Pyrolysis Gas Research Articles

Exploring Innovative Approaches for the Analysis of Micro- and Nanoplastics: Breakthroughs in (Bio)Sensing Techniques

Plastic pollution, particularly from microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), has become a critical environmental and health concern due to their widespread distribution, persistence, and potential toxicity. MPs and NPs originate from primary sources, such as cosmetic microspheres or synthetic fibers, and secondary fragmentation of larger plastics through environmental degradation. These particles, typically less than 5 mm, are found globally, from deep seabeds to human tissues, and are known to adsorb and release harmful pollutants, exacerbating ecological and health risks. Effective detection and quantification of MPs and NPs are essential for understanding and mitigating their impacts. Current analytical methods include physical and chemical techniques. Physical methods, such as optical and electron microscopy, provide morphological details but often lack specificity and are time-intensive. Chemical analyses, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, offer molecular specificity but face challenges with smaller particle sizes and complex matrices. Thermal analytical methods, including pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), provide compositional insights but are destructive and limited in morphological analysis. Emerging (bio)sensing technologies show promise in addressing these challenges. Electrochemical biosensors offer cost-effective, portable, and sensitive platforms, leveraging principles such as voltammetry and impedance to detect MPs and their adsorbed pollutants. Plasmonic techniques, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), provide high sensitivity and specificity through nanostructure-enhanced detection. Fluorescent biosensors utilizing microbial or enzymatic elements enable the real-time monitoring of plastic degradation products, such as terephthalic acid from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Advancements in these innovative approaches pave the way for more accurate, scalable, and environmentally compatible detection solutions, contributing to improved monitoring and remediation strategies. This review highlights the potential of biosensors as advanced analytical methods, including a section on prospects that address the challenges that could lead to significant advancements in environmental monitoring, highlighting the necessity of testing the new sensing developments under real conditions (composition/matrix of the samples), which are often overlooked, as well as the study of peptides as a novel recognition element in microplastic sensing.

Implications of Pyrolytic Gas Dynamic Evolution on Dissolved Black Carbon Formed During Production of Biochar from Nitrogen-Rich Feedstock.

Gases and dissolved black carbon (DBC) formed during pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich feedstock would affect atmospheric and aquatic environments. Yet, the mechanisms driving biomass gas evolution and DBC formation are poorly understood. Using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, we correlated the temperature-dependent primary noncondensable gas release sequence (H2O → CO2 → HCN, NH3 → CH4 → CO) with specific defunctionalization stages in the order: dehydration, decarboxylation, denitrogenation, demethylation, and decarbonylation. Our results revealed that proteins in feedstock mainly contributed to gas releases, and low-volatile pyrolytic products contributed to DBC. Combining mass difference analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we showed that 44-60% of DBC molecular compositions were correlated with primary gas-releasing reactions. Dehydration (-H2O), with lower reaction energy barrier, contributed to DBC formation most at 350 and 450 °C, whereas decarboxylation (-CO2) and deamidization (-HCNO) prevailed in contributing to DBC formation at 550 °C. The aromaticity changes of DBC products formed via gas emissions were deduced. Compared to their precursors, dehydration increased DBC aromaticity, while deamidization reduced the aromaticity of DBC products. These insights on pyrolytic byproducts help predict and tune DBC properties via changing gas formed during biochar production, minimizing their negative environmental impacts.

Discovery-Based Analysis for Chemical Trends in Chromatographic Data Sets Using Alteration Analysis and Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis.

