60-80, those are: density 0.95 g/cm3, thickness swelling 1.93%, hardness 29.30 N/mm2, bending strength 16.38 MPa, and impact toughness 3.38 kJ/m2. This value has exceeded the particle board on the market.

The medical unit round: engaging trainees in curriculum-relevant teaching

To provide weekly curriculum-relevant teaching for medical juniors as per Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board (JRCPTB) quality criteria for core medical trainees. Previous attempts at establishing sustainable weekly medical teaching at our hospital had failed secondary to poor attendance from both trainees and consultants. At the beginning of the year, the Royal College of Physicians college tutors, associate college tutors and chief registrar agreed that re-establishing high quality weekly teaching was a high priority …

Director Liability Protection and Board Quality

We investigate how state Universal Demand statutes (UD) that lower the risk of shareholder derivative lawsuits affect recruiting and retention of outside directors. Using a difference-in-differences analysis, we document improvements in outside director experience following UD adoptions, especially for firms facing greater litigation risk or smaller local supplies of director candidates. UD adoptions also make high-quality director candidates from non-UD states firms more willing to join boards at firms incorporated in UD states. We find some limited evidence that UD adoptions help attract outside director candidates with better educational and certain professional backgrounds and reduce voluntary departures of high-quality directors.

The Characteristics of Particle Board from Empty Fruit Palm Oil (elaeis guineensis jacq) using an Adhesive of Liquid Guava Rod Bark

Empty Palm bunches is the raw materials in the making of particle board with the adhesive of Liquid Guava Rod Bark, The Hot Pressing process at 16 Mpa and temperature 150oC. The particle board was created with a size of 20 x 15 x 2 cm with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3. This research aims to know the characteristics of particle board using adhesive liquida guava rod bark on the empty Palm bunches and performed tests to find out the quality of particle board with reference to standard JIS A 5908-2003. The result showed an adhesive has a real effect on fiber moisture content particle board and influential real pressure against temperature MOR (Modulus of Rupture). From the testing that was performed the particle board have 0,837 gr/cm3 density, moisture content, and strong 8,67% hold screws 18.25 kg at the rate of 20% of the adhesive that has been standard JIS A 5908-2003 while the absorption of water, development of thick, elastic modulus, modulus of a broken and sticky firmness has not met internal standards.

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI KULIT BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon spp) DENGAN PEREKAT ALAMI ASAM SITRAT: SIFAT FISIK, SIFAT MEKANIK, DAN KEAWETAN TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

The study aimed to analyze the quality of particle boards from bark fiber of sago (Metroxylon spp) with citric acid as natural adhesives based on physical properties, mechanical properties, and durability from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Particle boards are made with a size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm. The experimental factors used in the study included densities (0.7 gr/cm3 and 0.8 gr/cm3) and concentrations of citric acid adhesives (20% and 30%). The material then flow into hotpress with 1800C for 15 minutes and pressure at 25 kg/cm2. Testing of the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards refers to the JIS A 5908-2003 standard and durability against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren was conducted based on SNI 01. 7207-2006. The results showed that the densities factor had a significant effect on density, thickness swelling, MOE, MOR, internal bond, screw holding strength, and weight loss of the particle board against termites. Meanwhile concentration of citric acid adhesive significantly affected the density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, MOR, internal bond, and screw holding strength. The interaction between the densities factor and concentration of citric acid has a significant effect on thickness swelling and density. The physical and mechanical properties of particle boards which fulfill the JIS A 5908 2003 standard were density, moisture content, MOR, and screw holding strength. The durability of particleboard againts termites has a very strong level. The average values of termites mortality were 94% ~ 100%. The average of wood weight loss values were 9.61%~ 18.51%. The particle board made with a density 0.8 gr/cm3 and concentration of citric acid adhesive 30% achieved the highest values on physical properties, mechanical properties and durability to the termites Coptotermes curvignathus. Keywords : citric acid, Coptotermes curvignathus, Metroxylon spp, particle board, sago

Between politics and business: Boardroom decision making in state‐owned Indonesian enterprises

AbstractResearch Question/IssueA significant part of the world's economy is controlled by state‐owned enterprises, and there is a lack of research on how the interplay between politics and business plays out in the boardroom. We address this issue by analyzing boardrooms' decision outcomes as they relate to the role of boardroom power distribution, members' motivation, and decision‐making approach.Research Findings/InsightsOn the basis of information from a sample of 22 state‐owned Indonesian enterprises, we found that a decision outcome in a boardroom is influenced by three factors: the motivation and decision‐making approach of individual board members and the distribution of power in the boardroom. We also found that, in several cases, board members are powerless decision makers, as the decision‐making process in the boardroom is controlled by the government and politicians.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study contributes to the understanding of the inner working processes in emerging‐market boardrooms, and we build a theory‐driven typology of boards' decision outcomes.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis paper highlights the nature of political interactions within the boards of state‐owned enterprises, and we recommend that state‐owned enterprises seek board members who are knowledgeable and rationally motivated, as well as seek a (more) equal power distribution among board members. Politicking and political interference can lower the quality of boards' decisions.

