Qualitative Statements Research Articles

PNS214 Exploration of the Reasons Why Health State Valuation Differs for Children Compared to Adults: A MIXED Methods Approach

Evidence comparing adult and child preferences consistently report higher utility values for child health states (HS). Explanations for these findings have not been documented yet. Aim: To investigate reasons why child HS are valued differently. Eighty respondents (UK, Belgium, The Netherlands) participated in 1.5-hour face-to-face interviews. Respondents valued four HS from two perspectives (8-year-old child, 40-year-old adult) using VAS and TTO. Thirty-two respondents also participated in think-aloud interviews. Audio-recordings were analysed in NVIVO by two independent coders. Statements, nodes and themes were reviewed cyclically until consensus was reached. Quantitative results: Significantly higher VAS values and TTO utilities were observed for children: +0.026, +0.112, +0.377 and +0.294 higher utilities for mild, moderate, severe and worst HS (all p<0.01). Qualitative results: 1,221 pages of transcripts resulted in 303 coded statements. Five themes were present in child and adult valuation, though with a different interpretation. Inter-generational responsibility and dependency (Childhood is a crucial time for forming life skills based on new experiences; adulthood is an important time to take care of the family); Staying alive is important (Life is worth living even with impaired HRQoL, for children and adults); Awareness of poor HRQoL and ability to make decisions (Children have difficulties comprehending poor HRQoL and their parents make their health care decision; adults can assess their HRQoL and decide for themselves); Coping ability (Children are flexible and resilient; adults have experience with dealing with difficulties); and Practical organisation of care (Children are unconditionally cared for by their parents; adults are able to organise and pay for care). Mixed methods: Comparing qualitative statements with respondents’ TTO values confirmed concordance between the results. Respondents showed a lower willingness-to-trade LY for achieving higher HRQoL in children. This finding may impact the youth valuation protocol and the ICER threshold used in paediatric HTA.

Does the Written Word Matter? The Role of Uncovering and Utilizing Information from Written Comments in Housing Ads

The hedonic price model is a popular method to estimate the implicit prices of observed attributes of a property. However, the inputs to the model are only numerically quantified information. This study quantifies the unstructured qualitative statements contained in the written descriptions from the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data. These statements contain unstructured text describing the features and setting of the house, providing important but typically unused qualitative information. Our approach is unique in that we use the qualitative information to classify these words into eight groups that reflect previously unmeasured housing quality. The purpose of the study is to test whether these previously unmeasured attributes of the property have an impact on the selling price of the property and its time on the market. The dataset consists of 5,160 home sales in Ames, Iowa between the second quarter of 2003 and the second quarter of 2015. Our findings show that the role of unstructured qualitative text varies; some are redundant to the quantitative information already in the models and have no effect, while others, particularly those reflecting the quality of the structure, represent unique information and are important predictors in determining housing prices and the time on market.

Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making-based optimal Zn–Al alloy selection in corrosive environment

Abstract Suitable material selection with emphasis on a specific property or application is an indispensable part of engineering sciences. It is a complex process that involves multiple criteria and often multiple decision makers. The tendency of decision makers to specify their preference in terms of imprecise qualitative statements like ‘good’, ‘bad’ etc. poses a further challenge. Thus, in this research, a comprehensive multicriteria decision-making study was conducted to select the optimal Zn-Al alloy based on performance in a corrosive environment. Four variants of technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution were used to perform the multicriteria decision-making analysis. Group decision and imprecise decision making is handled by incorporating the fuzzy theory concept in a technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution. The effect of addition of aluminium to zinc was studied by examination of microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behaviour. The result indicates that an increase in Al content increases the formation of dendrites. The dendrites were rich in the α phase, which results in an increase in hardness. An increase in Al content in Zn (Zn-22Al and Zn-55Al) results in the uniform distribution of the a phase in the microstructure and reduction of non-equilibrium phases. The potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed that an increase in Al in the alloy decreases the corrosion current density. The weight loss test carried out to validate the potentiodynamic test findings exhibited higher weight loss in pure Zn and lowest in Zn-55Al. Similar results were observed in the salt spray test. The multicriteria decision-making analysis revealed that Zn-55Al is the most suitable alloy in a corrosive environment among the tested alloys.

Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making-based optimal Zn–Al alloy selection in corrosive environment

Abstract Suitable material selection with emphasis on a specific property or application is an indispensable part of engineering sciences. It is a complex process that involves multiple criteria and often multiple decision makers. The tendency of decision makers to specify their preference in terms of imprecise qualitative statements like ‘good’, ‘bad’ etc. poses a further challenge. Thus, in this research, a comprehensive multicriteria decision-making study was conducted to select the optimal Zn-Al alloy based on performance in a corrosive environment. Four variants of technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution were used to perform the multicriteria decision-making analysis. Group decision and imprecise decision making is handled by incorporating the fuzzy theory concept in a technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution. The effect of addition of aluminium to zinc was studied by examination of microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behaviour. The result indicates that an increase in Al content increases the formation of dendrites. The dendrites were rich in the α phase, which results in an increase in hardness. An increase in Al content in Zn (Zn-22Al and Zn-55Al) results in the uniform distribution of the a phase in the microstructure and reduction of non-equilibrium phases. The potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed that an increase in Al in the alloy decreases the corrosion current density. The weight loss test carried out to validate the potentiodynamic test findings exhibited higher weight loss in pure Zn and lowest in Zn-55Al. Similar results were observed in the salt spray test. The multicriteria decision-making analysis revealed that Zn-55Al is the most suitable alloy in a corrosive environment among the tested alloys.

Formation of XBRL reporting

Relevance of the research topic. At the present stage of transformational transformation of the economy, the issue with the use of the XBRL format in Ukraine, which is a prerequisite for successful interaction of enterprises in the global financial market and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Problem statement. The absence of the practice of applying taxonomy of financial statements in Ukraine, causes the relevance of this study. The developed countries of the world have already introduced this format, because it allows to make the reporting not only transparent and accessible to potential investors, but also convenient for analysis. Analysis of recent studies and publications. The process of functioning of the financial reporting system in the format XBRL is the newest, it was researched in works: Kuznetsova S. A., Borisenko A. A., Boyko R. V., Ostrovskaya O. A., Khatib E., Yassin M., Harber M., Marx B., De Jager P. and other. Highlighting unexplored parts of a common problem. Particular attention is needed to develop solutions that will minimize potential problems associated with the implementation and use of the XBRL format in Ukraine. Setting of the task, objectives of the research. Analyzing the implementation of XBRL format in Ukraine. Identifying prospects for using and setting the potential issues in the preparation of new financial statements using global experience. Research method or methodology. Dialectical methods of scientific cognition, collection and analysis of information and inductive method were used in the course of the research. Basic material presentation (results of work). The article defines the essence of the XBRL format, analyzes the stages of its implementation in Ukraine. Prospects and typical errors in the preparation of financial statements using the format have been identified. Measures have been developed to minimize the likelihood of occurrence and to overcome problems associated with its application, taking into account world experience. Areas of application of the results. The results of this study may be applied in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with the specified format. Conclusions to the article. All of the benefits of implementing XBRL far outweigh the impact of its application Its use in Ukraine shall allow reporting entities to properly prepare financial statements, adjust the requirement for duplicating financial statements while presenting to regulators, and help woo investors through formation of the qualitative financial statements.

Implicit Communications and Enforcement of Corporate Disclosure Regulation

The communication of non-public information in private meetings between corporate officials and financial analysts presents a distinctive regulatory challenge. One reason is that there typically is no record of what transpires in a private meeting. A second is that information may be communicated both explicitly and through implicit communication -- qualitative statements, tone, and non-verbal cues. The private meeting context is particularly conducive to the use of implicit communication. The SEC adopted Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) specifically to address selective disclosures in private meetings, but subsequently a federal court rejected the SEC’s attempt to impose liability for optimistic statements by a corporate official in private meetings with investors that contrasted with the negative tone of the company’s public statements. We provide empirical evidence examining the information content of analyst reports before and after the court’s ruling and suggesting that selective disclosure from managers to financial analysts increased significantly. To explore the mechanism responsible for this change, we survey securities lawyers who advise corporate officials regarding Reg FD compliance. Our survey responses indicate that this increase in disclosure is most likely due to an increase in implicit communication. Our results highlight the challenges associated with enforcing corporate disclosure regulation in the context of implicit communication.

