Quality Of Labor Force Research Articles

Рівень освіти в Україні: дослідження динаміки у контексті забезпечення якості робочої сили

The level of education, being the most significant sign of the quality of labor force, contributes to ensuring the development of enterprises in production and economic aspects and requires constant attention and research of its dynamics in order to prevent and overcome negative trends. In the article the estimation of level of education is conducted in Ukraine, his dynamics is investigational in the context of providing of height of quality of labour force. It is set that on part of population with higher education Ukraine passes ahead the most developed countries considerably, but in the last few years there are ambiguous changes in the level of formation of labour force. So, the amount of persons having base higher and incomplete higher education grows gradually, and the amount of persons with complete higher education diminishes vice versa. The special attention is deserved by the considerable height of amount of persons, having only base, initial common or does not have education. Also the last years there is gradual reduction of amount of competitors of higher education, reductions of level of participation of young people in the formal and informal types of studies and professional preparation (in particular in rural to locality). On the whole it is necessary to mark some decline of index of general level of formation of labour force in 2019. The presence of tendency of decline of educational level of labour force in Ukraine is conditioned by the row of factors among that it is possible to distinguish the following: limit access to higher education for the certain layers of population of Ukraine (in particular for of scanty means families and habitants of villages); selective form of differentiation of studies that assists inequality between schools; depreciation of meaningfulness of higher education, that it contingently the crisis state of economy of Ukraine; subzero activity and personal interest of leaders of the Ukrainian enterprises are in financing of increase of educational level of personnel. The set circle of factors negatively influencing on the level of formation of labour force of Ukraine requires an immediate removal. Thus a question of increase of level of formation of population must be priority not only for the state but also for business, as exactly private enterprises are the basic "consumers" of labour force, one of major quality signs of that is a level of education.

Accelerating Agricultural Productivity and Marketing for Rural Transformation in Nigeria

This study examined the essential factors required to drive agricultural productivity and marketing towards enhancing rural transformation. Nigeria data on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) generated using the Solow’s residual approach, quality of labour force captured by different educational levels and health status, availability of credit, and the role of female gender among others were used for the period between1981-2016. Autoregressive distributed lag method was employed as no existence of long-run association was found among variables confirmed by the bound testing result. Findings showed that the female labour force is positively significantly related to TFP. Educational levels of labour were positively but insignificantly related to TFP except the primary educational level. Life expectancy rate was significantly negatively related to TFP. We thus recommended among others that female access to education and credit be enhanced to improve the female labour agricultural productivity, enhances the rural secondary and tertiary educational levels as well as increase in investment in farmers’ health status.

Servi publici. Ways of Acquiring Qualified Cheap Labour Force in Public Administration

The subject of this paper is the analysis of sources regarding the ways of acquiring qualified cheap labour force to work for public administration in Ancient Rome. In many papers about organization and functioning of that administration occurs the phenomenon of exploiting the highly qualified slavers. One of more important issues within this problematic area are the ways of public slavers acquiring. The purpose of this paper is to confront existing conceptions, accepted in Romanistic literature, with the results of sources analysis. Final conclusions include a kind of correction of existing conceptions. The result of this paper is also presentation of timeless mechanisms of searching cheap highly qualified labour force for public administration work.

Developing Local Entrepreneurship Ecosystems by Foreign Investment

The importance of foreign direct investment in transition economies has significantly increased over the last several decades. Foreign investors are recognized as important drivers shaping the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper aims to explore investors’ satisfaction with the factors previously identified as important for improving entrepreneurial ecosystems, that is, factors that both positively contribute to the development of local businesses as well as generate further foreign investment flow. Empirically we draw upon small case studies with managers of 38-42 key foreign investor companies in Latvia conducted in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. In the first data collection wave, we identify key challenges that foreign investors face in Latvia. In the following data collection waves, we measure the development in the identified areas of concern and thus the overall entrepreneurial ecosystem of Latvia. Given that Latvia is a transition country in the advanced stage of development, the focus is on issues related to productivity and value added, including the availability of high quality labor force, the efficiency of public sector, and favorable tax regimes as well as challenges posed by unethical and illegal behavior, labor shortages, and elements of uncertainty. Our results suggest that foreign investors see a number of challenges within the all afore-mentioned areas that are important parts of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Moreover, our findings suggest that progress with regards to the improvement of certain areas such as those mentioned previously from the viewpoint of foreign investors, was relatively slow during the period of 2015-2018. Our key contribution is providing with an in- depth analysis of factors shaping the entrepreneurial ecosystem in an advanced transition economy-from the viewpoint of foreign direct investors. We explore investors’ opinions with regard to the investment climate to summarize investors’ suggestions on how the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Latvia could be further developed. Our findings provide a scope for tailor-made, targeted policy recommendations to achieve these goals.

