Qualitative Phase Of Research Research Articles

Navigating Ethical Quandaries with Close Personal Contacts in Qualitative Research

There are a variety of ethical situations that qualitative communication researchers must navigate. This point is especially true when the research involves close personal contacts, such as friends and family members. In order to problematize the ethical frameworks that guide qualitative inquiry and illuminate the complexities of relational ethics, we—the authors—reflected on our past experiences engaging in research with close personal contacts. Specifically, we took a collaborative autoethnographic approach that involved sharing personal stories, drafting autoethnographic narratives, and engaging in individual and collaborative sensemaking. In doing so, we highlight the following three quandaries specific to conducting research with close personal contacts: (1) challenging/affirming identity anchors, (2) challenging/affirming power relations, and (3) challenging/affirming ownership. We explicate each of these themes using autoethnographic vignettes and conclude by offering five lessons learned of relational ethics, which are organized using the phases of qualitative research: conceptualization and design, data collection, and representation.

Rubric for Evaluating the Alignment of the IT Project Portfolio with IT Governance in Universities

Organizations are currently using the potential of IT to achieve their strategic objectives. IT governance ensures that decisions related to information technologies are aligned with business needs and strategies. One of the best practices to introduce a culture of IT governance is the implementation of the IT project portfolio. However, there is a lack of studies that support this claim. We developed a rubric to evaluate the portfolio of IT projects of a university to determine its strategic nature and its alignment with the principles of IT governance. After a phase of qualitative research, we designed a survey to collect quantitative data in a real scenario. We contrasted these data with the estimated scenario through the results obtained in the previous phase. The objective of this research is to validate and improve the starting proposal as a result of qualitative research. This survey has been answered by Spanish public universities that have implemented a portfolio of IT projects and whose IT managers are aware of the ISO/IEC 38500 standard and its principles. The results have allowed us to design a rubric that can be used by universities to evaluate the relationship between the elements and the advantages of the IT project portfolio and its alignment with IT governance.

Mixed Methods Research in Tourism: a Systematic Sequential Approach

Purpose: This article discusses the use of mixed methods research in tourism. It provides the rationale for the use of mixed methods and discusses the context in which this was chosen and used. It outlines the major research philosophies, and their advantages and disadvantages, and discusses the systematic, sequential, step-by-step research processes that were employed. The article also analyses the potential usefulness of specific qualitative data collection techniques. Method: The context of the article was a study investigating what tourists associate with tourism destination quality (henceforth referred to as the TDQ study). The article indicates the nature of the phases of research in the TDQ study, beginning with the qualitative exploratory research involved. It discusses how questions were designed, and the pre-testing and piloting of questions and research techniques. It provides details on the main qualitative and subsequent quantitative phases of the research. Findings: The article argues that an initial systematic qualitative phase of research can be used within an overall mixed methods approach to precede a quantitative phase with a successful outcome in terms of robust and rigorous research findings. Additionally, the results of the pilot study data indicate the superiority of the in–depth interviews technique over focus group interviews and open-ended questionnaires in terms of the technique’s effectiveness, efficiency, and ability to generate in-depth, detailed and unique data. Research and conclusion limitation: The article discusses only one case study in detail. Practical implication: Although not intended to be prescriptive, this article could be used as a blueprint for those involved in research involving similar methodology. Originality: This article advances knowledge of the effectiveness of mixed method methodologies and techniques in tourism studies. By providing a detailed account of a systematic sequential mixed method approach, the paper provides insights into and a potential blueprint for researchers interested in conducting such research. Type of paper: research methodology article.

P486 Iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease: Diagnosis, quality of life and iron treatment preferences among European patients