Focus on Systems to Improve Morbidity and Mortality Conference Relevance.

Morbidity and mortality conference (MMC) is educationally important. However, resident physicians rate it less positively than faculty, citing focus on assigning blame rather than targeting change. Additionally, many MMC presentations are selected for clinical novelty instead of avoidable outcome. Despite significant time and resources routinely committed to MMC, its educational and clinical impact is generally limited. This warrants shifting focus toward quality improvement and systems-based care. From July to December 2017, within a large, public academic center and medical school, the family medicine MMC became a quality conference (QC) focusing on thematically-linked, system-based errors. After case presentations, the audience split into small groups for targeted discussion then reconvened to identify specific interventions. We collected attitudinal data from faculty and resident physicians in attendance using real-time audience text polling, targeting case relevance and change impact. Compared to MMC, QC case relevance improved by 0.39 (P&lt;.01) on a 5-point scale. Compared to MMC, QC cumulatively approached but did not meet statistical significance regarding changing clinical practice. Qualitative statements commented on increased multilevel engagement, dedicated follow up, and decreased didactic presentations. QC demonstrated statistically significant increased relevance compared to MMC, reflecting the benefit of systems-based, thematically-linked cases.

Accuracy of optical coherence tomography for diagnosing glaucoma: an overview of systematic reviews

AimsTo assess the diagnostic accuracy (DTA) of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting glaucoma by systematically searching and appraising systematic reviews (SRs) on this issue.MethodsWe searched a database of SRs...

Nourishing Compassion in Finnish Kindergarten Head Teachers: How Character Strength Training Influences Teachers\u2019 Other-Oriented Behavior

Compassion refers to noticing, feeling and acting to alleviate suffering in others. Being one of the crucial socio-emotional and cultural skills, surprisingly little is known of early childhood education (ECE) teachers’ compassionate behavior and their ability to teach it to children. Overall, research on compassion in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings is scarce. However, existing studies show that compassion skills can be acquired through training, and a collective compassion capability can be cultivated by everyday practices. As part of the positive psychology movement, compassion can be viewed as one of the character strengths (Peterson and Seligman 2004), generic skills, or “soft skills” that are underlined in the latest curricula and pedagogical documents (OECD 2017). In our present study, 95 ECE head teachers participated in the interventions, the aim of which was promoting compassion, character strengths and a supportive organization culture. A classic controlled pre/post-measuring protocol was applied to monitor progress. Additionally, qualitative material was collected from 33 participants. The intervention participants showed a significant increase in their identification and usage of strengths and in creating a supportive organizational culture. Content analysis of the qualitative statements revealed three main themes, Caring professionalism, Warm presence and Positive feedback, evidencing strivings toward an emotionally and professionally supportive ECEC organization.

Therapeutic groups via video teleconferencing and the impact on group cohesion.

The use of synchronous telemental health for therapy group is a relatively new area of exploration. While telegroups have demonstrated they can be helpful in providing psychoeducation, there is less known about whether synchronous remote groups can develop group cohesion and whether patients can receive the benefit of a supportive group setting. A pilot study was conducted comparing group cohesion between patients who participated in a dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) group via video teleconferencing (VTC) and patients who participated in an in-person group. Findings indicate that while both groups felt equally connected to the facilitator, there were significant differences between the online and in-person groups on the group cohesion scale. Those in the online group did not feel as connected to other group members as those in the in-person group. Qualitative statements indicate that while an in-person group may have been preferable, the convenience of the online group outweighed any negative effects. Attendance was significantly better in the online group, suggesting that use of this technology may help to overcome barriers preventing treatment participation. The focus of this study was on group cohesion and changes in psychiatric symptoms were not evaluated. The use of telemental health for group therapy appears to be a viable alternative to traditional in-person groups, especially when no other treatment options are available. However, facilitators may need to take extra steps to build group cohesion when members are participating remotely.

The Big Q: Is Q‐methodology valid for evaluating a large‐scale, cross‐disciplinary anatomy and physiology course?

