Aggregate Quality Research Articles

Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with sperm aggregate quality in Peromyscus mice.

In some species, sperm form coordinated groups that are hypothesized to improve their swimming performance in competitive contexts or to navigate through the viscous fluids of the female reproductive tract. Here we investigate sperm aggregation across closely related species of Peromyscus mice that naturally vary by mating system to test the predictions that sperm aggregates 1) are faster than solitary sperm in species that females mate multiply to aid cells in sperm competition, and 2) outperform solitary sperm cells in viscous environments. We find significant variation in the size of sperm aggregates, which negatively associates with relative testis mass, a proxy for sperm competition risk, suggesting that postcopulatory sexual selection has a stabilizing effect on sperm group size. Moreover, our results show that sperm aggregates are faster than solitary sperm in some, but not all, species, and this can vary by fluid viscosity. Of the two species that produce the largest and most frequent groups, we find that sperm aggregates from the promiscuous P. maniculatus are faster than solitary sperm in every experimentally viscous environment but aggregation provides no such kinematic advantage under these same conditions for the monogamous P. polionotus. The reduced performance of P. polionotus aggregates is associated with less efficient aggregate geometry and the inclusion of immotile or morphological abnormal sperm. Our cross-species comparison yields insight into the evolution of sperm social behaviors, provides evidence of extensive variation in the Peromyscus lineage, and reveals that differences in sperm aggregate quality associate with postcopulatory sexual selection.

Mechanical Properties of Basalt-Based Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Jeju Island.

Recycled aggregate is essential to protect Jeju Island’s natural environment, but waste concrete, including porous basalt, is a factor that lowers the quality of recycled aggregate. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to analyze the properties of concrete application of basalt-based recycled aggregate (B-RA) through quality improvement. The absorption of the B-RA ranged from 3–5%; restricting its absorption to less than 3% was challenging owing to its porosity and irregular shape. However, the increase in the solid volume percentage of the concrete when replacing 25 or 50% of fresh basalt aggregate with recycled basalt aggregate improved the mechanical performance of the concrete, especially at 25%, for which a compressive strength of 55.9 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 25.9 GPa exceeded those of concrete with fresh basalt aggregate. Moreover, increasing the replacement ratio of the fresh basalt with recycled aggregate reduced the slump and decreased the air content, consequently increasing the concrete drying shrinkage. However, the replacement of fresh basalt aggregate with recycled basalt aggregate unaltered the mechanical performance of the concrete. The results indicate that efficient use of recycled aggregates can yield superior performance to that of fresh basalt, irrespective of aggregate quality.

Enhancing the quality of recycled coarse aggregates by different treatment techniques—a review

Generation of solid wastes due to industrialization and urbanization results in dumping of wastes in landfills causing contamination of soil, air, and water. One of the important solid wastes is construction and demolition wastes generated during destruction of engineering structures. These wastes reduce the percolation of rain water that recharges the underground water level table and affects the integrity of the environment. In recent times, concrete fractions recycled from the construction wastes have been used as an alternative to fine and coarse aggregates. However, the adhered mortar on the surface of recycled aggregates possesses micro-cracks resulting in the higher water absorption compared to the natural aggregates. Removal of adhered mortar and densification of micro-cracks on the surface of recycled aggregates are performed through various treatments to enhance the quality of recycled aggregates. This paper reviews various treatments and processing techniques to improve the quality of aggregates recycled from the construction wastes for its efficient utilization in the concrete. The review on various literatures infers that the microbial treatment to recycled aggregates was more effective in improving the properties of the concrete. Microbial treatment precipitates dense CaCO3 crystals that clog the micro-cracks on the adhered mortar and reduces the porosity of the recycled aggregates. It is also observed that several advanced concrete mixing techniques strengthen the weaker interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in the recycled aggregate concrete without any additional surface treatments to recycled aggregates.