Abstract Background Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a major complication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A European patient survey was conducted to analyse the IDA diagnostic journey and the impact of IDA on patients’ quality of life (QoL). Methods This quantitative survey was conducted in the UK, Spain, Italy and Germany between 28 May and 24 August 2020. The questions had been pre-validated by patients in an initial qualitative research phase. Adult patients with IDA associated with IBD and current or last haemoglobin level(s) greater than 8 g/dl, or IDA perceived to be mild or moderate were included. Patients on ferric maltol were excluded due to focus on traditional iron therapies. Selected Short Form-36 measures were used to assess the QoL. Results are presented as the percentage of respondents. Results A total of 173 patients were included (54% female; 98% aged ≤67 years). For months before their IDA diagnosis, most patients experienced IDA symptoms such as extreme fatigue 57%, weakness 45%, headache/dizziness 38% and sleeping difficulty 36%. IDA was typically diagnosed during either regular IBD check-ups or when the patient asked about their symptoms (37% each). Patients felt limited in carrying out daily activities such as running (77%), climbing stairs (65%), or walking more than a mile (64%). As a result of being fatigued, most patients (58%) also felt limited in their ability to complete work or college/university activities. Initially most patients (66%) received oral iron, and 34% received intravenous iron (IV). At the time of the survey, 71% were receiving oral iron and 28% IV iron. In 27% patients, side-effects with both oral and IV irons were the main challenge with IDA treatment. The three most frequently experienced side-effects were, with oral iron: black faeces 42%, stomach pain 37% or constipation 30%; and with IV iron: diarrhoea 23% or headache 21%. One in two patients had to wait 2 or more weeks to start their IV treatment. Once given, 57% patients had to return at least every 1–2 months for new IV iron injections. The majority patients who experienced both oral and IV therapies preferred oral treatments over IV (59% versus 41%). Home-based administration was the predominant reason (by 50%) for oral treatment preference. Most patients (64%) who preferred IV treatment valued fewer side-effects versus oral iron. Conclusion Patients with IBD and IDA are limited in their daily activities. Enduring IDA symptoms such as extreme fatigue often precede and trigger the IDA diagnosis. While challenges remain with both oral and IV irons, oral iron tablets are preferred due to home-based administration. The ongoing COVID pandemic may thus increase the demand for better oral iron treatments of IDA in patients with IBD.

Community Health Centers' Practices, Barriers, and Facilitators for Providing a 1-Year Supply of Oral Contraception on Site.

High-quality family planning services help women to achieve their preferred family size and birth spacing, which in turn leads to improved health outcomes and better quality of life. This study investigates whether women have access to a 1-year supply of oral contraceptives (OCs) on site when they receive care at community health centers and whether states require coverage for a 1-year supply. This study used a concurrent, mixed-methods approach, with a single phase of quantitative research (survey of health centers) and two phases of qualitative research (50-state policy environment scan and in-depth interviews). Only three states require coverage for a 1-year supply of OCs under all Medicaid and private insurance coverage mechanisms; the majority of states limit it through at least one mechanism. The survey found that 50.9% of health centers provided OCs on site, and of these, only 29.9% offered up to a 1-year supply at a time. An analysis of interviews revealed that clinician and pharmacist preferences and the organization's overall approach to family planning played a role in these practices. This study finds that that only a minority of health centers provide a 1-year supply on site and that a minority of states have rules requiring coverage for a 1-year supply of OCs. To remedy these gaps, change is needed at multiple levels, including health center practices, clinician knowledge and beliefs, federal agency guidance, and state-level insurance policy.

The afterlife of interviews: explicit ethics and subtle ethics in sensitive or distressing qualitative research

When conducting interviews about sensitive subject matter such as family life, powerful emotions may arise. The kinds of unexpected distress that can surface in interviews concerning topics laden with personal significance are different to the readily anticipated trauma that accompanies interviews in post-crisis or post-conflict situation. This article analyses the ethical considerations that accompany such research, drawing upon literature from oral history and qualitative sociology. The article traces ethical issues during the temporal phases of qualitative research – before, during and after an interview – before proposing three strategies that interviewers can adopt to help protect narrators from ongoing harm or distress after an interview. Such ethical safeguards include the self-interview, the post-interview follow-up with the narrator, and adopting an ethics of reciprocity that allows the narrator to feel that they are contributing to a larger purpose through involvement in research.

Major Causes of Female Dropouts at Different Educational Levels in Karachi

This research revolves around the causes of female dropouts in Karachi at different educational levels, including primary, secondary, high school and university levels. In this research exploratory sequential mixed method has been used. After the literature review, the phenomenological research method for the qualitative phase of research has been adopted. In this regard, the interviews have been taken by different educationalists in Karachi on the basis of their experience and age via the convenience sampling method. All the hypotheses have been tested and accepted at this stage. Under the umbrella of results of the first phase, the questionnaire has been designed for quantitative research, i.e. the second phase of the research. The sample size for the second phase is 200; the data has been collected via quota sampling. The frequency of every element included in the quantitative phase has been detected separately by using descriptive analysis through SPSS. Finally, conclusions have been made on the basis of data analysis.