IntroductionCourse evaluations are an important tool to gather feedback on the structure of a course, instructor effectiveness, and the overall learning experience. Critically, the Likert scale approach used by most institutions lacks course specificity and the difference between responses cannot be assumed equal (eg. “strongly agree – agree” vs. “agree – neutral”). This makes evaluating the effectiveness of a course and identifying areas that need improvement difficult. Q‐methodology is a technique that mitigates these issues by polling students for qualitative feedback statements that represent prevalent opinions of the course, then asking them to rank the statements relative to each other. Students are then clustered by shared opinions, values, and preferences.MethodsThis study uses Q‐methodology to assess student opinions on an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course (850 students). Specifically, students across five disciplines (midwifery, bachelor of health sciences, engineering, nursing, and integrated biomedical sciences) enrolled in the same second‐year undergraduate anatomy and physiology course were recruited into the study. All students experienced the same lecture and laboratory components as well as discipline‐specific tutorials. Students were asked to rank 37 statements relative to each other using an online platform. A by‐person factor analysis was completed using the qfactor program in Stata. Overall, the goal of this study was to validate Q‐methodology as an assessment modality across different populations experiencing the same course.Results143 students participated in the study (70.6% female, 25.2% male, 4.2% rather not specify; median age: 19, range: 18 – 38). The by‐person factor analysis classified students into three significantly different groups (22 students unassigned) representing 1) students who greatly appreciated the use of cadaveric specimens (n = 55), 2) students who were extremely dissatisfied by the means of evaluation (n = 40), and finally 3) students who despised the virtual reality (VR) supplementary resource (n = 26). Group 1 expected a significantly higher grade than the other two groups (p&lt;0.05). No demographic data correlated with the groups, nor did discipline. All three groups agreed upon six consensus statements.ConclusionCritically, this study uncovered three distinct opinion patterns spanning all five academic disciplines within the course. The study provided guidance for course reform and suggested that discipline does not predict course evaluations. The study supports the use of Q‐methodology analyses for assessing student opinions on a large scale. Future work looks to re‐assess student course evaluations in the same course to determine how Q‐methodology outcomes change in response to “Q”‐directed course reform.

The Cochrane Corners by Cochrane Rehabilitation.

Cochrane Rehabilitation (CR) is pursuing the goal of disseminating Cochrane evidence, in line with the Cochrane Knowledge Translation (KT) strategy theme 2: "Packaging, push, and support implementation", through several projects: the CR eBook project, blogshots, and Cochrane Corners. A Cochrane Corner is a KT vehicle in which the contents of the Cochrane Library are summarized and presented by a rehabilitation professional, using the qualitative statements proposed by Cochrane Norway to communicate the magnitude of rehabilitation intervention effects on specific outcomes, based on the certainty of evidence, and followed by a section on "clinical implication for rehabilitation professionals" (both for clinical and research practice). Our Cochrane Corners aim to inform about evidence produced by Cochrane in the field of rehabilitation from a rehabilitation professional perspective. After setting internal rules for Cochrane Corners, designing a template and preparing a guide for authors, the production of Cochrane Corners started. As of December 2019, CR signed Publication Agreements with 13 rehabilitation relevant Journals, contributed to Editorials as introductory articles for the launch of Cochrane Corners in some of these Journals and published 34 Cochrane Corners, in print or ahead of print, whereas 7 additional Cochrane Corners have been submitted to the Journals and will be published soon. This initiative provided a significant opportunity for CR to communicate with members of other groups within Cochrane as well as with journal editors. The impact of Cochrane Corners on the readers will need to be evaluated in the future: unfortunately, we have no instruments to measure it at present.

Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults.

