Q-absorbance Ratio Method Research Articles

Simultaneously Estimation of Multicomponent Containing Formulation by using UV-Spectroscopy [Aspirin-Atorvastatin

The market is currently offering a wide range of combination dose forms, and the quantity is growing daily. Due to their improved potency, various actions, speedier relief, fewer side effects, and higher patient acceptability, these multicomponent formulations are becoming more and more popular. It is therefore intended that these formulations satisfy all requirements for their efficacy, safety, and quality. This is only feasible if many analytical methods are available to determine them. When doing a simultaneous multicomponent analysis, various UV spectrophotometric techniques are applied.These techniques rely on logging and processing absorption spectra computationally. The various techniques covered in this review include the use of simultaneous equations, derivative spectrophotometry, mean centring of the ratio spectra, absorption factor method, double divisor ratio spectra derivative method, successive ratio derivative spectra, Q-absorbance ratio method, isosbestic point method, absorpitivity factor method, dual wavelength method, mean centring of the ratio spectra, and multivariate methods. A synopsis of the theories and a few uses for these techniques are given.

Simultaneous determination and validation of Aceclofenac and cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride by area under curve and q-absorbance ratio methods in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, accurate, rapid and UV spectrophotometric methods has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Aceclofenac (ACF) and Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (CBP) in bulk and combined tablet dosage form. The methods employed were(A) Area under curve and (B) Q-absorbance ratio method. Method- A involves measurement of peak area in the wavelength range 271-281 nm and 220-230 nm for ACF and CBP respectively. In Method B two wavelengths 276 nm, λ max of Aceclofenac and 257 nm, the isobestic point were selected. In both the methods linearity was found in the concentration range of 6-30 µg/ml for Aceclofenac and 0.45-2.25 µg/ml Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride. Both the methods were found to be rapid, specific, precise and accurate. Hence these methods can be applied for routine analysis of Aceclofenac and Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride in combined dosage form without any interference by the excipients. The above methods are validated according to ICH guidelines.

Estimation of Repaglinide and Metformin HCls from Pharmaceutical Formulation by Q-Absorbance Ratio Method Using UV Spectrophotometer

Estimation of Repaglinide and Metformin HCls from Pharmaceutical Formulation by Q-Absorbance Ratio Method Using UV Spectrophotometer

Development and validation of UV spectroscopic Q-absorbance ratio method for zonisamide and aripirazole in synthetic mixture

A simple, specific, accurate and precise Q-Absorbance ration spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for estimation of Zonisamide and Aripirazole in Synthetic Mixture. Zonisamide and Aripirazole showed and iso-absorptive point at 230.50nm in Distilled water. The second wavelength used was 240.60nm which is λmax of Aripirazole in distilled water. The concentration of the drugs was determined by using ratio of absorbance at iso-absorptive point (λ1 =240.60 nm) and at the λmax of Aripirazole (λ2 =230.50 nm). This method is linear for both drugs; in range 10-30 μg/ml at λ1 R2 = 0.996 at λ2 (R2 = 0.997) for Aripirazole, and in the range of 10–30 μg/mL for Zonisamide found at λ1 (R2 = 0.990) and at λ2 (R2 = 0.996). The % Recovery was 101.12 % of Aripirazole and 101.89 % of Zonisamide by standard addition method. The LOD was found to be 0.084 μg/mL and 0.110 μg/mL for both drugs at λ1 and λ2 respectively. The LOQ was found to be 0.257 μg/mL and 0.330 μg/mL for both drugs at λ1 and λ2 respectively. The method was found to be precise as % RSD was less than 2.00 in Repeatability, Interday and Intraday precision for Zonisamide and Aripirazole. The % assay of analyte drugs in synthetic mixture was found to be 100.48 % of Zonisamide which showed good applicability of the developed method.

