Quality Of Dairy Products Research Articles

Analytical Assessment of the System for Confirming Compliance of Milk and Dairy Products with Mandatory Legal Requirements

Introduction: The safety and quality of dairy products produced and in circulation on the territory of the EAEU is ensured by compliance with legislation on technical regulation, sanitary, hygienic and veterinary safety. One of the important sections of technical regulation is the rules for confirming product compliance with mandatory legal requirements.Purpose: The purpose of this review is analysis of the current legislative framework in the Russian Federation in the field of confirming compliance of milk and dairy products with the requirements of regulatory legal acts and systematization of the data obtained on the applicable forms assessing and confirming compliance of products in the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods: As materials for the analytical study were used regulatory legal acts (hereinafter - RLA) in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, hygienic and veterinary safety of food products and raw materials. The documents were obtained on the official legal portals of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. As a research method, the analysis of the current legislation with the subsequent systematization of expert opinions on the law enforcement practice of the regulated rules for products confirming conformity, generalization and analysis of the most common arbitration situations in the raw milk and finished dairy products turnover at the stage of their compliance with mandatory requirements confirming (assessment) were used. The appeals and documents of the technical regulation and standardization services of dairy industry enterprises on the subject research field were also analyzed.Results: Based on the regulated in RLA requirements for confirming (assessment) compliance of raw milk and dairy products, as well as based on the generalized results of a product manufacturers survey, have been established the conformity assessment schemes most often used by manufacturers. Taking into account the analysis and systematization of material on arbitration issues in confirming (assessment) compliance, recommendations are proposed for optimizing the process of confirming (assessment) compliance of raw milk and dairy products with the requirements of the legislation of the EAEU and the Russian Federation, including the feasibility of its updating.Conclusion: According to the results of the research have been identified a number of problems in the field of confirming (assessment) of milk and dairy products compliance with the requirements of the RLA, which producers and regulatory authorities bodies in their professional activities, and appropriate solutions to these problems have been proposed.

Developing dairy farming and improving product quality

The need to find ways to improve the quality characteristics of milk as a basis for increasing the competitiveness of dairy products in the global market determines the relevance of the study. Ukraine’s dairy industry is one of the critical ones in the agricultural sector of the economy, as it provides the country’s population with vital foodstuffs. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the areas of solving organisational and economic problems of development of the dairy industry to meet the needs of the domestic market with quality dairy products and increase export potential. The study was conducted to identify the main reasons for the transformational changes that have taken place in dairy farming and to outline the promising areas for the development of this industry in the context of improving product quality. This study focused on European and national requirements for the quality of raw milk. The following methods of economic research were used in the analytical material: economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, logical generalisation, systematic approach, systemic and structural analysis, calculation, and design. The study analysed the data of agricultural enterprises and households engaged in milk production in Ukraine for 2010-2022 and recalculated the purchase prices for raw milk in relation to the European quality indicators. The findings of this study showed that ensuring the competitiveness of dairy products depends on the quality of milk. It was found that it is higher in European countries, and therefore high standards for the quality of raw milk become a barrier to entry into European markets for most domestic dairy processing enterprises. Accordingly, the state’s strategy should focus on increasing the production of high-quality raw milk and growing export potential by forming specialised milk production cooperatives for dairy processing enterprises. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the author’s recommendations can be used by agricultural enterprises or private households in their everyday activities

Assessment of four different DNA extraction methodologies for the molecular detection of phage λ and Bacillus sp. in raw bovine milk samples

Microbiological analysis of milk is essential to guarantee the quality and safety of dairy products. Molecular methods based on identifying nucleic acids, such as PCR, detect a diversity of microorganisms; however, inhibitors such as fats make milk a complex matrix for extracting DNA. In this study, different DNA extraction methodologies were compared for the molecular detection of microorganisms in raw bovine milk samples, evaluating performance through the concentration (ng μL−1) and purity (index 260/280) of the DNA extracted from each milk sample by spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis, and PCR amplification. The results demonstrated that the commercial QIAamp DNA mini kit method is significantly better when compared with MagMAX™ Viral/Pathogen Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit Thermo Scientific ™, salting out, and Chelex™ 100 in terms of concentration and quality.