Extreme exclusion and relative deprivation in subsistence marketplaces: A study in a refugee settlement in Nakivale, Uganda

AbstractWe study how refugees in a settlement face extreme marketplace exclusion through three phases of qualitative research. Overlaying the context of subsistence marketplaces, such exclusion is accentuated by refugee status, fleeing from unimaginable suffering. We interpret our findings in terms of relative deprivation, or the state of feeling deprived relative to some social reference, often used to understand how consumers feel deprived in terms of their relative financial status. We extend relative deprivation theory in research, introducing extreme marketplace deprivation. Whereas most relative deprivation research emphasizes social comparisons to other people, our study of the refugee settlement demonstrates the adverse effects of intrapersonal relative deprivation, that is, feeling deprived relative to one's past. We develop a theoretical framework to demarcate types of extreme marketplace deprivation, classifying these experiences in terms of consumption and livelihood along three facets (material, social, and psychological). We derive implications for consumer affairs.

Venezuelan Women in Peru: at the Borders of Nationality, Gender, and Survival Migration

How is the migration experience of Venezuelan women in Peru different from their male counterparts? Where are Venezuelan women employed? How does their gender position them in the labor force and in Peruvian society? To what degree do social-racial hierarchies configure their integration and opportunities for socioeconomic mobility? Based on the early phases of qualitative research on Venezuelan women’s migration experience in Peru, we draw from 15 short surveys and in-depth interviews with women in Lima between 2018 and 2019, national data, and migration literature. We analyze the intersection of a triple jeopardy—nationality, gender, and condition as survival migrants—that is casting Venezuelan women in informal, precarious, feminized, and racialized work in Peru. Likewise, we observe women’s resistance to a recipient country culture that is deeply rooted in socioracial hierarchies. We argue that these migrant women are vulnerable to inferiorized socioeconomic positioning in this situation, and aim is to contribute to a conversation about how south-south migration and gender combine with the socioeconomic and cultural context to determine available options for survival migrant women.

Painting with data: Alternative aesthetics of qualitative research

In this article I outline an original creative method for qualitative research, namely the painting with data technique. This is a participatory methodology which brings creativity and participation through to the analytical phase of qualitative research. Crucially, I acknowledge but also challenge the dominant aesthetic that currently shapes qualitative research and renders life in a monochromatic palette. The painting with data method evidences an alternative aesthetic to the predominant one and I argue that we can understand this methodology by adapting Jennifer Mason’s concept of ‘layering’ to conceptualise how different aesthetics help us to see the different shapes, forms and moulds that make us, our relationships and our worlds. The process moves away from traditional ways of treating transcribed data, and prioritises addition above extraction; juxtaposition over thematisation; and collaging rather than ordering. This alternative aesthetic for qualitative research offers an evocative form and a conceptual schema through which to interpret the world, providing a route to novel insights, that enlivens the interpretative work of the analyst and offers opportunities to make and witness potent connections.

An Exploration on Online Learning Challenges in Malaysian Higher Education: The Post COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak

Flexible online programmes and learning are gaining popularity as a means of educating students. It can also facilitate the delivery of knowledge to pupils, as well as facilitating the learning process. The purpose of this study was to investigate Online Learning Challenges following the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in Malaysia. This study employs the qualitative and Fuzzy Delphi Method in collecting the data. In the qualitative research phase, open-ended questions were distributed to 118 participants, while in the Fuzzy Delphi phase, expert questionnaires were distributed to 7 experts in the field of study. Qualitative data were analysed using Atlas-ti software, whereas Fuzzy Delphi data was analysed using Fudelo 1.0 software. The qualitative study discovered that students confront seven significant challenges: internet coverage, mental fatigue, learning devices, environmental disturbance, pedagogical challenges, lack of motivation, and social interaction.Meanwhile, the fuzzy Delphi analysis of the expert consensus of the theme is at a reasonable level. The overall expert consensus agreement findings exceed 75%, the overall value of the threshold (d) is 0.2, and the -cut exceeds 0.5. The study provides important insights into online learning issues and the fields for further improvement. This study also discusses the avenue for future research by future researchers for more significant benefits and contributions to knowledge in general.

Regional inequalities and the role of federal resources in the SUS: do political factors affect the allocation of funds?

The research problem in this paper is a discussion of the political factors affecting the allocation of federal resources in the SUS (Unified Health System) and its effects on regional inequalities in Brazil. The main objective was to explore the influence of political factors as criteria for the distribution of federal funds, considering the regional inequalities of the country. A mixed method was used by collecting quantitative data to study the allocation of resources for each unit of the Federation, from 2003 to 2017, in search of outliers, which require more in-depth explanation based on qualitative research methods. The fuzzy-set QCA software was applied in the qualitative research phase for identification of technical and political conditions, where required and/or sufficient, for an atypical distribution of resources from one year to another. The quantitative analysis demonstrated the decrease of regional inequalities in allocation of resources to States in the North and Northeast. However, when studying the constraints of the distribution of the funds for the States of these regions, qualitative analysis demonstrated the influence of political factors on the allocation of resources, rather than purely technical factors.