Analysis of web-based travel health advice provided to international travellers with chronic medical and psychiatric illnesses

ObjectivesThe internet is an important source of travel health information. Individuals living with chronic illnesses consult patient organisation websites for illness-related information. We analysed the scope of online travel health information available to patients with pre-existing medical conditions. Study DesignA descriptive content analysis of patient organisation websites was conducted. MethodsThe Google® search engine was interrogated using search terms related to the principal chronic diseases from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Data relating to 41 travel health variables were extracted from each eligible website. An aggregate quality score was derived for each organisation based on the presence of specific website information. Visitor usage and search analytics for each organisation’s website were also described. ResultsWe examined 145 official organisation websites relating to 10 major chronic illnesses. The largest number of websites was retrieved for patients with cancer (n = 36). Only 21 (16.5%) websites provided information on fitness-to-travel considerations. COPD websites had the highest average quality score (17.68%), followed by diabetes (14.91%) and dementia (13.28%). Mental health illness websites had the lowest score of 1.33%. There was a trend towards increased emphasis on pre-travel preparation and medications. Insect bite avoidance, malaria, animal bites, jet lag, and repatriation were addressed to the least extent. ConclusionsOur analysis exposes significant deficits in the coverage of travel health topics. Patient organisations should provide accessible pre-travel health advice to website users. Future research should elucidate the influence of web-based pre-travel health information on the behaviour of travellers with chronic disease.

Effectiveness of vibratory added mixing concrete with heating-grinding recycled coarse aggregate

Concrete is a building material that is widely used in the construction industry. With the increasing need for concrete, the demand for constituent materials will increase. To reduce dependence on natural materials, the recycling process of the concrete waste has been encouraged recently. This study applied a heating and grinding method of waste concrete to obtain higher quality recycled coarse aggregate. The addition of vibrations in the mixing process is aimed to enhance the recycled concrete compressive strength. To produce recycled coarse aggregate, the concrete waste was heated to a temperature of 100°C for 24 hours followed by a grinding process using a Los Angeles machine for 600 cycles. Additional vibrations for 30, 60, and 90 were applied in a concrete mixer during the mixing process. Conventional concrete with normal aggregate and no additional vibration during mixing was also provided for comparison. According to the experimental results, the quality of natural coarse aggregate and the recycled one using heating and grinding methods is not much different. Compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete with vibrations of 30, 60, and 90 seconds increases 21.1%, 22.1%, and 22.6% sequentially correlated to normal concrete. Recycled concrete using heating and grinding methods with the addition of vibration during the mixing process is effective to be used as an alternative to normal coarse aggregate.

Optimization of the Concrete Composition Mix at the Design Stage

The problem of the composition optimization of concrete mixes seems to be quite urgent as errors at the composition design stage can lead to problems of concrete at the stage of exploitation such as delamination, cracking etc. Reasonable selection of concrete mix components guarantees the required strength of concrete and reinforced concrete structures in the future. This paper investigates the influence of the concrete mix composition on the strength of concrete. Firstly, typical risks that can occur on the composition design stage have been identified through the experts' interviews. Secondly, this risks were associated with indicators and characteristics that can be tested experimentally. Running of several mathematical models has allowed to outline concrete mix parameters of highest importance and formulate an empirical equation for the dependence of the strength of the concrete mixture on the values of the coarse aggregate quality factor, the fine aggregate fraction and the consumption of the Portland cement has been proposed. As a result, a methodology for controlling the quality of concrete at the stage of the composition design has been formulated. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091732 Full Text: PDF

Optimization of microbial induced carbonate precipitation treatment process to improve recycled fine aggregate

Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a novel and environmentally-friendly method to improve the properties of recycled aggregate. This study focused on the optimization of MICP treatment process, mainly including the modification duration, the addition method of calcium source and the number of modification cycles, to improve the quality of recycled fine aggregate (RFA). Weight increase and water absorption decrease of RFA after MICP modification were used to evaluate the effects on the improvement in properties of RFA. The properties of the mortar with modified RFA were examined to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MICP treatment process. The results show that the optimal MICP treatment process consisted of disposable addition of calcium source and repeating 3 modification cycles with single modification duration of 1 d, verified by the SEM observation and XRD analysis; the mortar with RFA modified by the proposed MICP process showed higher flexural strength and carbonation resistance, which can be explained by the better pore structure at a microscopic level.