Return to Skills in India: The Role of Digital Access and Usage

This article analyses the quality of labour force in India using the data from India’s Citizen Environment and Consumer Economy (ICE) 360° survey (2016), which provides a view on how Indians earn, spend, save, invest, live, think, access amenities and public goods and consume. The approach adopted here provides an alternative perspective on the quality of labour force, which depends on skill levels, education and technology. The analysis reveals that Indian labour markets depicts a clear dichotomy between higher skill levels being dominated largely by the high-skilled workers and the manual jobs with lower skill levels for the low-skilled workers. Technology and digital usage has further accentuated this earnings differential. Also, higher skill levels in India tend to have both higher average earning and education levels compared to their lower skill counterparts, leading to widening the earning inequality.Further, this analysis provides important insights into the low skill levels of the vast Indian labour force, which would require re-qualification and re-specialisation of the labour force in order to compete in fast-changing globalised India. Thus, it becomes critical for Indian policymakers to relook the skill formation and education system to be able to swiftly and effectively respond to constantly evolving skill demand in the local, national and global market.

Wage theories: past and present

The authors study the essence and evolution of views on such an important economic category as wages, as well as the main modern directions of theories of wages. Salary, which is the price of labor, is considered the most important source income of the population, and its level is determined by the action of certain forces on the labor market, the interaction of demand and supply of labor. When a market economy is a commodity, labor, respectively, acquires properties corresponding to the product, such as, for example, the dependence of its price on correlation of supply and demand for certain professions and specialties, and, as a result, this price may be unstable. The first economist to implement a systematic interpretation of wage theory in the framework of a clear classification of income in a capitalist society, was A. Smith, although various theories were put forward before him in this field, but they had a comprehensive character. To date, there are various views, methods, tools studies in the framework of the theory of employment, presented by various directions and schools, the main ones are: neoclassical school, Keynesian school, monetary school, institutional and sociological school, the concept of a flexible market. The competitiveness of national economies in the global market is determined by greater part of the ability to innovate and perceive the latest technological achievements based on human, intellectual, social capital, that is, quality labor force and employee motivation. Raising wages and the quality of education, modernization based on new technologies, etc. considered as the main factors in the growth of productivity of human capital.

Self-Deprecation or Self-Sufficient? Discrimination and Income Aspirations in Urban Labour Market Sustainable Development

This research contributes to previous studies through exploring the association between individual psychological aspirations and hukou discrimination in the Chinese urban labour market. Applying data from the 2010 China General Social Survey, we divided the sample into local hukou residents and non-local migrants (includes urban-urban migrants and rural-urban migrants). We then examined the relationship between these sub-categories with different hukou status and their income aspirations (i.e., expected wage levels). The estimated results suggest that, in comparison with urban-urban migrants, rural-urban migrants are more likely to self-deprecate. Discrimination against rural-urban migrants significantly restricts their income aspirations. These findings imply that it is urgent to eliminate these negative impacts caused by hukou discrimination in the Chinese urban labour market, and understanding the structure of labour force quality such as psychological condition appears to be important in determining the long-term sustainable development of labour market. Theoretical and empirical implications, limitations and further research directions are also discussed.

