Wheat Dextrin Research Articles

Impact of Plant-Based Dietary Fibers on Metabolic Homeostasis in High-Fat Diet Mice via Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

BackgroundThe gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease, and diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via gut microbiota alterations. Fiber intake is linked with improvements in metabolic homeostasis in rodents and humans, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, dietary fiber is extremely heterogeneous, and it is imperative to comprehensively analyze the impact of various plant-based fibers on metabolic homeostasis in an identical setting and compare the impact of alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterially derived metabolites from different fiber sources. ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to analyze the impact of different plant-based fibers (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, and cellulose as a control) on metabolic homeostasis through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. MethodsHFD-fed mice were supplemented with 5 different fiber types (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, or cellulose as a control) at 10% (wt/wt) for 18 wk (n = 12/group), measuring body weight, adiposity, indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance, and the gut microbiota and metabolites. ResultsOnly β-glucan supplementation during HFD-feeding decreased adiposity and body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance compared with HFD-cellulose, whereas all other fibers had no effect. This was associated with increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice compared with HFD-cellulose. All fibers supplemented into an HFD uniquely shifted the intestinal microbiota and cecal short-chain fatty acids; however, only β-glucan supplementation increased cecal butyrate concentrations. Lastly, all fibers altered the small-intestinal microbiota and portal bile acid composition. ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that β-glucan consumption is a promising dietary strategy for metabolic disease, possibly via increased energy expenditure through alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites in mice.

Effect of wheat dextrin on corn flour extrusion characteristics

Wheat dextrin is a modified wheat starch, classified as water-soluble. This study investigated the effect of wheat dextrin as an ingredient in corn flour blends on extrusion characteristics. Blends were prepared at 0, 10 and 20 % fibre content. DOE was used to design experiments and investigate the effects of variables selected to be studied. Feed moisture content was set at 18–25 %, temperature at 110–150 °C and specific feeding load at 0.100–0.150kg/rev. Moisture content, water absorption and solubility indices, color, sectional expansion index, density, hardness, crispiness (work (Wc) and number of spatial ruptures (Nsr)) and specific mechanical energy were evaluated. A regression model was established using response surface methodology, and processing conditions for optimal quality were generated (e.g., WSI: 96.9 %, SME: 96.9 %, final MC: 93.9 %). Wheat dextrin solubility characteristics for moisture content, WAI and WSI were inconclusive, showing a high tendency to insoluble behavior. For expansion, lightness and SME characteristics depended on processing conditions, especially temperature. Crispness was highest at low MC (18.87 %) x high fiber content (20 %) (e.g., Nsr: 1.2–1.5/mm), whereas values were the lowest at high MC (25.70 %) x low fiber content (0 %) (e.g., Nsr: 0.5–0.7/mm). Optimal conditions were set at 12 % fiber content, 19 % feed moisture content, 130 °C and a specific feeding load of 0.146 kg/rev. This study showed that it is impossible to classify wheat dextrin as acting strictly according to soluble fiber characteristics based on extrudate characteristics.

A texture-modified dessert with high nutritional value designed for people with dysphagia: effect of refrigeration and frozen storage

Dysphagia is commonly associated with malnutrition and an increased choking risk. To overcome these complications, food designed for people with dysphagia should have an appropriate texture and a high nutritional value. In this study, six formulations of a strawberry dessert enriched in protein (calcium caseinate) and fiber (wheat dextrin or inulin) were developed using different hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose or modified starch) to provide desirable texture and stability. Nutritional value was calculated and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the samples were analyzed. Back-extrusion test, rheological measurements and sensory analysis were performed in refrigerated and frozen samples to characterize their textural and viscoelastic properties. The high content in protein (14.7 g/100 g) and fiber (7.98.7 g/100 g) made possible to use the claims “high protein” and “high fiber”. Phytochemicals supplied by strawberries contributed to the antioxidant properties of the dessert. Loss tangent ranged 0.280.35 for all the formulations, indicating a weak gel behavior, which could be considered safe to swallow. The formulations with dextrin in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose or xanthan gum seemed to be less susceptible to structural changes during frozen storage. This work provides insights for the development of a nutrient-dense dessert that meets the requirements of people with dysphagia.