Abstract 171: Cloud-based bulk and single-cell RNAseq pipelines in the Terra platform for the Lung PCA

Abstract Introduction: The Lung Precancer Atlas (PCA) is developing bulk and single cell RNA-seq pipelines to process Lung PCA sequencing data collected across our multi-institutional consortium. The pipelines will be publicly available to run using the Terra Cloud platform so that they can be used by other members of the NCI Human Tumor Atlas Network (HTAN) and the broader research community. Method: We built our single cell and bulk RNA-seq pipelines for integration in the Terra cloud platform. Terra utilizes a Google Cloud/BigQuery backend to store data with built-in security features. The Terra platform provides a uniform resource for pipeline development and data processing for investigators located across multiple institutions. Result: The RNA-seq pipeline in Terra used by GTeX and HTOP utilizes STAR to align reads to a reference genome, RSEM and RNASeQC-2 to quantify expression and compute quality metrics. We have added additional quality metrics using the FASTQC and RSEQC tools as well as GATK germline variant calling. Somalier is used to perform fast fingerprinting for multiple samples derived from the same patient. The pipeline was also modified to estimate TCR/BCR repertoires using TRUST to facilitate downstream analyses of the immunological status of lung premalignant lesions. We have also enhanced Terra pipelines for droplet and plate-based single cell RNA sequencing data. The single cell RNA-seq preprocessing pipeline for 10X data included steps from CellRanger for demultiplexing, alignment to a reference genome, and count matrix generation. We have added the quality control pipeline from the singleCellTK package, which generates and aggregates quality control metrics from 8 different tools including those for doublet detection and ambient RNA quantification. For plate-based CEL-seq2 data, we have built a pipeline utilizing the SCRUFF package for alignment and singleCellTK for quality control. The count matrices and QC metrics are aggregated into SingleCellExperiment or SummarizedExperiment R objects for downstream analyses. Conclusion: Our completed Terra pipelines will allow researchers in the Lung PCA to process RNA sequencing data using a consistent set of tools and gene annotation. These pipelines, and the standardization of data processing and quality control that they provide, may be of use to other investigators in the Human Tumor Atlas Network as well as to broader scientific community. Citation Format: Chris Husted, François Aguet, Conor Shea, Adam Gower, William Mischler, Yusuke Koga, Rui Hong, Steven Dubinett, Avrum Spira, Sarah A. Mazzilli, Ethan Cerami, Ignaty Leshchiner, Marc E. Lenburg, Gad Getz, Jennifer E. Beane, Joshua D. Campbell. Cloud-based bulk and single-cell RNAseq pipelines in the Terra platform for the Lung PCA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 171.

Hybrid and dynamic clustering based data aggregation and routing for wireless sensor networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), effective transmission with acceptable degradation in the power of sensor nodes is a key challenge. In a large network, holdup is bound to occur in communicating superfluous data. The aforementioned issues namely, energy, delay and data redundancy are interdependent on each other and a tradeoff needs to be worked out to improve the overall performance. The extant methods in the literature employ either centralized or distributed approach to select a cluster head (CH). In this paper, sink originated hybrid and dynamic clustering with routing technique is proposed. The proposed routing algorithm works based on node handling capability of each sensor node in the selection of CH and also helps in identifying the forwarder node. In addition, processing load of a sensor node is also considered for selecting the forwarder. Both space and time correlation is used to collect data from the clusters and then aggregated to provide a proficient communication. The introduced method is evaluated with the performance of the previously available techniques like, Data Routing for In-Network Aggregation (DRINA), Efficient Data Collection Aware of Spatio-Temporal Correlation (EAST), Cluster-Based Data Aggregation (CBDA), Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation and Transfer (EEDAT), and Distributed algorithm for Integrated tree Construction and data Aggregation (DICA). Simulation parameters considered for assess ing the performance of the proposed algorithm are aggregation ratio, routing overhead, packet delivery fraction, throughput, packet delay and consumed energy. The experimental analysis of the introduced algorithm generates paramount outcome of finest aggregation quality with diverse key characteristics and circumstances as required by a sensor network.

Compression Resistance of Concrete

Abstract The paper presents the main mathematical relationships for the evaluation of the compressive strength of Portland cement concretes made over time by researchers of worldwide recognized scientific value. The authors use in their relations the influence factors on the value of the compressive strength and the conditions that the components of the concrete must meet. Each mathematical relation was verified by the authors through complex laboratory research and by imposing restrictive conditions for achieving the mechanical performance and durability of the studied concrete. It presents the advantages, disadvantages and scope of use of relations, as well as the possibilities for their application for the present. The relationship established by Feret in 1892 (also reformulated by him in 1896) is a qualitative relationship, which takes into account the absolute volumes occupied by cement, water, occluded air and the quality of the cement; the relationship established by Bolomey in 1935 and completed by the Russian scholar Skramtaev is a quantitative relation, which takes into account the dosages of cement, water and the quality of cement and aggregates. Feret’s relationship, updated in 1999 by François de Larrard, as well as Bolomey’s relationship, updated in 1979 by Dreux-Gorisse, proved their validity and usefulness in evaluating the mechanical performance of Portland cement concrete.