An integrated system for managing technological processes for the efficient and safe production of dairy products, taking into account resource conservation

The research results showed that the ISO 22000 and ISO 50001 standards are important standards of business management systems that do not contradict the principles of the organization and contribute to ensuring the high quality and safety of food products, as well as compliance with the principles of energy management if the requirements of these standards are fully met. The new versions of the standards are focused on the process approach as a key principle for the formation of integrated management systems. The article provides a structure of standards in the format of the Deming cycle (PDCA – plan, execute, check, act), which allows you to manage processes, determine and improve their capabilities. Therefore, the article theoretically substantiates and experimentally confirms the concept of a systemic approach to the management of the safety and quality of dairy products, based on the identification of influencing factors at various stages of their life cycle, optimization of production parameters, storage and sale of products by the requirements of the DSTU ISO 22000 and DSTU ISO 50001 standards. The article analyzes and systematizes research materials, including critical analysis and statistical data processing. In addition, a model of an integrated system was developed. The conducted research was of great practical importance in the implementation of an integrated system of management of technological processes to ensure resource conservation and the safety of dairy products. Here are a few key aspects that highlight their importance: efficient use of resources, improving product safety, compliance with regulatory requirements, sustainability and environmental responsibility. The implementation of an integrated system for managing technological processes to save resources and ensure the safety of dairy products has significant practical advantages for enterprises, consumers, and the environment. These advantages are manifested in the radical improvement of production efficiency, reduction of resource costs, improvement of product quality and safety, as well as in the preservation of natural resources and reduction of negative impact on the environment.

Analysis of collaborative control of dairy product supply chain quality based on evolutionary games: Perspectives from government intervention and market failure

Dairy quality affects the health and quality of life of consumers. Implementing supply chain management and collaborative quality control is an effective way to solve dairy quality problems. Based on the perspective of the combination of market failure and government intervention, this paper analyzes the conditions for the realization of collaborative quality control between dairy farmers and dairy processors. At the same time, this paper uses relevant data to verify the applicability of the model and the accuracy of the conclusions. The findings show that both low yields and high spillovers lead to market failures. When farmers adopt advanced prevention strategies and dairy processors adopt advanced inspection strategies with low yields, basic prevention and basic inspection will be the best combination of quality control strategies for both parties. In this case, the government should subsidize the advanced control strategy to provide adequate subsidies. This will provide incentives for both parties to work together to ensure the quality of dairy products. Secondly, when farmers adopt advanced prevention strategies or dairy processors adopt advanced inspection strategies yields increase but spillover rates are higher. Advanced prevention, basic inspection or basic prevention, advanced inspection would be the optimal combination of strategies for both parties. At this point, the government should increase the penalties. The simulation results further indicate that the government subsidy is more effective for dairy farmers. Government penalties have both the positive and negative reinforcing effects.

The Ukrainian milk processing enterprises export orientations development in the martial law conditions and under the migration processes influence

The article outlines the Ukrainian milk prosessing enterprises sustainability ensuring issues under the martial law conditions and migration processes. The main obstacles faced by the dairy industry during 2022 were associated with dairy farming decrease, production capacity loss, production costs increase, high competitive pressure, government dairy business support programs reduction. The article considers the planning logistics chains importance due to the dairy products peculiarities comparing other industrial products. Sustainable milk and dairy production, consumer balances achievement are important to ensure Ukrainian food security during the martial law. It is essential to use engineering management methods in dairy production in order to achieve the appropriate products quality under the transition to international dairy products quality standards terms. The production and export-import trends study made it possible to analyze the Ukrainian milk processing enterprises export potential to the EU, MENA, Asia, CIS countries, using effective logistics chains planning. It was determined that exports change in the geography contributes to the production leveling, which was excessive due to the large number refugees and internal migration. The main milk processing enterprises development prospects in the expanding export opportunities direction, cooperation with European partners and using the government grant programs opportunities have been determined.