Is economic growth compatible with a reduction in CO2 emissions? Empirical analysis of the United States

Energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions dropped 12% between 2007 and 2016 in the United States (U.S.), while the gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 19%. empirical data related to the decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth in the U.S. provides a useful study pilot opportunity and serves as a good example for other countries to learn about CO2 emission mitigation. This study identified the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the U.S. The goal was to determine if the rigid link between the two can be changed, and identify the potential drivers of this trend. We combined the Cobb–Douglas (C-D) production function and the extended Kaya equation to develop decomposition and decoupling techniques to quantify six potential effects. The results show that the investment effect and economy structure effect played the most important roles in increasing carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, the energy intensity effect cut carbon emissions in most of the years studied. Strong decoupling and weak decoupling are the main states; the energy intensity effect accelerated the decoupling process. In contrast, the investment effect and labor effect decelerated the decoupling process in recent decades. The study concludes that emission mitigation and decoupling policies should emphasize energy efficiency, investment patterns, and improvements in labor force quality.

How Do Informal Social Networks Impact on Labor Earnings in Turkey?

The informal social networks are one of the prominent factors in the labor market decisions both for the supply and demand side. Particularly, in developing countries, like Turkey, these informal networks have an influence on the labor market. However, even the existence of this issue, the impact of informal social networks has not been argued sufficiently for the Turkish case. In this respect, this study advances existing researches, by implementing the quantile regression method to reveal the impact of the informal social networks. The quantile regression analysis reveals the impacts of the different quantiles of wages. The Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS) is utilized for 2004-2016 period. The findings indicate that being recruited by social contacts has negative impact on wage levels and in consequence, aggregate productivity is decreased from low quality of labor force and the low return to the firm.

The value of international volunteers experience to the NHS

BackgroundGlobal Engagement works with health partnerships to establish workforce and educational translation on a global scale to support the National Health Service (NHS). There is growing evidence on how international experiences (through volunteering, exchanges and placements) benefit the NHS through an innovative workforce that develops international best practice and promotes lifelong learning. Most of this evidence has been captured though surveys to returned international volunteers. However, there is limited evidence about how to quantify the value that returned international healthcare volunteers bring back to their country of residence.MethodsThis paper identifies the various benefits to the NHS from returned international healthcare volunteers. The outcomes from returned international volunteers, which have been identified as relevant form a NHS perspective, are linked to three key areas in a multisector analytical framework used by the World Bank to evaluate labour market programmes: (1) Investment climate and Infrastructure, (2) Labor market regulations and institutions, and (3) Education and skills development. The monetary value of these outcomes is quantified through productivity indices which capture the economic value that the achievement of these outcomes have on the quality of the NHS labor force. This model is applied to a dataset of international volunteers provided by the Global Engagement health partnerships.ResultsThe results suggest that international volunteering generates average productivity gains of up to 37% for doctors and up to 62% for nurses. Average productivity gains estimated from health partnerships data vary depending on duration of volunteering periods and occupational category mix.ConclusionsOur analysis offers a value for money rationale for international volunteering programmes purely from a domestic and NHS perspective. The valuation method considers only one of the aims of international volunteering programmes: the development of the existing and future NHS workforce. Broader benefits for health system strengthening at a global level are acknowledged but not accounted for. Overall, we conclude that if the acquisition of volunteering outcomes is realised, the NHS can accrue a productivity increase of between 24 and 41% per volunteer, with a value ranging from £13,215 to £25,934 per volunteer.

Multiculturalismo canadiense y arte colombiano en Montreal: desarmando estereotipos nacionales con Fritta Caro

La propaganda de las instituciones migratorias canadienses se basa en la política del multiculturalismo para proyectar el estereotipo de Canadá como un país en el que diversas culturas coexisten sin conflicto, así como el de un actor internacional magnánimo. De este modo se busca atraer mano de obra calificada para fomentar la competitividad del país en un mercado globalizado sin comprometer la seguridad nacional. En el presente trabajo, se contrasta esta imagen estereotipada con el discurso que emerge de los testimonios de Helena Martín Franco, una artista visual colombiana establecida en la ciudad de Montreal, y su personaje Fritta Caro. Se parte de la hipótesis según la cual sus obras y testimonios ofrecen elementos de información incompatibles con los de la propaganda migratoria canadiense, por lo cual constituyen un acervo de disonancias que tiene un potencial para contribuir a desarmar los estereotipos que ésta difunde