Effects of Slag Addition and Mechanical Pre-Processing on the Properties of Recycled Concrete in Terms of Compressive Strength and Workability

Abstract Concrete waste as crushed concrete aggregates (CCA) in structural concrete prolongs the technical life of the reference concrete accomplishing closed loop recycling. CCA concrete reaches the reference concrete compressive strength and workability by the densification of CCA and cement paste. Our previous study demonstrates CCA densification by mechanical pre-processing, aggregate quality improvements discerned by increased packing density giving reference concrete strength and workability. This study addresses paste densification with blast furnace slag (GGBS) to replace 30 (wt.%) of Portland cement at reference concrete w/b ratio 0.5 and a lower w/b 0.42. Two CCA replacements are investigated: fine aggregates, CCA50; overall aggregate replacement, CCA100. Compressive strength results show that both CCA50, CCA100 mixes achieve reference values at w/b 0.42, only CCA100 achieves reference value at w/b 0.5 as a climate-optimized concrete. The CCA50 mix-w/b 0.5 reaches reference strength when paste densification by GGBS is combined with CCA densification from mechanical pre-processing of aggregates. The 7-day strength of CCA100 with GGBS increases by 11% by mixing with pre-soaked GGBS. Statistical analysis of CCA100 strength results shows significant improvements with GGBS compared to mechanical pre-processing. Significant improvements are possible in CCA50 mix for a combination of mechanical pre-processed aggregates and GGBS replacement.

Properties of concrete incorporating microwave treated coarse aggregate: An experimental study

Using microwave heating technology to assist concrete recycling have great potential for improve the quality of recycled concrete aggregate. Unfortunately, there are few studies explored on the properties of concrete incorporating microwave treated coarse aggregates. This study aims to investigate the performance of coarse aggregate after microwave treatment and to evaluate the properties of the resulting concrete incorporated microwave treatment aggregate. The water absorption and crushing value tests were carried out to study the effect of microwave heating treatment on the physical properties of coarse aggregates. Concrete incorporated aggregate with various microwave heating parameters was fabricated and tested. The results indicated that physical performance of microwave treated aggregate was within the range of specification requirement and water absorption and crushing value of coarse aggregate heated under low microwave power levels (2–3 kW) is very closed to the untreated samples, while coarse aggregates treated with high power levels showed a significant increase. It was also observed that concrete made out of low microwave power levels heated aggregates are able to achieve strength on par with natural coarse aggregate concrete. In addition, in case of similar strength, the elastic modulus of microwave treated aggregate concrete is similar to natural aggregate concrete. These results indicate that using low microwave power levels to assisted aggregates recycling can reduce the damage to coarse aggregates to some extent, which provide a further understanding for the application of microwave-assisted aggregates recycling.

Multi-scale investigation on mechanical behavior and microstructural alteration of C-S-H in carbonated Alite paste

Carbonation treatment is a promising option to enhance recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) quality and eventually improve concrete performance. This study investigated the multi-scale mechanical properties of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in a mature alite paste subjected to accelerated carbonation treatment by testing macro compressive strength, microhardness and nanoindentation. The results show that, carbonation treatment resulted in a heterogeneous distribution of carbonation products in the alite sample. Reinforcement of C-S-H by the randomly precipitated calcite and vaterite crystals prevailed over the nano-structural and compositional alteration of C-S-H induced by carbonation, leading to an increase of nano-indentation modulus at the edge of the sample. Also, the microhardness at the edge zone was markedly higher than that at the core of the carbonated sample. The carbonated peripheral zone with improved nano-scale modulus and microhardness was likely serving as a “hard shell”, contributing to the improved macro compressive strength. The new insights into the multi-scale mechanical properties of carbonated C-S-H contribute to further understanding of the enhanced properties of RCA after carbonation treatment.