Background Fracture of the distal radius is a common clinical problem. A key method of surgical fixation is percutaneous pinning, involving the insertion of wires through the skin to stabilise the fracture. Objectives To evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials for the use of percutaneous pinning for fractures of the distal radius in adults. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (September 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases, conference proceedings and reference lists of articles. No language restrictions were applied. Selection criteria Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical trials involving adults with a fracture of the distal radius, which compared percutaneous pinning with conservative treatment, or different aspects of percutaneous pinning. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed and extracted data from the included trials. Some pooling of data was undertaken for one comparison. Main results Thirteen trials, involving 940 generally older adults with dorsally displaced and potentially or evidently unstable distal radial fractures, were included. Methodological weaknesses among these trials included lack of allocation concealment and inadequate outcome assessment. Factors affecting the applicability of trial evidence included inconsistent fracture classification, variations in outcome assessment and incomplete reporting. Six heterogeneous trials compared percutaneous pinning with plaster cast immobilisation. Across-fracture pinning, used in five trials, was associated with improved anatomical outcome and generally minor complications. There was some indication of similar or improved function in the pinning group. One quasi-randomised trial found an excess of complications after Kapandji pinning. Three trials compared different methods of pinning. Two trials found a higher incidence of complications after Kapandji fixation compared with two methods of across-fracture fixation. The third trial provided inadequate evidence for modified Kapandji fixation versus Willenegger fixation. Two small trials comparing biodegradable pins versus metal pins found a significant excess of complications associated with biodegradable material. Two small trials compared plaster cast immobilisation for one week versus for six weeks after surgery. One trial found duration of immobilisation after trans-styloid fixation did not have a significant effect on outcome. More complications occurred in the early mobilisation group after Kapandji pinning in the second trial. Authors' conclusions Though there is some evidence to support its use, the precise role and methods of percutaneous pinning are not established. The higher rates of complications with Kapandji pinning and biodegradable materials casts some doubt on their general use.

Verhinderung von Ölrückströmungen in Wälzkolbenpumpen

SummaryPrevention of oil backflow in Roots pumps ‐ Residual gas analysis by quadrupole mass spectrometryIn industrial vacuum applications too, there is a growing trend towards dry, oil‐free, pump systems. But what does oil‐free mean? All bearings and gearboxes used in roots and screw pumps require lubrication with oil or grease. While constructive measures are implemented to avoid contamination of the process gas by back‐flowing lubricants from the pumps, no tests have yet been carried out on complete pumping stations to confirm their effectiveness. With the help of this report it is possible for the first time to make qualitative statements about the oil‐free nature of dry pumping stations.

Systematically Improving Espresso: Insights from Mathematical Modeling and Experiment

Summary Espresso is a beverage brewed using hot, high-pressure water forced through a bed of roasted coffee. Despite being one of the most widely consumed coffee formats, it is also the most susceptible to variation. We report a novel model, complimented by experiment, that is able to isolate the contributions of several brewing variables, thereby disentangling some of the sources of variation in espresso extraction. Under the key assumption of homogeneous flow through the coffee bed, a monotonic decrease in extraction yield with increasingly coarse grind settings is predicted. However, experimental measurements show a peak in the extraction yield versus grind setting relationship, with lower extraction yields at both very coarse and fine settings. This result strongly suggests that inhomogeneous flow is operative at fine grind settings, resulting in poor reproducibility and wasted raw material. With instruction from our model, we outline a procedure to eliminate these shortcomings.

Inspection of the Level of Effects of Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction in Retail Supermarkets

For every business dealing in goods and services, especially in the field of sales, attracting more and more buyers will help increase sales, contributing to achieving the ultimate goal of the producer. Profit maximization. Currently, retail supermarkets are facing fierce competition pressure among supermarket organizations: from the competition of existing supermarkets in the area, the chains of buffet goods, the shopping centers, the penetration of the "giants" in the domestic and foreign retail supermarket industry. In the context of consumers having more and more opportunities to choose shopping places and more and more requirements for service quality, especially, consumers when they come to supermarkets are not merely Buy the goods you need but also feel comfortable, feel your needs are best met. Therefore, when it comes to customer satisfaction with supermarkets, the issues that we need to pay attention to, from the quality of goods to the attitude of the staff, the promotions, as well as pay attention to customers' feelings about the service quality of the business, thereby taking measures to keep old customers, attract new customers ... All have certain effects on customer satisfaction in Supermarkets in general and at retail supermarkets in particular. This study uses exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and positive factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale of the influence of factors on customer satisfaction at the supermarket. The study has determined the scale of affecting factors including 7 components with 27 observed variables. The results of the study help to verify the qualitative statements about the impact of factors on customer satisfaction, thereby drawing conclusions and recommendations to help supermarkets promote points. Strong as well as improve weak points to achieve the best service quality.