Analysis of the Effects of Pull and Push Factors on Brain Drain: An Example of Turkey

Unemployment remains a major social problem with the impact of economic, social, political, historical and cultural factors. This problem is not only limited to Turkey but also becomes a global threat to other countries. Unemployment cannot be considered separately from employment. Unlike unemployment, employment policies are the process of inclusion of the labor element in the labor market. The most basic problem of unemployment and employment in Turkey; it is artificial employment and poverty rather than open unemployment in the western sense. On the other hand; frequent economic crises have led to the loss of employees' jobs. As a matter of fact, after the last crises, approximately 10 out of every 100 people, who are called as a qualified, highly educated gold collar, lost their jobs and the official unemployment rate increased from 9% to 12%. The most affected sectors are unemployed; while banking and finance and industry and service sectors are stated, there is a marked decrease in the quality of life of individuals. Another important development that attracts attention with the increasingly difficult working conditions and the economic crises is the increase of brain drain. Undoubtedly, it is possible to say that the unemployment phenomenon and the decrease in the quality of life have a significant effect on these negative developments. In this study, the reasons for going abroad and their decision to return to the country of the qualified labor force will be evaluated by logistic regression analysis in terms of pull and push factors.

Integrated training in using different Coordinate Measuring Systems to support Digital Manufacturing

Highly qualified labour force is a key resource for growth. In modern manufacturing, the competent use of advanced measuring equipment for inspection and digitization of parts is an essential competence that is needed for both advanced product/process engineering and quality control. Coordinate Metrology (including 3D digital measuring technologies) is by far the most important tool for these specialized activities. As widely reported, the individuals operating the measuring systems - with their decisions - are frequently one of the most relevant error sources in Coordinate Metrology operations, especially when dealing with new measuring technologies supporting Digital Manufacturing (e.g. Computed Tomography, Fringe-projection, Reverse Engineering). The paper reports the intermediate results of an initiative aiming at innovating training in Coordinate Metrology, focused on supporting the needs of SMEs in the supply chain of the automotive industry. The main target group are industry employees operating in SMEs that are newcomers on 3D measuring technologies. An integrated concept for training in Coordinate Metrology has been developed using a blended learning approach, based on a 10-steps structure and incorporating the learning outcomes required to operate different measuring systems in a consistent way.

Employment of foreigners in enterprises

Purpose- Purpose of this study is to present the legal requirements of hiring foreign employees in Turkey. Methodology- The topic will be examined within the frame of new legislation on the work permits of foreigners. Findings- In 2016, Turkish lawmaker enacted new legislation numbered 6735. The Law numbered 6735 introduces new concepts such as preliminary permission, turquoise card etc. Main motive behind this change is to bring qualified labour force and labour capital into Turkey on one hand; to facilitate high skilled foreigners’ work permit applications on the other hand. Conclusion- Law numbered 6735 is a product of a policy change regarding the entrance of foreign labour force into Turkish market.

Identification of the problem of employment in the context of modern research approaches