X-ray CT Analysis of FNS Mortars Mixed with Converter Slag Fine Aggregate

Aggregate is an indispensable component in concrete occupying nearly 65-80% of the total volume, whose effects on concrete performance are rarely studied [1]. Due to their inert and impervious characteristics, the durability of concrete is also influenced by the quality of aggregates. To meet the global demand for concrete in the future, it is becoming a more challenging task to find suitable alternatives to natural aggregate for preparing concrete [2]. Hence, the use of alternative sources for natural aggregates is becoming increasingly important.

The influence of ophiolitic crushed fine aggregate properties on the performance of cement mortars

Aggregates constitute the largest proportion of the raw materials used for the production of mortars. Therefore, their quality significantly influences the in-use performance of the aforementioned composite building materials. This paper investigates the influence of ophiolitic crushed fine aggregate, quarried in Cyprus, on the performance of cement mortars. The experimental results vividly show that the mineralogical composition and physicomechanical properties of the fine aggregate materials under study highly affect the properties of the hardened cement mortars. More specifically, cement mortars prepared with “poor quality” aggregates, exhibiting high methylene blue and Micro-Deval loss values, showed inferior physicomechanical properties, compared to composites prepared with “better quality” aggregates. Sound correlations were also found between the mineralogy of aggregates and the physicomechanical properties of the hardened composites. This suggests that the combination of standardized aggregate characterization tests and mineralogical analyses may prove useful in assessing the quality of aggregates, prior to their use in mortar production.

Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Carbonation Behavior of Three Generations of Repeatedly Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Multiple recycling of waste concrete has attracted widespread attention. This study presented the carbonation behavior of repeatedly recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) used in a micro-frozen region. The effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the carbonation depth of three generations of RRAC with 25%, 75%, and 100% of replacement rate were evaluated. All RRAC specimens after different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles were rapidly carbonated for 28 d indoors to test the carbonation resistance of concrete. The results suggested that the carbonation depth of RRAC subjected to freeze–thaw cycles is higher than that in the non-freeze–thaw condition. This is because the freeze–thaw damages cause the internal structure of RRAC to become porous and and prone to cracking, thus providing convenient channels for CO2 to react with the alkali in the cementitious materials. With the growth of replacement rate or recycling number, RRAC reveals serious freeze–thaw damage and inferior carbonation resistance, which is due to the continuous deterioration repeatedly recycled concrete aggregate (RRCA) quality. However, when the replacement rate was 25%, the carbonation depth for the third generation of RAC was comparable to the second generation of RAC at a 75% replacement rate, and even the first generation of 100% RAC. To ensure better carbonation resistance durability of multiple recycling RAC, the low replacement rate of RRCA should be considered. For the third generation of RAC with the 100% replacement rate, its highest carbonation depth after freeze–thaw cycles was 9.16 mm, which still met the design requirements for structural use in a micro-frozen region. This indicates that it is feasible for three generations of RRAC to be used in the micro-frozen environment and that RRAC has great engineering application potential and promotional value.

Automatic Classification of Coarse Aggregate Particle Size Based on Light Gradient Boost Machine

Aggregate plays an important role in the performance of asphalt mixture. In order to complete the intelligent online monitoring of asphalt aggregate quality, an automatic classification algorithm for coarse aggregate particle size based on LightGBM classification algorithm is proposed. Firstly, OpenCV is used to extract the two-dimensional morphological features of coarse aggregates, and then the correlation between these features and the classification of aggregates is analyzed. Finally, the accurate classification of coarse aggregate particles is achieved through grid search and cross-validation optimization model. The results show that the average classification precision of coarse aggregate can reach 84.7%. Compared with the classification method based only on image processing technology, the precision is increased by about 20%, and the efficiency of classification is greatly improved.

Outcomes After Use of a Lymph Node Collection Kit for Lung Cancer Surgery: A Pragmatic, Population-Based, Multi-Institutional, Staggered Implementation Study