Exposition and Application of a Framework for Integration in a Mixed Methods Study: A Case Study From Complicated Grief

The methodological literature considers the challenges of integrating data from various sources. However, it is sparse on how such integration might be executed. The unique contribution of this article is that, exploring mental health professionals’ attitude to complicated grief, it combines existing analysis principles and methods to present a stepwise framework that aims to guide the integration process. In a three-phase exploratory sequential mixed methods study (systematic review, qualitative, and quantitative research phases), the findings from the individual phases provided the data for integration, which involved data reduction, transformation using qualitization, and comparison through a process of following the thread. The article demonstrates how this method of integration produced added value, allowing identification of a more nuanced conclusion.

Youth and the Future of Community Forestry

Forests managed by Indigenous and other local communities generate important benefits for livelihood, and contribute to regional and global biodiversity and carbon sequestration goals. Yet, challenges to community forestry remain. Rural out-migration, for one, can make it hard for communities to maintain broad and diverse memberships invested in local forest commons. This includes young people, who can contribute critical energy, ideas, and skills and are well positioned to take up community forest governance and work, but often aspire to alternative livelihoods and lifestyles. Through an initiative called the Future of Forest Work and Communities, we sought to connect researchers and practitioners with young people living in forest regions, and explore whether community forestry is, or could be, a viable option for them in a globalising world. We achieved this through two phases of qualitative research: youth visioning workshops and questionnaires conducted in 14 forest communities and regions across 9 countries, and a more in-depth case study of two forest communities in Oaxaca, Mexico, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews. We found important synergies across sites. Youth held strong connections with their communities and local forests, but work and/or study aspirations meant many would likely leave their home communities (at least for a time). Community forestry was not seen as an obvious livelihood pathway by a majority of youth, although interest in forest work was evident through participation in several workshop activities. As community leadership and support organisations consider community forestry as an engine of local development, the research highlights the importance of engaging local youth to understand their interests and ideas, and thus identify practical and meaningful ways to empower them as community and territorial actors.

Implementation of Energy Efficient Building Concepts In Design Office of Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayan Kabupaten Merauke

The building plays an important role in the use of energy in Indonesia. Most of the expenditure of energy in Indonesia is generated by a particular building electricity consumption by households and the commercial sector. electrical energy use in buildings mostly used to create an artificial climate such as air conditioning and lighting. The building was also partially responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and the use of raw materials that are manufactured to material such as sand, gravel and cement. Design Office of Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Merauke try to apply the concept of energy-efficient buildings. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of energy-efficient building concept in the design office Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Merauke. This research is qualitative research phases namely direct observation in the field, videotaped, and the study of literature. The results showed Building Design Office of Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Merauke try to apply the concept of energy-efficient building on the building design by way of setting the basic building coefficient, the orientation of the building, s / v ratio and wide openings made structures. But the use of materials, the use of concrete with sand brought in from outside the area is not considered environmentally friendly The results showed Building Design Office of Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Merauketry to apply the concept of energy-efficient building on the building design by way of setting the basic building coefficient, the orientation of the building, s / v ratio and wide openings made structures. But the use of materials, the use of concrete with sand brought in from outside the area is not considered environmentally friendly The results showed Building Design Office of Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Merauke try to apply the concept of energy-efficient building on the building design by way of setting the basic building coefficient, the orientation of the building, s / v ratio and wide openings made of building. But the use of materials, the use of concrete with sand brought in from outside the area is not considered environmentally friendly.

ANALYZING THE MARKETING MODEL OF KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS IN HUNGARY

The aim of this paper is to analyze the marketing activities of Krishna Consciousness as a new religious movement in Hungary. Observations and in-depth interviews were carried out in different Krishna-conscious communities in Europe concerning the means they apply to gain followers. The three-year-long qualitative research phase has revealed two-phase model, in which Krishna-conscious villages are promoted as touristic destinations providing a cultural experience; and only in the second phase, when people already visit one of these places, are they introduced to the religion, which feels more like learning, not promotion. In the second research phase a questionnaire was used to evaluate the recognition and the efficiency of the two-phase model. In this paper the research results concerning Krisna Völgy in Hungary are introduced, which is currently the biggest village in Europe and also one of the most developed ones concerning tourism and cultural experiences.