Diversity in Physio-Chemical Attributes of Milk from Various Cow Breeds in Haryana

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the physio-chemical properties of milk from four different breeds of cows in Haryana, namely Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, and Cross-breed. The study aimed to evaluate various parameters including fat content, solid not fat (SNF), total solids, protein content, density, lactose content, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity. A total of 80 cows, 20 from each breed were selected for the study, and milk samples were collected twice a day, in the morning and evening. The analysis revealed significant differences among the four cow breeds in terms of their milk composition. The Sahiwal breed exhibited the highest fat content (4.71), while the Red Sindhi had the lowest (3.97). Similarly, variations were observed in SNF, total solids, proteins, density, lactose, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity across the different breeds. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the physio-chemical characteristics of milk from different cow breeds in Haryana. These results can assist in breed selection for improved milk production, processing, and product development. Furthermore, the data obtained can serve as a valuable resource for dairy industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and researchers in the field of dairy science and technology. Future studies could explore the relationship between physio-chemical properties and milk yield, as well as investigating the impact of these variations on the processing and quality of dairy products. Additionally, exploring the influence of environmental factors and management practices on milk composition could further enhance our understanding of the subject.

Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Cheese and Capable of Producing Benzalkonium Chloride-Resistant Biofilms.

This study aimed to investigate enterococci recovered from eight Portuguese cheeses made with raw ewe's milk, regarding antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), biofilm formation capacity, and biofilm eradication (MBEC) by BAC. Antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics of five groups was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The presence of the genes that encode resistance to the antibiotics penicillin (blaZ), erythromycin (ermA, ermB, and ermC), vancomycin (vanA and vanB), aminoglycoside (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia), and β-lactam (pbp5) and the genes that encode virulence factors, frsB, cylA, gelE, esp, and agg, were investigated via multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to BAC was evaluated by the MIC and MBC values of the isolates, using the broth microdilution method. To assess the biofilm-forming ability and resistance of biofilms to BAC, biofilms were produced on stainless steel coupons, followed by exposure to BAC. The results showed a high resistance to the antibiotics vancomycin (87.5%), erythromycin (75%), tetracycline (50%), and penicillin (37.5%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 68.8% of the isolates. Genes encoding the virulence factors FrsB (frsB) and gelatinase E (gelE) were detected in all isolates. The esp and cylA genes were found in 56.3% and 37.5% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates exhibited a biofilm-forming ability, regardless of incubation time and temperature tested. However, after 72 h at 37 °C, E. faecium and E. faecalis biofilms showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Although most isolates (62.5%) were susceptible to BAC (MIC ≤ 10 mg/L), biofilms of the same isolates were, generally, resistant to the higher concentration of BAC (80 mg/mL) tested. This study using Enterococcus isolates from a ready-to-eat food, such as cheese, reveals the high percentages of vancomycin resistance and multidrug resistance, associated with the presence of virulence genes, in isolates also capable of producing biofilms resistant to BAC, an important active ingredient of many disinfectants. These results emphasize the need for effective control measures to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products.

Проблема фальсификации молочных продуктов: анализ состояния и пути решения

The article discusses the problem of the quality of dairy products on the Russian market. The strategic importance of identifying cases of falsification is emphasized Existing methods for its detection are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are described. It is shown that in order to ensure the safety and quality standards of dairy products, it is necessary to regularly monitor raw materials and finished products, introduce a certification system for dairy group products and periodically improve the skills of production employees. Such measures will help prevent the manipulation of dairy products which can adversely affect the health of consumers. To achieve this goal, it is advisable to expand the area of evaluation criteria by a number of methods, including electrophoresis, chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, mass spectrometry, molecular genetics, etc. The article provides recommendations on the most appropriate methods for determining various sources of illegal milk substitution, including the replacement of valuable types of milk cheaper cow. The problem of falsification of dairy products remains relevant, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Solving this problem requires the
 joint efforts of scientific and regulatory bodies.

Heterogeneity in Physio-Chemical Traits of Milk across Buffalo Breeds in Haryana

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the physio-chemical properties of milk from three different buffalo breeds in Haryana, namely Murrah, Nilli-Ravi, and Surti. The study aimed to evaluate various parameters including fat content, solid not fat (SNF), total solids, protein content, density, lactose content, titratable acidity, freezing point, pH, and specific gravity. A total of 60 buffaloes, 20 from each breed, were selected for the study, and milk samples were collected twice a day, in the morning and evening. The analysis revealed significant differences among the three buffalo breeds in terms of their milk composition. The Murrah breed exhibited the highest fat content (8.02), while the Nilli-Ravi had the lowest (8.14). For SnF values, Murrah shows highest values of 9.41 and Surti buffalo shows lowest 8.78. Similarly, variations were observed in other parameters across different breeds.
 These results can assist in breed selection for improved milk production, processing, and product development. Furthermore, the data obtained can serve as a valuable resource for dairy industry stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and researchers in the field of dairy science and technology. Future studies could explore the relationship between physio-chemical properties and milk yield, as well as investigating the impact of these variations on the processing and quality of dairy products.