Inspection of the Level of Effects of Service Quality to Customer Satisfaction in Retail Supermarkets

For every business dealing in goods and services, especially in the field of sales, attracting more and more buyers will help increase sales, contributing to achieving the ultimate goal of the producer. profit maximization. Currently, retail supermarkets are facing fierce competition pressure among supermarket organizations: from the competition of existing supermarkets in the area, the chains of buffet goods, the shopping centers, the penetration of the "giants" in the domestic and foreign retail supermarket industry. In the context of consumers having more and more opportunities to choose shopping places and more and more requirements for service quality, especially, consumers when they come to supermarkets are not merely Buy the goods you need but also feel comfortable, feel your needs are best met. Therefore, when it comes to customer satisfaction with supermarkets, the issues that we need to pay attention to, from the quality of goods to the attitude of the staff, the promotions, as well as pay attention to customers' feelings about the service quality of the business, thereby taking measures to keep old customers, attract new customers ... All have certain effects on customer satisfaction in Supermarkets in general and at retail supermarkets in particular. This study uses exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and positive factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale of the influence of factors on customer satisfaction at the supermarket. The study has determined the scale of affecting factors including 7 components with 27 observed variables. The results of the study help to verify the qualitative statements about the impact of factors on customer satisfaction, thereby drawing conclusions and recommendations to help supermarkets promote points. strong as well as improve weak points to achieve the best service quality.

Effect of Medication Safety Education Program on Intensive Care Nurses’ Knowledge regarding Medication Errors

Background: Medication errors are the iceberg of patient safety in hospitals and leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate the effect of an educational program of medication safety on the knowledge of critical care nurses regarding intravenous medication errors. Methods Design: There are one group pretest and posttest designs. Subject: A convenient sample of all registered nurses (52) works in Palestine Medical Complex. Data collection tools: A self-administered knowledge determination questionnaire consists of both qualitative and quantitative statements to measure level of knowledge, used as data collection tool in pre and post educational sessions, with educational booklet as intervention tool. Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software Version 18. The results are presented as frequency & percentage as appropriate at alpha level of P < 0.05; inferential statistics were generated. Paired t-test was used to perform the comparisons. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the knowledge level for the intensive care unit’s nurses regarding the intravenous medication administration during pre and post education program. Statistical analysis showed that there was a statistically significant between age, educational degree, critical units/wards, years of nursing experience and previous medication administration education program of the nurses and their knowledge during different phases of program intervention. Conclusion: Educational program on medication safety improves the knowledge of critical care nurses regarding intravenous medication errors. This study recommends that medication errors should be periodically assessed by improving clinical guidelines of medication administration.

Decarbonizing the European Automobile Fleet: Impacts of 1.5 °C-Compliant Climate Policies in Germany and Norway

This paper focuses on assessing the impact of different policy measures, in particular different vehicle taxation schemes, on the composition of the fleet of newly registered cars in Norway and Germany. For this purpose, a fleet turnover model was extended by an economic model for predicting tax-induced market penetration of different powertrain technologies. The economic model determines a cost-optimal powertrain portfolio of the newly registered passenger cars based on financial and non-financial aspects. Model evaluation was performed for the case of Norway and Germany by means of reference scenarios that map the current taxation and non-financial preferences, such as range anxiety. The reference scenario in both cases overestimates the role of ZEVs, but is able to reflect the differences in regionalities (driven mainly by the taxation). Considering disutility costs leads to a shift away from ZEVs. Among the considered non-financial preferences, range anxiety has the strongest influence. The optimization framework is a valuable predictor of qualitative statements regarding the impact of tax measures on the fleet composition of newly registered passenger cars.

Level of Compliance of Traditional Fishing Vessels to Fisheries Department Regulations in Pangkor Island

This study aims to determine the level of compliance of fishing vessels operations to Malaysian Fisheries Department rules and regulations as well as to identify the reasons of non-compliance among fishermen in Pangkor Island, Perak. The data was collected through the distribution of questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistical tools. The level of compliance of fishing vessel operations was determined by a five point Likert scale, whilst qualitative statements were grouped into several topics using qualitative content analysis. The reasons for the fishermen’s non-compliance were also identified by using closed-ended and open-ended questions. The outcome of this study can be categorised into several levels of compliance. As for the reasons for non-compliance, the most frequent reason chosen by respondents was lack of trust towards the authorities.