Development and validation of UV spectroscopic Q-absorbance ratio method for zonisamide and aripirazole in synthetic mixture

Development and validation of UV spectroscopic Q-absorbance ratio method for zonisamide and aripirazole in synthetic mixture

DIFFERENT ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON ITS APPLICATION FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

In routine practice, some simple and rapid analytical methods are needed for the assessment of formulations containing multiple elements, complex matrix system and for biotherapeutic products. There are several methods available for ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry that rely on the concept of absorbance difference, absorbance spectra, and additivity, also included in the list are simultaneous equation method, Q-absorbance ratio method, derivative spectrophotometry, ratio derivative spectra, successive ratio-derivative spectra, absorption and absorptivity factor method, and difference spectrophotometry along with multivariate chemometric methods. In this review, emphasis has been given to the theories, mathematical context, advantages, and disadvantages along with the vast applications of UV spectrophotometry. The findings further highlighted that for the analysis of drugs, UV spectrophotometry remains as one of the most simple, cheap, and promising option for routine practice in the field of pharmaceuticals.

Development and validation of UV-Spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Doxycycline in bulk and synthetic mixture

A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise UV spectrophotometric and isocratic RP-HPLC method have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Doxycycline in bulk and synthetic mixture. Spectrophotometric estimation was done by two methods. First method was Q-absorbance ratio method, where two wavelengths 236 nm (λmax of Metformin) and 248 nm (Iso-absorptive point) were used. The second method was first derivative method. In this method the zero-crossing point of Metformin was selected at 282 nm and for Doxycycline, it was 232 nm. The solvent used was methanol in both the above UV-spectrophotometric methods. Metformin and Doxycycline showed good linearity in the series of 1-9 µg/ml and 2-20 µg/ml respectively by both the two methods with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2≥0.998). In RP-HPLC method, the chromatographic separation was achieved on Luna Phenomenex C18 (150 mmХ6 mm, 5 µm) analytical column. A mixture of Acetonitrile: Phosphate buffer (50 mM): Triethylamine (TEA): Tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30:66:2:2) pH adjusted to 2.1 with orthophosphoric acid was used as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and at detector wavelength 248 nm. The retention time of Metformin and Doxycycline was found to be 3.561±0.0017 and 5.574±0.0131 minutes respectively. A linear response was observed over the concentration range 4-64 µg/ml of Metformin and 5-80 µg/ml of Doxycycline. All the three methods were validated in accordance to ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The proposed methods were effectively utilized for the concurrent estimation of Metformin and Doxycycline in synthetic mixture.
 Keywords: Metformin, Doxycycline, Q-absorbance ratio method, First derivative method, RP-HPLC

SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DAPAGLIFLOZIN AND SAXAGLIPTIN IN FIXED DOSE COMBINATION (FDC) BY Q-ABSORBANCE RATIO METHOD

A simple Q-absorbance ratio method have been developed for the determination of dapagliflozin (DAPA) and saxagliptin (SAXA) in fixed dose combination (FDC) using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In this method, the UV spectra of DAPA and SAXA were overlaid to obtain wavelength at isosbestic point (λiso) of 217.6 nm and at absorption maximum (λmax) of DAPA at 224.2 nm, which are involved in the formation of Q-absorbance equation. Validation of method was done according to ICH guidelines. DAPA and SAXA obeyed Beers law in the concentration range of 2-25 µg/mL and 5-25 µg/mL, respectively. Good accuracy of method was determined by recovery studies and found to be in the range of 103.1-104.6% for DAPA and 97.7-102.4% for SAXA. This method has shown good precision (%RSD < 2.0). Statistical analysis like one-way ANOVA and student t-test were conducted and the reported method was accurate. This method was found to be simple, cheap, eco-friendly accurate and precise and can be used for routine analysis of DAPA and SAXA in FDC for testing regularly in manufacturing units.