Alteration analysis (ALA), an unsupervised chemometric technique, was evaluated for its ability to discover statistically significant trends in chromatographic data sets. Recently introduced, adoption of ALA has been limited due to uncertainty regarding its sensitivity to minor changes, and there are no rules implementing ALA especially for multivariate data sets such as liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Using in-silico data sets, ALA limits of discovery for various signal-to-noises (S/Ns), rates of change across samples, and a number of samples were assessed. For 10 samples, ALA discovered changes of ∼2% across each sample for low S/Ns (15-50), ∼1% change across each sample for moderate S/Ns (65-200), and as little as a 0.1% change at high S/Ns. ALA was also evaluated for unresolved chromatographic peaks, detecting changes down to a resolution of 0.01. In tandem with ALA, two-dimensional correlation analysis (2DCOR), a nonquantitative technique, was employed post-ALA processing to provide unique insights into the relationships between the chemical changes across simulated data sets. Finally, ALA and 2DCOR were applied to the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS) of Kraton G1650, a styrene-ethylene-butylene-stryrene (SEBS) polymer, pyrolyzed at temperatures ranging from 350 to 700 °C. A total of 523 statistically significant chemical compounds were discovered. The ALA output was fed into 2DCOR, and a subset of the data was evaluated to understand the relationship between the chemical changes of four selected statistically significant compounds.

Hydrogen separation from peanut shell pyrolysis gas by using an electrochemical protonic ceramic cell hydrogen pump

Hydrogen separation from peanut shell pyrolysis gas by using an electrochemical protonic ceramic cell hydrogen pump

Technical examination of Wat Sisowath Ratanaram panel painting

The technical examination on the early 20th century panel painting of Wat Sisowath Ratanaram was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RAMAN), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The investigation shows the mixture of minium, cinnabar and baryte in red preparation layer, quartz from the natural earth pigment in the underpaint layer and the pigments mixed with the additives in the paint layer. There are various pigments found in the paint layer ranging from emerald green, chalk, baryte, chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, carbon black and zinc white. Zinc white was widely utilized as the additive of green, yellow and blue paint layer. In addition, minium and carbon black were used to draw fine lines for image details. The degradation products of gypsum in the paint layer were evidenced by SEM-EDS and XRD. While the darkening of red lead in the red preparation layer was observed by OM. The trace of natural plant resin as a binding meium was found in S_Wood and S_Black samples evidencing by ATR-FTIR and Py-GC/MS. The 7 steps of painting technique were proposed by implementing all detailed scientific information.

Association between microplastics in human amniotic fluid and pregnancy outcomes: Detection and characterization using Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis GC/MS.

Microplastic contamination has emerged as a global environmental concern, while the limitation of single-technique identification methods in complex biological matrices calls for multi-analytical approaches for accurate microplastic detection. This study pioneers a dual-method approach, combining Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), to investigate microplastics in human amniotic fluid. In total, samples from 48 pregnant women were collected and analyzed under stringent quality control measures, then Raman spectroscopy and Py-GC/MS were employed for comprehensive polymer identification and verification. Our analysis revealed 6 distinct microplastic polymer types in 39 subjects, with an average particle size of 3.05±1.05µm, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, 31.25%), polystyrene (PS, 20.83%), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS, 14.58%) being the most prevalent. Py-GC/MS analysis corroborated the Raman spectroscopy findings, identifying pyrolytic markers such as fluoroethylene for PTFE and styrene for PS. However, no significant associations were found between microplastic exposure and immediate adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study, for the first time, utilizes a dual-method approach combining Raman spectroscopy and Py-GC/MS to conclusively demonstrate the presence of diverse microplastics in human amniotic fluid, which underscores the need for larger-scale, longitudinal investigations to elucidate the potential long-term health implications of microplastic exposure.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste using Red Mud and Limestone: Pyrolytic Oil Production and Ignition characteristics

This study investigated the catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using 10 wt.% red mud and 10 wt.% limestone catalysts in a batch reactor. The process was conducted at an operating temperature of 350°C with retention times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The effects of adding red mud and limestone catalysts on the yields of liquid, solid, and gas pyrolysis products were analyzed. The pyrolytic oil was further evaluated using droplet evaporation measurements, equipped with a K-type thermocouple and a CCD camera to monitor droplet evolution within an atmospheric chamber. The addition of catalysts enhanced the liquid product yield while reducing the solid yield. The catalytic pyrolysis successfully facilitated the isomerization of plastic polymers, breaking the carbon chains of PP with 10 wt.% red mud. Olefin content increased by up to 7.3% for both 10 wt.% red mud and 10 wt.% limestone. Furthermore, the evaporation rate constant of the catalytic pyrolysis oils improved by up to 8.3%. This study aims to provide new insights into utilizing local waste materials to enhance the quality of pyrolytic plastic products.