Problem setting. The effectiveness of the functioning of the economic and political system of vital functions of the society the state foresees the formation and implementation of a policy of employment, which would serve to create a balanced number of places of work in accordance with the spiritual and material needs of the population. The achievement of high indicators of socio-economic development of a modern postmodern state depends on ensuring a high level of employment of the labor potential of the nation. Thus, within the framework of various modern research approaches, a significant number of concepts and theories were formed concerning the methodology of identifying the employment of the population, its structural elements and functions.Recent research and publications analysis. In the framework of modern Western European science, the concept of T. Weblen and V. Hympelson is of considerable interest in the research of employment issues.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. It is worth noting that the normative and conceptual understanding of issues of employment of the population is still deprived of legal definition, which in this way led to the lack of a unified methodological view concerning their identification. This in such a way determines the expediency of a detailed analysis of the essence, the basic concepts and approaches, the structural aspects of identifying the content of employment and elaborating a state policy for its ensuring.The purpose of this article is to identify the problem of employment in the context of modern research approaches.Paper main body. Within the limits of various research approaches in the context of identifying the nature of employment of the population, a multi-methodological number of its definitions is used, among them are productive, rational, optimal, balanced, effective, which in most cases relate to the refinement of its content structure. However, these concepts do not allow for a clear ranking between the concepts: employed workforce, its reserve and labor resources.In the context of identifying the nature of the category of employment of population, the concept deserves special attention when within its framework it is considered through the prism of the analysis of the content of quality of labor force. Based on this, the main elements of the workforce were classified, which determine the dynamics of employment of the population in the processes of social practice. It includes such elements as professional knowledge, abilities (skills) of a person, competence, responsibility. In this regard, the sphere of employment of the population in the structural and functional part depends on the personal characteristics of the person, which determine its statics or dynamics.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, our identification of the problem of employment in the context of modern research approaches allowed systematizing the main research approaches to its definition, to classify the main categorical apparatus for its understanding developed within the framework of Western European and post-Soviet humanitarian sciences. On the basis of this, the authors proposed the construction of definition of employment as an object of social policy, which characterizes the totality of relations that are formed in society in the context of the implementation of labor activities of citizens, which thus reflects their level of inclusion in relevant labor processes in the implementation of their personal and social needs and the interests which the welfare of society depends on, its important macroeconomic indicators, the narrowing and expansion of relevant demographic processes in society. Employment is characterized as a socially useful activity of the able-bodied population, which performs relevant socially significant functions under the conditions of a social-legal agreement.

POTENTIALS AND OBSTRUCTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

The aim of this paper is to examine potentials and obstacles for the development of rural tourism in the Republic of Srpska. The analysis of both the potential and the integration of the entities crucial for the development of rural tourism, as well as the limiting factors that lead to stagnation in the development of rural tourism, is covered. Also, the goal is to explore the views of users and providers of rural tourism services and institutions dealing with the tourism industry on the state of the tourist offer and the limiting factors of its development. Rural destinations are becoming more attractive and more visited by tourists due to the natural environment, clean air, manifestations, possibilities of consuming traditional food and beverages, sports and various other activities. However, the ruin of rural tourism is reflected in the fact that it can violate the original form of rural space through various forms of environmental pollution of space, water and air. Preservation of existing resources is a necessity because the preserved environment is a prerequisite for the development of rural tourism. Republic of Srpska has seen a steady growth in the tourist visit in recent years, but there are still limiting factors for the development of rural tourism, which are most often seen in the poorly developed infrastructure of certain rural destinations, lack of accommodation capacities and the lack of qualified labor force, cooperation of several actors. It cannot be developed without the cooperation of regional and local authorities, non-governmental organizations, tourist organizations and businesses with local people. These actors should help the development of rural tourism through various subsidies, incentives, infrastructure construction and marketing.Republika Srpska faces the problem of insufficient promotion of tourism products, which reflects on the bad image of the entire tourism. The strong competition from the countries of the region, primarily Croatia and Montenegro, draws a large number of tourists, which points to the fact that the consumers of tourism services of the Republic of Srpska are in the highest estimate domestic guests of a poor standard of living. The development of rural tourism should be based on an integrated approach to development and care for resources. Only preserved resources can be a condition for the development of rural tourism now and in the future.

Performance Measurement in Business Management with Information Technologies

Abstract Widespread usage of the internet and computers have facilitated a number of human resource management activities such as compensation management, performance management, vocational training and other personnel management affairs across various enterprises. It is known that the employment of a qualified labour force becomes increasingly difficult due to increasing competition conditions. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the right person is recruited for the enterprise and that he/she is attached to his/her employer. Thanks to information technologies, the recruitment process can be implemented more quickly and effectively. The present study aims at determining whether the employer-employee has a sense of trust; whether employee’s performance, disciplinary action, reporting status and significant inconvenience status are taken into account by an enterprise in the iron and steel industry. Logistic regression method is used as an analysis method. The effects of the demographic variables on the dependent variables are also determined. Considering the results obtained, it is observed that the loyalty of the employees to the employer is not very strong, but at the level of improvement, the employees do not consider working at the company for many years.