Development and Validation of Three Different UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of New Antifungal Combination Used in Treatment of External Fungal Infections and Their Comparison Using ANOVA

Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride combination is used for external fungal infections and is newly introduced in market. Hence it is necessary to develop a appropriate method of analysis for rapid and accurate determination of these drugs. Three simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical UV-spectrophotometric methods (A,B,C) have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Luliconazole and Terbinafine hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical dosage form and their comparison by ANOVA. Method (A) is well based on first order derivative spectrophotometric method, in which zero crossing points for Luliconazole is 249.50 nm and Terbinafine hydrochloride is 258.50 nm. Linearity was found in range of 3-18 µg/ ml for both the drugs using methanol as a common solvent. Method (B) is constructed on the principle of dual wavelength method using absorbance difference at 281 and 306 nm for Luliconazole & 262 and 296 nm for Terbinafine hydrochloride. Method (C) is based on norm of Q-absorbance ratio method where iso-absorptive point was obtained at 250 nm and the λ max selected was of Terbinafine hydrochloride 282 nm. The developed methods were validated as per ICH guideline. Accuracy and precision of methods were determined and validated. All the developed methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD <2. These three methods developed were compared using one way ANOVA and the fcal value was found to be less than ftab value indicating that there is no significant difference in the assay results of the three methods. All three methods were found to be rapid, specific, precise and accurate and found no interferences from the cream excipients so it can be used for routine investigation of both drugs in quality control laboratories.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Antifungal Drugs for Candida albicans Resistant to Fluconazole

Background: The emergence of Candida albicans strains resistant to fluconazole (FLZ) had raised interest on combining other antifungals with FLZ. In vitro and clinical studies had indicated synergistic interaction between terbinafine and FLZ against strains resistant to FLZ and improved therapeutic efficacy. Objective: Formulation and evaluation of fixed dose combination (FDC) tablets of terbinafine HCl (TH) and FLZ for avoidance of resistance and improved therapeutic efficacy against C. albicans infections. Method: The compatibility of TH and FLZ together and with excipients was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. A UV-visible spectroscopic Q-absorbance ratio method was developed and validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ for simultaneous estimation of TH and FLZ. The FDC tablets was prepared by wet granulation using hydroxy propyl cellulose (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) as binder and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. Result and Discussion: The TH and FLZ were compatible together and with excipients used in FDC. The linearity range was found to be 0.5-3.0 µg/ml and 80-400 µg/ml for TH and FLZ, respectively. Percent RSD was less than 2% indicating good accuracy and precision for proposed method. The hardness and disintegration time of tablets increased and friability decreased with increased binder concentration. Formulation F2 and F3 showed more than 80% drug release within 30 minutes. Conclusion: The TH and FLZ were compatible and can be formulated as a FDC tablet. The UV-Visible spectrophotometric method developed for simultaneous estimation was simple, accurate and sensitive.
 Keywords: Terbinafine, Fluconazole, Q-absorbance, Fixed Dose Combination, Candida albicans

Development of Validated Q-absorbance Ratio, Derivative Spectrophotometric and Stability indicating RP-HPLC methods for the simultaneous estimation of Losartan Potassium & Hydrochlorothiazide in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and comparison of the results by ANOVA

Hypertension is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, leading to 12.8 % of the total of all deaths worldwide. In the recent years, the combination of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide has attained significant popularity in reducing the risk of heart diseases particularly in the patients with hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy. The literature survey revealed that there were several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the simultaneous estimation of the selected drugs but it was noted that there were no reported comparative studies of the developed methods. Hence the authors attempted to develop new validated Q- absorbance ratio, Derivative spectrophotometric and Stability indicating RP-HPLC methods for the simultaneous estimation of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage form. The authors also propose to compare the results obtained by ANOVA. The two Spectrophotometric methods were carried out using an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Visible double beam Spectrophotometer. In Q-absorbance ratio method, samples were measured at two wavelengths, 230 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 225.5 nm (?max of Hydrochlorothiazide). In Derivative spectroscopy, analysis was performed by derivatizing the zero order spectrum to the corresponding second order spectrum. Stability indicating RP-HPLC method was performed using Eclipse XDB C18 column where the samples were analyzed using a mixture of Acetonitrile and Water in the ratio of 70:30 % v/v as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The drugs were monitored at 230 nm. The retention times for Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide were found to be 1.010 minutes and 1.387 minutes respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The results obtained from the three developed methods were then compared by ANOVA which indicated that the proposed methods can successfully be used for the analysis of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide in bulk or in combined dosage forms.