Impact of Plant-Derived Dietary Fibers on Energy and Glucose Homeostasis

The gut microbiota contributes to the development of metabolic disease, and it is well known that diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via alterations in the gut microbiota. Dietary fiber intake is linked with improvements in metabolic homeostasis in humans, and specific fibers beneficially alter the gut microbiota, promote weight loss, and improve glucose homeostasis. In a previous study, we found that specific plant-based flours, including wheat and barley, supplemented into a high-fat diet (HFD) reduced body weight and adiposity and improved glucose tolerance in rats. However, whether this was due to specific fibers within the flours remains unknown. To test the impact of various dietary fibers on energy and glucose homeostasis, we supplemented HFD-fed mice with 5 different fibers (beta-pectin, beta-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, or cellulose as a control) at 10% (w/w) for 18 weeks (n=12/group), measuring body weight, adiposity, indirect calorimetry, and glucose tolerance. We found that only beta-glucan supplementation in a HFD decreased adiposity and body weight gain and improved oral glucose tolerance compared to HFD with cellulose, while all other dietary fibers failed to improve metabolic homeostasis. Supplementation with beta-glucan increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice compared to HFD-cellulose. Despite a lack of metabolic effect for most dietary fibers, all fibers supplemented into a HFD shifted the cecal microbiota composition and exhibited increased SCFA levels. However, only beta-glucan supplemented mice specifically exhibited an increase in Ileibacterium relative abundance, as well as higher cecal butyrate levels compared to HFD-cellulose. These findings demonstrate that beta-glucan is a promising therapeutic option for diet-induced obesity and glucose tolerance, possibly via increased energy expenditure. Future studies will investigate the role of the gut microbiota and butyrate in the metabolic improvements observed with beta-glucan supplementation in HFD-feeding. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

An insight to potential application of synbiotic edible films and coatings in food products.

Edible films and coatings have gained significant consideration in recent years due to their low cost and decreasing environmental pollution. Several bioactive compounds can be incorporated into films and coatings, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavoring agents, colors, probiotics and prebiotics. The addition of probiotics to edible films and coatings is an alternative approach for direct application in food matrices that enhances their stability and functional properties. Also, it has been noted that the influence of probiotics on the film properties was dependent on the composition, biopolymer structure, and intermolecular interactions. Recently, the incorporation of probiotics along with prebiotic compounds such as inulin, starch, fructooligosaccharide, polydextrose and wheat dextrin has emerged as new bioactive packaging. The simultaneous application of probiotics and prebiotics improved the viability of probiotic strains and elevated their colonization in the intestinal tract and provided health benefits to humans. Moreover, prebiotics created a uniform and compact structure by filling the spaces within the polymer matrix and increased opacity of edible films. The effects of prebiotics on mechanical and barrier properties of edible films was dependent on the nature of prebiotic compounds. This review aims to discuss the concept of edible films and coatings, synbiotic, recent research on synbiotic edible films and coatings as well as their application in food products.

S3711 Gastric Lipoma in a Patient With Symptomatic GERD

Introduction: Gastric lipomas are very rare, accounting for 5% percent of all gastrointestinal lipomas, and 3% of all benign gastric tumors. Clinical manifestations range from completely asymptomatic to abdominal pain, dyspepsia, intussusception, obstruction, and bleeding. In asymptomatic patients, these tumors are usually found incidentally on endoscopy, and are managed expectantly. When they become symptomatic, options for treatment include surgical resection or enucleation. The following is a case of an incidentally found gastric lipoma. Case Description/Methods: A 57-year-old man was seen in clinic complaining of a 3 week history of nausea and cough. He described feeling like he wanted to vomit but couldn’t. He denied abdominal pain, bloating, reflux, regurgitation, dysphagia, melena, hematemesis, and weight loss. Medications included wheat dextrin for mild constipation. No family history of colon, esophageal, or gastric cancer. Physical exam was unremarkable. A presumptive diagnosis of GERD was made and he was scheduled for endoscopic evaluation. EGD revealed antral gastritis and a gastric lipoma in the distal body, identified by a positive “pillow sign.” Random mucosal biopsies were taken with a positive “naked fat sign.” Pathology showed antral/oxyntic mucosa with minimal chronic gastritis. Patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor and symptoms resolved. Discussion: Gastric lipomas are rare, benign tumors of the stomach. They can be differentiated from other solid tumors on endoscopy by 3 signs: the “pillow sign” which is an indentation when compressing the tumor with closed forceps; the “tenting sign” which is grabbing and pulling the mucosa with forceps; and the “naked fat sign”, which is extrusion of fat from the lipoma after biopsy. Conventional biopsies are usually non-diagnostic, as in this case, because they only sample the overlying mucosa. In order to obtain a representative sample of the lipoma, a tunneled biopsy is required, but is not commonly done. Other diagnostic modalities include endoscopic ultrasound, which works best for lesions < 1cm and CT abdomen with contrast (the gold standard). Asymptomatic lipomas are managed expectantly, and do not require surveillance because malignant transformation is rare. In contrast, lipomas that are symptomatic or cause bleeding or obstruction, are usually surgically removed. Our patient was managed conservatively with the recommendation of surgical evaluation if symptoms return.Figure 1.: Endoscopy demonstrating classic pillow sign for Lipoma.