Detection of β-lactoglobulin under different thermal-processing conditions by immunoassay based on nanobody and monoclonal antibody.

The problems of inaccurate detection values of thermal-processed β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) content seriously affect the screening of allergens. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against β-LG was successfully prepared and a highly sensitive sandwich ELISA (sELISA) was constructed with specific nanobody (Nb) as the capture antibody with detection limit of 0.24ng/mL. Based on this sELISA, the ability of Nb and mAb to recognize β-LG and β-LG interacting with milk components was explored. Combined with protein structure analysis to elaborate the mechanism of shielding β-LG antigen epitopes during thermal-processing, thus enabling the differentiation between pasteurized and ultra-high temperature sterilized milk, the detection of milk content in milk-containing beverages, and the highly sensitive detection and analysis of β-LG allergens in dairy-free products. The method provides methodological support for identifying the quality of dairy products and reducing the risk of β-LG contamination in dairy-free products.

Analysis of public food procurement in relation to dairy products and their quality criteria.

Public procurement of food is key to ensuring proper nutrition with high-quality products in public institutions such as schools and kindergartens. However, it should not be considered a mandatory expenditure from public finances but rather an investment in health promotion. A total of 1,126 public procurement orders processed by schools and kindergartens in Poland during the period from November 2022 to March 2023 were analyzed. Ultimately, 197 public procurement orders meeting the inclusion criteria were considered for analysis. Based on these orders, 2,753 food products classified as dairy and its derivatives were extracted. The ordered quantities of individual products were analyzed, as well as their descriptions (quality characteristics). Criteria related to composition were most commonly described, the most common criterion was the fat content and the absence of preservatives. On the second places were organoleptic characteristics, where taste and consistency expectations were most frequently specified. Sustainable public procurement criteria were the least frequently mentioned and were treated as highly marginal. Introducing minimum standards for the descriptions of dairy products in terms of organoleptic characteristics, composition features, and sustainability criteria will improve the quality of dairy products supplied to public institutions, particularly schools and kindergartens.

Challenges in Evaluating Quality of the Serbian Traditional Dairy Product Kajmak

Kajmak, a traditional Serbian dairy product, is a top, crust layer of milk containing a high amount of aggregated milk fat and proteins, formed during long cooling of boiled milk. Due to variations in production technologies, environmental conditions, and the composition of raw milk which varies from region to region, the quality of kajmak produced traditionally in households is very inconsistent. Attempts to produce kajmak in the industry environment (dairy plants) turned out to be highly challenging in terms of achieving a uniform quality and safety of the product. In order to have a deeper insight into the quality of kajmak produced by the traditional manufacture and the industry, the main objective of the study was to investigate sensorial, physicochemical, and textural properties of kajmak produced in households and dairy plants and distributed through open markets and retail stores, respectively. A total of 36 samples of kajmak were analyzed for thirteen quality characteristics. The results obtained showed a high variability in kajmak quality. The study applied a mathematical calculation of a single total quality index (TQI) that makes all quality attributes comparable. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that kajmak produced in households had a better TQI, which leads to the conclusion that in terms of kajmak quality, the traditional production method is still superior to the industrial one. The correlation between the examined quality characteristics was investigated using Pearson’s bivariate correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). By applying PCA, four principal components highlighting the most important quality characteristics were extracted. The results of the study suggest that further research on the quality of this valuable dairy product, as well as government support and investment in the small scale dairy sector, could be beneficial.

Review: genetic background of milk fatty acid synthesis in bovines.