Analysis of the Pyrolysis Kinetics, Reaction Mechanisms, and By-Products of Rice Husk and Rice Straw via TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS.

This study employed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to characterize and provide insights into the pyrolysis behaviors and by-products of rice husk (RH) and rice straw (RS). The primary pyrolysis range is partitioned into three stages, designated as pseudo-hemicellulose, pseudo-cellulose, and pseudo-lignin pyrolysis, by an asymmetric bi-Gaussian function. The average activation energies of the three pseudo-components of RH were estimated by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Starink methods to be 179.1 kJ/mol, 187.4 kJ/mol, and 239.3 kJ/mol, respectively. The corresponding values for RS were 171.8 kJ/mol, 185.8 kJ/mol, and 203.2 kJ/mol. The results of the model-fitting method indicated that the diffusion model is the most appropriate for describing the pseudo-hemicellulose reaction. The reaction of pseudo-cellulose and pseudo-lignin is most accurately described by a nucleation mechanism. An accelerated heating rate resulted in enhanced pyrolysis performance, with RS exhibiting superior performance to that of RH. RH produces 107 condensable pyrolysis by-products, with ketones, acids, and phenols representing the largest proportion; RS produces 135 species, with ketones, phenols, and alcohols as the main condensable by-products. These high-value added by-products have the potential to be utilized in a variety of applications within the agricultural, bioenergy, and chemical industries.

Heat and mass transfer in anisotropic heat-protective composite materials under aerodynamic heating

This article presents a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in anisotropic heat-protective composite materials (HPCM) during phase transformations of HPCM binders with the formation of a porous coke residue and pyrolysis gases filtering through the residue to the outer boundary. Using known binder decomposition and nonlinear filtration laws for random HPCMs, the model determines the velocity and coordinates of the two-dimensional HPCM binder decomposition zone, as well as the two-dimensional regions of the porous-gas residue and the initial phase, which are unsteadily separated by a moving zone of binder decomposition. In the newly formed porous-gas region, a two-dimensional unsteady problem of anisotropic heat conduction was solved taking into account nonlinear anisotropic gas filtering. In the initial region unaffected by the binder decomposition, a two-dimensional unsteady problem of anisotropic heat conduction was solved. The mass and linear velocities of the binder decomposition (pyrolysis) zone were calculated from Stefan conditions for heat flow and temperature continuity. The complex model was solved by the previously developed effective and absolutely stable method of alternating directions with extrapolation. New results wereobtained and discussed.

Improved Method for Methane Pyrolysis Rate Measurement using Molten Metal Catalysts for Turquoise Hydrogen Production

Abstract To develop low-$$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 emission ferrous metallurgical process, $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 -based ironmaking processes are being actively developed. Several technologies are being developed to provide a sufficient mass of $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 in an environmentally friendly manner. One of such processes is “turquoise” $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 , based on a natural gas pyrolysis such as $$\hbox {CH}_4$$ CH 4 (g) $$\rightarrow $$ → 2$$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 (g) + C(s), thereby minimizing $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 emission. The reaction could be catalyzed using molten metals in a bubble column reactor. Therefore, the selection of the molten metal catalyst is important for enhancing the reaction efficiency and for minimizing the production cost. In the previous research of the present authors, a new methodology for the pyrolysis rate measurement was introduced by employing an electromagnetic levitation heating of catalytic molten metals followed by quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) analysis to assist in the selection of the catalyst metal. However, a potential source of error in this technique was identified. Therefore, two modifications of the methodology are reported in the present study: (1) changing the heating and feed gas supply patterns and (2) gas analysis technique from QMS to Gas Chromatography (GC). Accordingly, the reported pyrolysis rate of pure In, Ga, Bi, Sn, and Cu of the previous study was revised in the present study. It was revealed that Ga and In emitted non-negligible amounts of $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 upon heating, even without the fuel gas ($$\hbox {CH}_4$$ CH 4 ). This was regarded as a noise in the $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 signal measured by GC. On the other hand, Cu, Sn, and Bi did not show the noticeable $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 (noise). The modified method provides $$\hbox {H}_2$$ H 2 production rate by the pyrolysis, by separating the noise in the regime of the chemical reaction control at the surface of the molten metals. $$1^\text {st}$$ 1 st -order reaction was confirmed. Graphical Abstract