Metabolism of Wheat Dextrin, Partially Hydrolysed Guar Gum and Inulin by Bifidobacterium lactis or Lactobacillus acidophilus in an In Vitro Gut Model Fermentation System

Combining the fibres wheat dextrin (WD), partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) and inulin with probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (NCFM) or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 (HN019) may enhance bacterial metabolites leading to a healthier gut community. The aim of this study was to determine whether WD, PHGG and inulin or NCFM and HN019 alone generate a more favourable gut bacterial community than when combined. A secondary aim was to assess organic acid production following prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotic fermentation. An in vitro gut model batch culture fermentation was run for 72h. Samples were collected for bacterial enumeration (fluorescent in situ hybridisation combined with flow cytometry) and organic acid production (gas chromatography). Inulin and HN019 combination significantly increased bifidobacteria compared to inulin alone. Additionally, a significant increase in lactic acid bacteria, Bacteroides and Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale was found in the inulin containing probiotic vessels. The WD and PHGG vessels combined with the probiotic did not show any alteration in bacterial metabolism compared to the dietary fibres alone. In conclusion, synbiotic inulin combined with either HN019 or NCFM may help to enhance bacterial metabolites and cross-feeding to lead to a prolonged elevation in Bifidobacterium spp., and lactic acid bacteria.

S0480 Portable Hydrogen Breath Testing and Microbiome Analysis Identifies Prebiotic-Induced Increases in Colonic Fermentation and Bifidobacterium

INTRODUCTION: Changes in gut microbiome composition and the attendant health benefits associated with prebiotic intake, vary from person-to-person, implying the need for personalisation. As the primary metabolite of colonic fermentation that can be detected on exhaled breath, hydrogen could be used to indicate when a prebiotic is being metabolized by the host microbiota. METHODS: Volunteers (n = 20) were studied in a double-blind, crossover design (1-week baseline, 2-weeks 1st prebiotic, 2-week wash-out, 2-weeks 2nd prebiotic, 1-week washout) using two different prebiotic fibres, a galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and a wheat dextrin (WD). Breath hydrogen scores were recorded using a portable breath analyser, while 6 faecal samples per individual were acquired during the study (2 baseline samples and 4 intervention samples) (Figure 1). Bacterial DNA was extracted and submitted to 16S rRNA sequencing on an iSeq platform (Carbiotix) to characterise the gut microbiota. RESULTS: Five faecal samples were excluded due to low quality DNA. A mean number of 388 breath hydrogen levels were recorded per individual (SD 59). A high degree of interpersonal variation was apparent in both breath hydrogen and microbiome composition. We noted a consistent trend for increased abundance of the genus Bifidobacterium on administration of GOS (group 1, 1% (range 0–2.1) - 3.6% (0.4–14.2), P = 0.004; group 2, 2.4% (0.03–11.6) - 10.2% (0.04–22), P = 0.04) and in one of two groups following WD (group 1, 0.09% (0–10) - 1.1% (0–19), P = 0.04). On an individual level, we saw greater changes in breath hydrogen on administration of GOS, which was less apparent if WD was taken first in sequence. We used repeated-measures-correlation to correlate the relative abundance of bacterial genera with weekly breath hydrogen. Following correction for multiple comparisons, only Bifidobacterium was significantly positively correlated with weekly breath hydrogen (r = 0.35, adjusted P-value = 0.016) (Figure 2). CONCLUSION: These results reflect the known Bifidogenic effects of these prebiotics. Interestingly, Bifidobacterium are unable to produce hydrogen, as they do not possess hydrogenases. However, a possible mechanism is that the fermentation of these prebiotics resulted in an initial increase in hydrogen and other important products, and via cross-feeding, the growth of Bifidobacterium was supported, to varying degrees in all individuals. Future studies are needed to understand the processes at play.Figure 1.: Overview of study. A baseline was established for each user (week one). A prebiotic fibre was taken for a two week period (week two and three), followed by a two week wash-out period (week four and five), before switching to the other prebiotic intervention (week six and seven). No prebiotic was taken during week eight.Figure 2.: Breath hydrogen simple moving average (SMA) and Bifidobacterium abundance levels for one of the study participants for the duration of the study period.