IntroductionSuboptimal pathologic nodal staging prevails after curative-intent resection of lung cancer. We evaluated the impact of a lymph node specimen collection kit on lung cancer surgery outcomes in a prospective, population-based, staggered implementation study. MethodsFrom January 1, 2014, to August 28, 2018, we implemented the kit in three homogeneous institutional cohorts involving 11 eligible hospitals from four contiguous hospital referral regions. Our primary outcome was pathologic nodal staging quality, defined by the following evidence-based measures: the number of lymph nodes or stations examined, proportions with poor-quality markers such as nonexamination of lymph nodes, and aggregate quality benchmarks including the National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. Additional outcomes included perioperative complications, health care utilization, and overall survival. ResultsOf 1492 participants, 56% had resection with the kit and 44% without. Pathologic nodal staging quality was significantly higher in the kit cases: 0.2% of kit cases versus 9.8% of nonkit cases had no lymph nodes examined; 3.2% versus 25.3% had no mediastinal lymph nodes; 75% versus 26% attained the National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Kit cases revealed no difference in perioperative complications or health care utilization except for significantly shorter duration of surgery, lower proportions with atelectasis, and slightly higher use of blood transfusion. Resection with the kit was associated with a lower hazard of death (crude, 0.78 [95% confidence interval: 0.61–0.99]; adjusted 0.85 [0.71–1.02]). ConclusionsLung cancer surgery with a lymph node collection kit significantly improved pathologic nodal staging quality, with a trend toward survival improvement, without excessive perioperative morbidity or mortality.

Glucose Availability Affects Extracellular Matrix Synthesis During Chondrogenesis In Vitro.

Understanding in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is important as it holds great promise for cartilage tissue engineering and other applications. The current technology produces the end tissue quality that is highly variable and dependent on culture conditions. We investigated the effect of nutrient availability on hMSC chondrogenesis in a static aggregate culture system by varying the medium-change frequency together with starting glucose levels. Glucose uptake and lactate secretion profiles were obtained to monitor the metabolism change during hMSC chondrogenesis with different culture conditions. Higher medium-change frequency led to increases in cumulative glucose uptake for all starting glucose levels. Furthermore, increase in glucose uptake by aggregates led to increased end tissue glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) content. The results suggest that increased glucose availability either through increased medium-change frequency or higher initial glucose levels lead to improved chondrogenesis. Also, cumulative glucose uptake and lactate secretion were found to correlate well with GAG and HYP content, indicating both molecules are promising biomarkers for noninvasive assessment of hMSC chondrogenesis. Collectively, our results can be used to design optimal culture conditions and develop dynamic assessment strategies for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Impact statement In this study, we investigated how culture conditions, medium-change frequency and glucose levels, affect chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in an aggregate culture model. Doubling the medium-change frequency significantly increased the biochemical quality of the resultant tissue aggregates, as measured by their glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline content. We attribute this to increased glucose uptake through the glycolysis pathway, as secretion of lactate, a key endpoint product of the glycolysis pathway, increased concurrently. These findings can be used to design optimal culture conditions for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Glomalin and Contribution of Glomalin to Carbon Sequestration in Soil: A Review

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of nutrients and water to the plants through mutual symbiosis. Only AMF produces glomalin related soil protein (GRSP). Acaulospora morroaiae, Glomus luteum, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme are the effective glomalin producing AMFs. Mixed primary forest, tropical rainforest, soil organic matter, clay soil, no tillage, quality and quantity of fertilizers, crop rotation, and water stable aggregates are also suitable to increase glomalin production. Glomalin is a glycoprotein that contains 30–40% carbon (C) which is assumed to be stable and persistent in soil. The glomalin can sequestrate more carbon in the soil due to its high carbon and aggregate stability. Greater aggregate stability leads to high organic carbon protection in terrestrial ecosystems. The lowest glomalin content (0.007 mg per gram soil) was found in Antarctic region, and the highest glomalin content (13.50 mg per gram soil) was observed in tropical rainforest. In agricultural soil, glomalin content varies between 0.30 and 0.70 mg per gram soil. The GRSP containing soil organic carbon (SOC) in deeper soil layers was 1.34 to 1.50 times higher than in surface layers. Glomalin can sequestrate 0.24 Mg C ha-1 in soil when present at 1.10±0.04 mg g-1. At elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol-1) level, easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were 2.76 and 5.67% SOC in the surface soil layer over ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) level. This finding indicates the effective function of GRSP C sequestration in soil under global environmental change scenarios. Glomalin can also protect labile carbon that can help regulating nutrient supply to the plants. No tillage practice causes higher AMF hyphal length, GRSP and water stable aggregate (WSA) compared to that of conventional tillage practice. The current review demonstrated that GRSP is an important tool for carbon storage in deep soils. Glomalin mediates soil aggregates, improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration and crop production, and mitigates climate change.