Development and Validation of Q-absorbance Ratio method for Simultaneous Estimation of Teniligliptin hydrobromide and Metformin HCl in Multicomponent Dosage Form

Development and Validation of Q-absorbance Ratio method for Simultaneous Estimation of Teniligliptin hydrobromide and Metformin HCl in Multicomponent Dosage Form

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC Q-ABSORBANCE RATIO METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EPERISONE HYDROCHLORIDE AND ACECLOFENAC IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORM

A simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical Q-absorbance ratio method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac in combined dosage form. The solvent used was methanol:water (70:30 v/v). The iso-absorptive point was found to be 269.5 nm. Calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 6-21 μg/ml for eperisone hydrochloride and 8-28 μg/mL for aceclofenac, respectively. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for various parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Accuracy of method was determined through recovery studies which were found to be 99.0% - 100.89 % for eperisone hydrochloride and 98.67% - 100.44 % for aceclofenac. Method was found to be reproducible with relative standard deviation (RSD) for intra-and inter-day precision less than 2% over the concentration range. The proposed method can be used for routine analysis of eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac in bulk and tablet dosage form.

ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS- A BRIEF REVIEW

Rapid and easy analytical methods are needed due to increasing number of multicomponent formulations, biotherapeutic products and samples of complex matrix in que. Number of Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric methods used for these purpose. Different types of UV spectrometric methods developed on the basis of principle of additivity, absorbance difference, processing absorption spectra. The aim of this review is to present information on simultaneous equation method, difference spectrophotometry, derivative spectrophotometry, absorbance ratio spectra, derivative ratio spectra, successive ratio - derivative spectra, Q-absorbance ratio method, absorptivity factor method, dual wavelength method, absorption factor method, multivariate chemometric methods, and isosbestic point method. A brief summary on theories, mathematical background and some applications of these methods are presented here.

A Review on Analytical Methods for Ivabradine determination in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Ivabradine is a specific heart rate lowering agent, acting by reducing the rate of pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial node. Ivabradine is a novel heart rate lowering medicine for the symptomatic management of stable angina pectoralis and symptomatic chronic heart failure. In multicenter clinical trials, it has been proved that Ivabradine is superior to beta-blocking agents during complex therapy of chronic heart failure accompanied with its beneficial effects related to cardiac remodeling, improvement of the currency of heart failure and diminution of patients rehospitalisation. It is suggested that Ivabradine as a newer agent is a valuable perspective drug for the treatment of congestive heart failure. This review is useful for the future study for researcher involved in formulation development and quality control of Ivabradine.This review article represents the various analytical methods which have been reported for estimation of Ivabradine in pharmaceutical dosage form. The spectrophotometric techniques and Q-absorbance ratio method were reported by the various authors. Many researchers also worked in chromatographic areas like Thin layer chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, and High performance thin layer chromatography. Ivabradine is also studied by various hyphenated techniques .We reviewed and reported almost all analytical methods with more emphasis on chromatographic mrthodsfor Ivabradine.

Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation of Naphazoline Nitrate and Hydrocortisone in Nasal drops

Two new simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economical spectrophotometric methods developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of naphazoline nitrate and hydrocortisone in nasal drops. The first method is Q-absorbance ratio method. Q-Absorbance ratio method uses the ratio of absorbances at two selected wavelengths, one which is an isoabsorptive point and other being the λ-max of one of the two components. Naphazoline nitrate and hydrocortisone show an isoabsorptive point at 264 nm in methanol. The second method is based on the derivative spectrophotometric method at zero crossing wavelengths. In this method the zero crossing point of naphazoline nitrate was selected at 277 nm and for hydrocortisone it was 290 nm. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 6.25–36.75 μg/ml for naphazoline nitrate and 5–30 μg/ml for hydrocortisone for both the above methods. These methods are simple, accurate and rapid, those require no preliminary separation and can therefore be used for routine analysis of both drugs in quality control laboratories. The suitability of these methods for the quantitative determination of the compounds was proved by validation.

Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Doxofylline and Terbutaline Sulphate in Combined Dosage Form

Two simple spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Doxofylline and Terbutaline sulphate in tablet dosage form. The method is developed using 0.1M NaOH as a solvent. Method (I) is the Q-absorbance ratio method, two wavelengths are selected, one being the isoabsorptive point 294.1 nm and other being the absorption maxima of Doxofylline at 273 nm. Method (II) is the Absorbance correction method, two wavelengths are selected, one being absorption maxima of Doxofylline at 273 nm and other being the corrected absorbance at 302.96 nm. The Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 10–50 μg/ml for Doxofylline and 2–8 μg/ml for Terbutaline sulphate respectively, correlation coefficient (r 2 < 1). The accuracy and precision were determined and found to comply with ICH guidelines. Both the methods showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD in the desired range. The proposed methods can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of both the drugs from tablet dosage form.

Q-Absorbance Ratio Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rifampicin and Piperine in their Combined Capsule Dosage

The present manuscript describe simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical Q-absorbance ratio method for the simultaneous determination of Rifampicin and Piperine in combined capsule dosage form. Absorbance ratio method uses the ratio of absorbances at two selected wavelengths, one which is an isoabsorptive point and other being the λ-max of one of the two components. Rifampicin and Piperine show an isoabsorptive point at 387 nm in methanol. The second wavelength used is 337 nm, which is the λ-max of Piperine in methanol. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 5-40 μg/ml for Rifampicin and 2-20 μg/ml for Piperine. The concentrations of the drugs were determined by using ratio of absorbances at isoabsorptive point and at the λ-max of Rifampicin. The method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage form because no interference from the capsule excipients was found. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

Spectrophotometric Methods for the Estimation of Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Oral Dosage Form

Four new, simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of isoxsuprine hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. Method A involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by Q-absorbance ratio method at 269nm and 274nm; the Beer's concentration range was found to be 20-100 µg/mL. Method B and Method C involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by first derivative spectrophotometry and second derivative spectrophotometry respectively. The normal spectrum was derivatized to first and second order derivative spectrum and the linearity was found to lie within the Beer's range for isoxsuprine hydrochloride. Method D involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by Area under curve method (AUC) and the linearity was established. The correlation coefficient for all the four methods were found to be 0.999 and the developed methods were analyzed for specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity of response, precision and accuracy. Thus the proposed methods could be adopted for routine analysis of bulk drug and its formulation. Keywords: Area under curve (AUC), Beer's law, Derivative Spectrophotometry, Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, Q-Absorbance ratio

Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of nitazoxanide and ofloxacin in tablets.

Two simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of nitazoxanide and ofloxacin in tablets. Method I is Q-absorbance ratio method which involves Q-absorbance at isobestic point (306.25 nm) and max (347.5 nm) of nitazoxanide, while method II is two wavelength method, where 244.6 nm and 273.0 nm were selected as 1 and 2 for determination of nitazoxanide and 294.3 nm and 388.1 nm were selected as 3 and 4 for determination of ofloxacin. Both drugs obeyed the Beer's law in the concentration range 2-30 μg/ml,correlation coefficient (r2<1). Both methods were validated statistically and recovery studies were carried out to confirm the accuracy. Commercial tablet formulation was successfully analyzed using the developed methods.