Pyrolysis char from waste tyres its characteristics, upgrading and application

The pyrolysis of waste tyres can recycle energy and produce reusable products (oil, char and gas). Although there are many reviews in the literature in regard to the pyrolysis characteristics of waste tyres, but this paper critically looked as pyrolysis char as one of the useful product. Its physical characteristics include pore diameter, pore volume, specific surface area, and composition. The common detection techniques of the physical characteristics include elemental analysis, proximate analysis, SEM, EDS, TGA, XRF, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical characteristics of tyre char mainly include calorific value, the surface functional groups (i.e phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acid and C-O/C-O-C chemical structures) which can be determined by FT-IR, XRD. The higher sulfur retention on the surface of tyre char is obtained at low temperature compared with that obtained at high temperature. Tyre char could also be directly used as a catalyst material to decrease the operational cost, and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil and gas. The modified tyre char with high specific surface area and lower ash content could be used as an activated carbon adsorbent material, catalyst and catalyst support, capacitor electrode to create higher commercial value, as an adsorbent, in batteries and so on. It is suggested that the recycling applications of tyre char should be developed, which can create a high level of potential economic prospects for the waste tyre pyrolysis industry.

Investigation of the Products and the Migration of Sodium and Chlorine During Pyrolysis of High‐Sodium Coal Mixed With Phosphorite

ABSTRACTThe impact of adding phosphorite during the pyrolysis of high‐sodium Shaerhu coal to address severe deposition and corrosion issues caused by the release of volatile sodium and chlorine compounds was explored. During pyrolysis, sodium compounds volatilize and condense on cooler surfaces, leading to deposits that corrode metal and reduce boiler efficiency. By copyrolyzing phosphorite with coal, the study finds that tar yield decreases, whereas char yield increases, with slightly improved char reactivity. The pyrolysis gas yield also increases, with higher concentrations of methane and hydrogen, enhancing energy utilization. Calcium compounds in phosphorite react with sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, forming high‐melting‐point, insoluble sodium compounds and water‐soluble chlorides, thereby reducing the release of sodium and chlorine. This reduces fouling and corrosion, improving equipment efficiency. Additionally, recycling copyrolyzed phosphorite for yellow phosphorus production can enhance conversion ratios, supporting the production of higher‐value phosphorus chemicals.

Prediction of Chemical Composition of Gas Combustion Products from Thermal Waste Conversion

The current global energy crisis is driving the need to search for alternative raw materials and fuels that will be able to ensure the continuity of strategic industries, such as the steel industry. A chance to reduce the consumption of traditional fuels (e.g., natural gas) is to utilise the potential of gases from the thermal conversion of waste, and, in particular, pyrolysis gas. Unfortunately, despite its high calorific value, this gas is not always suitable for direct, energy-related use. The limitation is the type of waste subjected to pyrolysis, particularly plastics, rubber and textiles. Due to the above, this article proposes the co-combustion of pyrolysis gas in a ratio of 1:10 with natural gas in a pusher reheating furnace employed to heat the charge before forming. The chemical composition of flue gases generated during the combustion of natural gas alone and co-combustion with pyrolysis gas from various wastes was modelled, namely, two types of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste, a mixture of pine chips with polypropylene and a mixture of alder chips with polypropylene. The calculations were performed using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software (ver. 2021 R1). The performed computer simulations showed that the addition of pyrolysis gas for most of the analysed variants did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the flue gases. For the gases from the pyrolysis of biomass waste with the addition of polypropylene (PP), higher concentrations of CO and H2 and unburned hydrocarbons were observed than for the other mixtures. The reason for the observed differences was explained by conducting a formation path analysis and a sensitivity analysis for the selected combustion products.