A RESEARCH ON LABOR FORCE REQUİREMENT IN TURKİSH READY-WEAR INDUSTRY

Today, the Turkish ready-wear industry is undergoing a transformation process from a
 contract manufacturing to full package manufacturing. The most important input in the
 production of ready-wear is undoubtedly the labor force. For this reason, the success of the
 transformation process is possible by meeting the qualified personnel needs of the industry. In
 this study, labor force requirement of the Turkish ready-wear industry is examined. Qualitative
 research method is used in this study. Job adverts on ready-wear industry are investigated on
 www.kariyer.net which is Turkey’s largest human resources website. Firstly the job positions
 which are most needed by the ready-wear industry and then the characteristics required for
 candidates for these positions are determined. The obtained data are subjected to frequency
 and percentage analyzes in the SPSS 21.0 program. According to the result of the research; the
 most needed personnel positions of Turkish ready-wear enterprises are "stylist", "merchandiser"
 and "sales consultancy" respectively. It has also been found that ready-wear enterprises are
 primarily seeking communication skills and suitability for teamwork from the personnel who will
 work in these positions. The main problem for ready-wear enterprises is to meet the need for
 personnel from outside the production area such as merchandiser, sales consultant, because
 enterprises request professional knowledge as well as marketing knowledge from
 merchandisers and sales consultants. However, the marketing knowledge is given in the
 marketing programs and the professional knowledge is given in the professional departments in
 Turkey. This situation leads to the loss of time and money since firms have to give profesional
 tranings to the marketing graduates for merchandiser position. The opposite of this case is also
 true; the staff with professional knowledge also needs marketing knowledge. Therefore, the
 ready-wear enterprises need vocational training education institutions which give both
 marketing and profession training to meet the labor force requirements of sales representatives
 and sales consultants. Because, in all the researches and studies carried out, it is emphasized
 that the contribution of education is important and the quality of labor force should be improved
 through education.

Impacts of R&D Expenditures on High Technology Product Exports in BRICST Countries

One of the best solutions for countries with foreign trade deficit and cannot increase total exports is to improve the added value of exported products. High technology products have the highest added value. The method to increase production and exports in high technology products is to increase RD World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, India has significantly accelerated its economic growth through computer software, natural healthy life support products and remote call center services it offers to developed countries thanks to the individuals it sent for education abroad in the 1960s (Hindistan, 2012). Members of BRICST countries, Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey drew global attention due to their economic growth performance in recent years. Economic performance of these countries affects the foreign trade volume and economic growth for the rest of the world. In the present study, impacts of R&D expenditures and the size of the qualified R&D labor force on high technology exports were investigated for BRICTS countries using panel data analysis for 1996-2014 period. We expected that the study findings would reveal a positive impact of R&D expenditures and qualified labor force in the R&D sector on exports in high technology products. The present study would contribute to the literature as it would draw the attention of developing countries to the significance of R&D expenditures and qualified labor force in the R&D sector.

A STUDY ON THE REASONS OF FAILING IN ACCOUNTING COURSE AND THE TEACHING TECHNICS FOR LEARNING ACCOUNTING BETTER

Competition is a force to the organizations to generate and apply new strategies to challenge the changing environment. Qualified labour force is also an important constituent in this way. Universities are also in competition to train successful, dynamic, qualified and innovative students who will be the future labour force. Updating the curriculum, searching more understandable teaching techniques and getting feedback from students and lecturers are some ways to be improved and preferable for universities. Each course may require different teaching techniques to be understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the reasons why the students fail in accounting courses and which teaching techniques may help them to understand accounting better. A survey is prepared and applied to the Summer school students who had “Accounting” related lessons in a university to detect the reasons they chose the course in summer school, the reasons that they failed in accounting course during the semester and the teaching techniques that they will better understand the course. The main reasons to fail Accounting lessons were that they didn’t study enough and they can’t understand accounting. The best method of understanding theoretical part of “Accounting” courses is using blackboard and power-point presentation together; for understanding practical/exercise part of is using blackboard. Most of the students have chosen Summer School to pass the failed courses.