Milk fat composition is an important trait for the dairy industry as it directly influences the nutritional and technological properties of milk and other dairy products. The synthesis of milk fat is a complex process regulated by a network of genes. Thus, understanding the genetic variation and molecular mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis will help to improve the nutritional quality of dairy products. In this review, we provide an overview of milk fat synthesis in bovines along with the candidate genes involved in the pathway. We also discuss de novo synthesis of fatty acids (ACSS, ACACA, FASN), uptake of FAs (FATP, FAT, LPL), intracellular activation and channelling of FAs (ACSL, FABP), elongation (EVOLV6), desaturation (SCD, FADS), formation of triglycerides (GPAM, AGPAT, LIPIN, DGAT), and milk lipid secretion (BTN1A1, XDH, PLIN2). The genetic variability of individual fatty acids will help to develop selection strategies for obtaining a healthier milk fat profile in bovines. Thus, this review will offer a potential understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate milk fat synthesis in bovines.

Impact of Consumer Buying Behavior on Satisfaction Towards Dairy Products: An Empirical Study

Purpose: This study aims to investigate consumer buying behavior towards government-owned dairy products in India and assess their level of satisfaction.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The researcher employed a simple random sampling technique to select 576 consumers from across India. Various data analysis tools were applied to the collected data to draw conclusions.
 
 Findings: The research found a significant association between demographic variables and customer satisfaction. Factors like "Product Quality," "Product Value," and "Awareness" were identified as key influencers of customer satisfaction. Additionally, the study revealed a direct negative impact of buying behavior on customer satisfaction, with purchase intention and customer service acting as mediators with positive effects.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: This study sheds light on the importance of product quality and value in influencing customer buying behavior. It has practical implications for dairy product marketers, emphasizing the need to prioritize quality and value during processing. Socially, it highlights the importance of consumer awareness in ensuring the quality and safety of dairy products.
 
 Originality/Value: This research contributes to understanding consumer behavior in the context of government-supplied dairy products in India. It emphasizes the originality and value of considering factors like awareness and customer service in assessing customer satisfaction, offering insights for improving marketing strategies in the dairy industry.

Identification of genetic polymorphisms in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene and its association with milk quality traits in Najdi sheep

Abstract The nutritional quality of milk, which is determined by its fatty acid (FA) composition, and the candidate gene stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) can be used in conjunction with these traits to improve the quality of dairy products. The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the SCD gene and its associations with the milk composition and FA profiles of Najdi dairy sheep and 72 multiparous Najdi ewes under the same feeding system. Milk and blood samples were taken during the first lactation (<30 days in milk). Analysis and alignment DNA sequences identified SNP g.87C>A in the promoter and SNP g.1033G>A in exon 2 of the SCD gene. Association analysis showed that SNP g.87C>A was significantly associated (P ≤ 0.05) with palmitic acid (C16:0), alpha linoleic acid (ALA – C18:3-n3), linolenic acid (LA – C18:2-n6), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In addition, the SNP g.1033G>A showed a significant (P < 0.05) association with odd-chain FAs (heptadecanoic acid [C17:0] and heneicosanoic acid [C21:0]). The results showed that SCD gene may be important in the synthesis of PUFA and contributes to healthier dairy products. Overall, the Najdi breed SNP SCD gene showed that the association with milk traits is crucial, particularly with essential fatty acids: ALA-n3 and LA-n6 in milk fat.

Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Public Health Threat Enteric Bacteria from Milk and Dairy Products Retail in Abakaliki, South-East, Nigeria

Milk and foods made from milk is manufactured into more stable dairy products of worldwide value, such as butter, cheese, ice cream, and yoghurt. Consumption of contaminated milk or dairy products by pathogens causes human gastrointestinal infection, which leads to diarrheal disease in human and hospitalization or death in severe cases especially among elderly and children. An assessment of milk and dairy products was designed to determine the microbiological quality of milk and dairy products consumed in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Culture techniques were used for isolation of enteric bacteria from retail dairy products and disk diffusion method were used to determine the Antibiotic Resistance profile of isolates. Bacteria pathogens isolated were characterized and identified using morphological and biochemical techniques. SPSS and Chi-square test were used for the analysis of the study, P-value of 0.02 indicates a significant difference between the bacteria pathogens counts. A total of 161 pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 100 dairy products. Salmonella spp heard (26.1%), Escherichia coli (44.1%) and Shigella spp. (29.8%). All identified isolates were found to be 100% susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin, with 66.7% for ofloxacin. Augmentin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and spectinomycin was 100% resistant. Data obtained confirm that milk and dairy products retailed in Abakaliki pose a serious public health threat to consumers due to the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Standard and good storage conditions, as well as environmental and personnel hygiene should be practiced to prevent contamination of milk and dairy products for the safety of consumers.