Production of MAH-Rich bio-oil from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics using carbonized MOF catalysts under microwave irradiation

This study investigates the effects of various carbonized MOF catalysts on the properties of products derived from microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics. The Cr@C catalysts were prepared from MIL-101(Cr) precursors at different microwave carbonization temperatures, while Fe/Cr@C catalysts were synthesized under varying Fe loadings. Characterization of the catalysts was performed using XRD, BET, and FT-IR. The distribution of solid, liquid, and gaseous products, as well as the composition of bio-oil and syngas, were analyzed. The results show that the 5Fe/Cr@C catalyst achieved the highest pyrolysis gas yield (33.05 wt%), while the 15Fe/Cr@C catalyst produced the highest hydrogen yield (24.97 vol%). The Cr@C catalyst promoted hydrocarbon production, with Cr@C-700 achieving a total hydrocarbon content of 51.04%. The incorporation of Fe enhanced the selectivity of Cr@C catalysts for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(MAHs) in the bio-oil. The aromatic content reached a maximum of 19.88% with the 15Fe/Cr@C catalyst. Notably, the MAHs content in the 5Fe/Cr@C catalyst accounted for 97.1% of the total aromatic hydrocarbons. This research provides valuable insights into the potential of carbonized MOF catalysts for producing bio-oil rich in single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons from microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics.

Enrichment of Nanoplastics in Waters Using Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction With Magnetic Biochar Adsorbents and Their Determination by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging water contaminants that threaten human health and ecological security. Developing a method for detecting NPs is significant because of their biological toxicity and mobility. In this study, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) combined with pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used for the pretreatment and qualitative detection of NPs in complex matrices to avoid sample dissolution and eluent usages. The developed methodology can quickly achieve low detection limits in tap and river water, with 0.7283 and 0.6474µg/L, respectively. To enrich NPs in water, magnetic biochars derived from cornstalks (Fe3O4/BCs, i.e., Fe3O4/YMG and Fe3O4/YMG-ZnCl2) were conveniently fabricated using activation and coprecipitation methods and employed as adsorbents for MSPE. The results indicated that the incorporation of Fe3O4 into BC not only rendered it magnetic but also enhanced the diversity of its surface functional groups and adsorption sites, making it suitable for MSPE. Fe3O4/YMG-ZnCl2 demonstrated excellent extraction and enrichment capacity for polystyrene NPs (PSNPs) over various competitive species. Additionally, it exhibited good resistance to pH and anions, and its reaction mechanism was verified using adsorption kinetics and isothermal models. In addition, after extracting PSNPs from tap and river water using Fe3O4/YMG-ZnCl2, they were successfully qualitatively analyzed by Py-GC/MS.

Catalytic reforming of biomass pyrolysis gas over Ni catalysts: Alumina, spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and char as supports

Catalytic reforming of biomass pyrolysis gas over Ni catalysts: Alumina, spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and char as supports

Reservoir Characteristics of Ha'py-2 well in Ha'py Gas Field, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Egypt

Reservoir Characteristics of Ha'py-2 well in Ha'py Gas Field, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Egypt