The Grounded Theory methodology to conduct content analysis of sermons and interviews: Critique and response

The search for a good method to analyse sermon content (and the content of interview documents) has been prevailing since the past decades to evaluate current practice so as to construct better theories for practice. I think that we have found it in the methodology of inductive, qualitative research of the Grounded Theory methodology. In this article, I am going to use the Grounded Theory approach to describe the phases of qualitative empirical research, namely, literature study, sampling, open coding of the data, selective coding of additional new data and theoretical coding to be able to construct an emerging theory of praxis using the concepts developed for this specific action in our discipline. There are critical comments for this methodology. I will try to address these critical views and argue that the Grounded Theory is in line with the science of research.

A behavioural change intervention study for the prevention of childhood obesity in South Africa: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSouth Africa is currently undergoing a nutrition transition, and overweight and obesity is on the increase in South African children. Urbanization and other health determinants have led to reduced physical activity and unhealthy eating that have increased the risk of adverse chronic health conditions. This study aims to provide evidence of the effectiveness of a school-based intervention study that targets diet and physical activity for the prevention of child and adolescent overweight and/or obesity.MethodsWe will employ a mixed method study design which is divided into two phases. Phase 1, namely the qualitative elicitation research phase will inform the development of the quantitative intervention phase (phase 2), consisting of a cluster-randomized trial, based on input from key stakeholders. The study will be undertaken in 16 government-funded primary schools in the iLembe district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The study will target learners in Grades 4 and 7, their parents, Life Orientation educators, school principals and members of school governing bodies. Assessment for the primary objective (BMI Z scores), and the secondary objectives (change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding diet and physical activity) in both study arms will be conducted at baseline in March 2020 and at the end of the study in October 2020.DiscussionThe study will be a novel combined mixed methods/RCT design that focuses on diet, physical activity school and family-based interventions in the context of rapidly increasing overweight and obesity prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal. To encourage behaviour change and management of malnutrition, education including diet and physical activity, is an important strategy that must be considered. Nutrition education extends beyond the dissemination of food information; it includes addressing the needs of participants, empowers and encourages decision-making and choice of foods, change in nutrition attitudes, beliefs and influences based on resources available and within cultural boundaries.Trial registrationPan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201711002699153. Protocol registered on 16 November 2017.

Towards a Virtuosity of School Leadership: clinical support and supervision as professional learning

ABSTRACT This paper introduces an innovative clinical support and supervision project that has its origins in the concern for how senior school leaders are increasingly being expected to manage the escalating demand to care for pupils, families and often the wider community. In response to these pressures we offer a three-stage professional learning model of supervision which encompasses collaboration, reflection and dialogue, while facilitating the development of professional skills within a non-judgemental space for personal and professional reflexivity. Alongside providing the service, the authors undertook two phases of qualitative research over a five-year period. Our findings indicate that support and supervision has been wholly beneficial identifying a positive impact across three broad themes: Professional learning, health and well-being, and wider school culture. The process facilitates headteachers making professionally situated decisions grounded in an understanding of educational purpose. We call for a virtuosity of school leadership – a practice of educational leadership where decision-making is informed by good educational judgements and not by standardisation and punitive accountability measures. Distinctively, clinical support and supervision promotes a virtuosity of school leadership while also meeting the moral obligation to care for school leaders and in doing so those in their care.

What are the barriers to implementing psychosocial assessment in the private sector?

High-quality family planning services help women to achieve their preferred family size and birth spacing, which in turn leads to improved health outcomes and better quality of life. This study investigates whether women have access to a 1-year supply of oral contraceptives (OCs) on site when they receive care at community health centers and whether states require coverage for a 1-year supply.This study used a concurrent, mixed-methods approach, with a single phase of quantitative research (survey of health centers) and two phases of qualitative research (50-state policy environment scan and in-depth interviews).Only three states require coverage for a 1-year supply of OCs under all Medicaid and private insurance coverage mechanisms; the majority of states limit it through at least one mechanism. The survey found that 50.9% of health centers provided OCs on site, and of these, only 29.9% offered up to a 1-year supply at a time. An analysis of interviews revealed that clinician and pharmacist preferences and the organization's overall approach to family planning played a role in these practices.This study finds that that only a minority of health centers provide a 1-year supply on site and that a minority of states have rules requiring coverage for a 1-year supply of OCs. To remedy these gaps, change is needed at multiple levels, including health center practices, clinician knowledge and beliefs, federal agency guidance, and state-level insurance policy.