Analysis of the relationship between the component composition of milk and blood biomarkers of Holsteinized cows

The search for potential biomarkers that signal the state of the physiological status of the organism of highly productive cows, which are taken into account in further selection aimed at increasing the quantity and quality of dairy products, is becoming relevant in many countries engaged in dairy cattle breeding. The study was conducted on the basis of the Ladozhsky breeding plant (Krasnodar Krai) — a branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal State Budgetary Institution. Studies of blood samples were carried out on an automatic biochemical and enzyme immunoassay analyzer «Chem Well». The analysis of the expanded component composition of milk was made on the analyzer «Combi Foss 7» (IFS). Based on the results of the studies, we calculated the relationship between the component composition of milk and blood of cows. For daily milk yield, moderate positive correlations were observed with phospholipids r = 0.364, cholesterol r = 0.324, albumin r = 0.316 and magnesium r = 0.309. Moderate relationship between cholesterol and lactose was r = 0.408 and between cholesterol and SOMO r = 0.307. Direct moderate relationship r = 0.376 between lactose and ALT, r = 0.361 — albumin, r = 0.455 — phospholipids. Moderate direct correlation between trans-isomers and alkaline phosphatase was r = 0.309, chlorine — r = 0.259. Moderate inverse correlations appeared in relation to daily milk yield — erythrocytes r = 0.312. Moderate inverse correlations between transisomers and cholesterol r = -0.385, urea r = -0.428. The relationships of other components of milk and blood, both direct and inverse, turned out to be weak and very weak.

Communist Quality: Dairy Production at the Leningrad Dairy Combine, 1965-1982

ABSTRACT Throughout the twentieth century, particularly post-WWII, dairy became a staple part of the “modern” diet throughout many parts of the globe due to new technologies in pasteurization and production. Dairy’s significance was felt in the Soviet Union as well, which used food to improve the standard of living and open another avenue of competition with the West. This study makes two main arguments: Soviet dairy and its ideas of quality were modern in their belief in scientific controls and implementation of new technologies but were distinctly Soviet in that state and scientific actors were the ones to define what was quality in dairy production. While consumer concerns were embraced, they were to be rationalized and filtered through the rational actors in the ministries and enterprises. Using quality reports from the Leningrad Dairy Combine and the Soviet Ministry of Meat and Milk Production, along with articles from professional journals from 1965–1982, this study highlights how Soviet officials had to contend with the Brezhnev era’s focus on consumer abundance while ensuring it remained rational. To reconcile these factors, the Soviet Union sought examples of quality dairy products from foreign countries both in the socialist and capitalist blocs while the Leningrad Dairy Combine tried to address subjective factors of quality like color in “tasting commissions” and address the causes of complaints from the ministry and local shops. However, Soviet consumers were never involved in these processes, setting Soviet dairy, and by extension, Soviet modernity apart from other dairy-rich societies in the West.

SWOT Analysis of Dairy Marketing Chain of JMF using Analytical Hierarchy Process

Background: Jharkhand State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation (JMF) plays a vital role in the processing of raw milk purchased from Jharkhand State member-producers and contributes to the development of the dairy sector. The current study explores the essential components in JMF's dairy supply chain, focusing on the marketing unit, and provides a preliminary framework for making decisions regarding its ramifications. Methods: To compile a SWOT analysis of the milk marketing system in JMF, data were collected from dairy producer members, including dairy farmers, marketing unit executives, and key informants. This includes establishing the objectives of the dairy sector and the internal and external critical factors (CFs). Because SWOT analysis does not give an investigative basis for evaluating the priorities of CFs, the analytic hierarchy approach is utilised to determine the priorities of detected CFs. The CFs have also been ranked according to their importance. Results: This study's findings indicate that the SWOT-based methodology gives crucial sensitivity when evaluating marketing chain strategy for dairy cooperatives like JMF. The findings of this study show that wide range of quality dairy products, absence of strong sales and marketing experience, emerging new markets offering greater marketing potential, seasonal slump are the major strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of JMF, respectively.