Mechanism of selective texturing of CFRP by femtosecond laser

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has become an indispensable key material in the aerospace field due to its advantages of lightweight and high strength. In this study, a new process of selective texturing by femtosecond laser is proposed to improve the surface performance of CFRP without destroying fiber continuity. To explore the process mechanism of selective texturing of CFRP, the concept of the removal threshold is proposed, the influence of laser scanning direction and laser energy on the groove and the HAZ is studied. Furthermore, the optimization strategy of processing parameters during selective texturing is given. It is found that the scanning direction influences the transfer path of the heat significantly and therefore affects the groove geometry. As the scanning angle increases, the ablation threshold of resin rises gradually, while the ablation threshold of carbon fiber experiences a rapid increase before 30° and a gentle increase thereafter. Additionally, the groove shows a steady growth in width and undergoes a stepped decrease in depth, and the width of the HAZ increases. As laser energy increases, the width of the groove and HAZ increases, and the depth of the groove increases in a step pattern. The selective texturing mechanism of surface resin involves the coupling superposition of multiple effects, including photolysis resulting from multi-photon absorption, pyrolysis caused by direct laser energy absorption, thermal effects due to heat transfer of fiber, thermal effects of pyrolysis gas, and mechanical denudation. The laser energy density of 12–13 J/cm2 is the optimal parameter range for achieving selective texturing.

Investigation in the pyrolysis of polyester coated on aluminum-based beverage: Thermodynamic properties, product and mechanism

Aluminum cans are typical solid waste. Polyester coatings not only polluted the environment, but also affected the quality of aluminum recycling. In this study, three common local polyester coatings on the surface of aluminum cans were selected as raw materials (PC-PB, PC-VY and PC-SG). Thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) were used to study the pyrolysis behavior and pyrolysis products of the polymer components coated on the aluminum cans. TG analysis showed that pyrolysis of the coatings mainly occurred at 250–540 °C, with a weight loss of about 25 % for the polyester coating PC-PB and PC-VG, and a lower weight loss of 15 % for polyester coating PC-SY. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products of polyester coatings was investigated using PY-GC/MS. The results showed that the main products of pyrolysis included four major groups: oxygenated compounds, aromatic compounds, nitrogenous compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons. At 600 °C, the aromatic compounds, oxide-containing reached 57–67 % and 20–27 %, respectively. The main pyrolysis products include neopentyl glycol, phthalic anhydride, toluene, styrene and so on. The high content of aromatic compounds in the product can be used as chemical raw materials as well as alternative fuels. In addition, the pyrolysis principles of the three main components of polyester coatings (polyester resins, amino resins, and styrene-acrylic resins) were postulated.

Seasonal Harvesting Impact on Biomass Fuel Properties and Pyrolysis‐Derived Bio‐Oil Organic Phase Composition

ABSTRACTThermochemical conversion of giant reed biomass during periodic variations has been carried out in a semi‐batch tubular reactor at 550°C. This study was carried out after the incineration of giant reed along the river banks. Four periodic variations, late spring (HS‐4), late summer (HS‐1), late autumn (HS‐2), and late winter (HS‐3) were considered to investigate the effect of harvest time on biomass fuel properties, pyrolysis product distribution, non‐condensable gas characterization, and bio‐oil organic phase (BOP) fuel properties. The considered biomasses herein had average calorific values of 18.86 ± 0.05, 19.73 ± 0.05, 19.23 ± 0.04, and 18.44 ± 0.04 MJ/kg during HS‐1, HS‐2, HS‐3, and HS‐4, respectively. The biomass, bio‐oil organic phase, biochar, and pyrolysis gas were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro‐GC, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The organic phase of bio‐oil was isolated using a 125 mL separating funnel, allowing natural stratification of the immiscible phases. BOP yield increased from 5 to 11 wt% during HS‐4 and HS‐3, respectively. Higher heating values (HHV) of the BOP ranged from 19.4 ± 0.03 to 22.6 ± 0.02 MJ/kg in relation to the active growth stage and senescence‐dormant phase. Physical and chemical properties (TAN, density, viscosity, water content, and CHNS) and chemical compound groups of organic phase bio‐oil were analyzed. The produced BOP was rich in phenolics for all considered periods. The effect of harvest time showed that biomass and bio‐oil organic phase fuel properties are improved during the senescence‐dormant period. As a result, giant reed biomass should be harvested during autumn to avoid incineration that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and will also reduce the occurrence of artificial flooding.