КОНСТРУКЦІЇ ТА ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ МЕБЛЕВИХ ЩИТІВ В НОРМАТИВНИХ ДОКУМЕНТАХ

A detailed analysis of regulatory documents for furniture panels was made. The regulatory framework for furniture panels was analyzed, in particular the following documents: DSTU EN 12775:2004. Wooden shields. Classification and terminology (EN 12775:2001, IDT), DSTU EN 13017-1:2004, DSTU EN 13017-2:2004, DSTU EN 13354:2009, DSTU EN 14080:2013. It was found that the quality of furniture boards is determined according to DIN EN 13017-1:2000 (DSTU EN 13017-1:2004 – for softwoods) and DIN EN 13017-2:2000 (DSTU EN 13017-2:2004 – for hardwoods ). Furniture boards made of softwood are divided into 5 classes of surface quality (0, A, B, C, S), hardwood - into 3 classes (A, B, C). Quality is determined by the best side, and when marking, two sides are indicated - front and back (for example, A/B). It was determined that the most common defects that affect the quality of furniture boards are knots, cracks, skewness and others that are classified according to DSTU 2152-93 and measured according to EN 1310:1997 (DSTU EN1310:2005). The spheres of use of furniture boards are established, which are classified according to EN 13353:2008 into 3 classes: SWP1 (in dry conditions): SWP2 (in wet conditions): SWP3 (in atmospheric conditions). The main types of furniture panel designs produced by domestic and European enterprises are analyzed. It has been established that on the market of Ukraine, the most common recommendations for the manufacture of a furniture panel are the following species: oak, beech, ash and pine with the following most typical dimensions for the dimensions of this panel material: thickness 18, 20, 28, 30 and 40 mm, width - 300 , 600, 900 and 1200 mm and 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mm long. It is planned to carry out a more in-depth analysis of the study of the change in shape of single-layer wooden shields of 5 thicknesses (18, 23, 30, 37 and 42 mm) with the widths of sections of lamellas of 20, 32, 50, 68 and 80 mm, and the lengths of these sections — 150, 322, 575, 828 and 1000 (solid-lamella shield) mm, when they are affected by temperature and humidity factors.

DIVERSITY MEASURES AND QUALITY OF BANKS’ BOARDS: THE ITALIAN CASE

Most of the studies in corporate governance in banks and other types of firms investigate board diversity and quality separately, without considering the possible relationship between these two. To...

DIVERSITY MEASURES AND QUALITY OF BANKS’ BOARDS: THE ITALIAN CASE

Most of the studies in corporate governance in banks and other types of firms investigate board diversity and quality separately, without considering the possible relationship between these two. To fill this gap, this study investigates through a new methodological approach the level of quality and diversity of the boards of a sample of Italian banks using a proprietary hand-collected database; in addition, it examines the relationship between diversity and quality of boards to verify whether more diversity consistently relates to higher quality, in accordance with the regulatory approach.Evidence shows that especially small and mutual banks need to improve quality and diversity, as they probably suffer from their limited attractiveness to top profile directors. Moreover, on analyzing interrelations we find evidence of a positive association between board diversity and quality. In particular, financial skills and experience of directors improve the qualitative level of banking boards.

Quality assessment of tumor boards across an academic and community cancer network.

122 Background: Cancer tumor boards (TB), or multidisciplinary team meetings are standard of care in oncology care worldwide. Specific components are described by the American College of Surgeon's Commission on Cancer Program. Most data show consistent improvement in outcomes including a change in diagnostic findings, treatment, and possibly improved survival with TBs. Methods: We adapted a performance assessment tool based on a validated survey implemented in the United Kingdom. An initial survey aimed at assessing tumor board structure and design was sent to 21 TB leaders, and subsequently a tumor board quality assessment survey was sent to 175 participants throughout an academic and community network. The quality assessment survey required participants to identify an answer on a 5-point Likert scale in the categories of "very poor, poor, average, good, and very good". Results: TB leaders representing 16 of 21 (response rate 76%) TBs responded to the structure/design survey. Twelve TBs were from the academic center and included diseases such as Gynecologic Oncology, Cutaneous Oncology, Genitourinary Oncology, and Sarcoma, while four were from community sites. TB leaders indicated that 55% of TBs did not receive CME credit and 60% did not document their recommendations. One hundred eleven TB participants of 175 (response rate 63%) responded to the quality assessment survey. Participants identified the following strengths: 1) all relevant subspecialties present for meetings, 2) respectful teamwork and culture, and 3) operating on an organized agenda. Areas for improvement included: 1) inconsistent tumor board recommendation documentation and 2) post-meeting coordination of care. Results were reviewed with network and cancer center leadership as well as with the Cancer Committee. Conclusions: We assessed our own tumor boards across our cancer network by utilizing an adapted version of a validated TB performance measurement tool for the first time in the United States. Through this assessment we identified key areas for improvement including the need for obtaining CME credit for TB attendance, and developed a policy, process, and template for documenting TB recommendations in an easily accessible centralized location.

Should Investors Care About Mutual Fund Governance Quality?: Evidence From Morningstar Stewardship Ratings

This article uses Morningstar Governance Ratings (MGRs) to analyze mutual fund expenses and create an indirect proxy for mutual fund performance. The results differ across ratings type and fund structure. In general, multiple share class (MS) funds do not have lower expenses, which is surprising since MS funds were created explicitly to have lower expenses. Additionally, MGRs impact expenses differently for each fund structure type: a higher board quality rating is only correlated with lower expense ratios for MS funds, while higher managerial incentive ratings are correlated with higher expenses for Non-MS funds and lower expenses for MS funds. When considering that a main impetus for creating MS funds is to lower investor expenses, it is of interest that only funds with higher stewardship ratings seemingly have lower expenses.