Optimization of wheat dextrin yogurt formulation using response surface methodology.

In the current study, response surface methodology was executed to optimize the ingredient formulation and process conditions production such as wheat dextrin, starter culture and incubation time on the responses such as pH, viscosity, syneresis, overall acceptability, L* value and hardness of the wheat dextrin yogurt. The analyses showed that the wheat dextrin yogurts have a pH from 4.09 to 4.98, viscosity from 10,649.5 to 21,410.1cP, syneresis from 2 to 26.67%, overall acceptability from 5.3 to 7.9, L* value from 81.2 to 84.3 and hardness from 506 to 5943.3g during the optimization process. From the variance analysis, the R2 of five response variables except hardness is more than 0.73, which indicates the model explained a high proportion of variability. To conclude, based on the response surface 3D plot of the pH, viscosity, syneresis, overall acceptability, L* value, and hardness evaluation, the optimum value for the independent variables are wheat dextrin of 15g, a starter culture of 25g, and an incubation time of 8h for the wheat dextrin yogurt.

Pyrodextrin enhances intestinal function through changing the intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism in early weaned piglets

Pyrodextrin (PD) is prepared from starch by heat treatment and is resistant to amylase. We hypothesized that PD might have prebiotic potential affecting the microbiota composition, because it contains a non-digestible portion that may behave as dietary fiber. This study investigated the effects of PD supplementation on growth performance, gut morphology, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the bacterial community in weaned piglets receiving dietary supplementation of 0.5% PD. The piglets in the PD (treated) groups showed greater antioxidant capacity and feed efficiency (P < 0.05), as well as improved intestinal morphology in comparison with the piglets in the weaned (control) group. Gut microbiota profiles were assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing on the ileum contents and feces of early weaned piglets. Several genus-level enrichments and depletions were observed in response to PD treatment. Of note, PD supplementation decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic organisms, including Defluviicoccus and Gardnerella, while markedly increasing that of commensal bacteria (genera Psychrobacter and Prevotella), which have important roles in nutrient absorption and immune response regulation. The most notable effect in the PD treatment groups was increased production of SCFAs in the feces of PD-treated weaned piglets. Correlation analysis revealed that the improvement in SCFAs was positively correlated with the increase in SCFA-producing bacteria. Overall, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of PD supplementation on the fecal microbial community and the modulation of SCFA production in early weaned piglets, thus indicating that PD can be used to alleviate weaning stress in piglets.

Comparing the chemical composition of dietary fibres prepared from sugarcane, psyllium husk and wheat dextrin

A dietary fibre prepared from sugarcane stalk was compared with psyllium husk and wheat dextrin. In contrast to the other dietary fibres, sugarcane fibre was found to contain significant amounts of insoluble dietary fibre (73–86%), lignin (18.66–20.23%), and rare minerals such as chromium (0.67–2.54 mg/100 g) and manganese (1.07–2.34 mg/100 g). Analysis of the ethanol extract also detected compounds with antioxidant activity. Characterisation of five sugarcane fibres prepared from selected strains, harvest periods (growth or storage phase), and processing conditions showed these factors influenced the final composition. Furthermore, using in vitro digestion, we found that potassium, magnesium, chromium, and zinc in were bioaccessible in sugarcane samples. Also, sodium was shown to bind to the sugarcane fibre potentially indicating bile salt binding activity. Results from this study support the use of sugarcane as a source of dietary fibre in functional foods.

Prebiotic supplementation in frail older people affects specific gut microbiota taxa but not global diversity

BackgroundThere are complex interactions between aging, frailty, diet, and the gut microbiota; modulation of the gut microbiota by diet could lead to healthier aging. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of diets differing in sugar, fat, and fiber content upon the gut microbiota of mice humanized with microbiota from healthy or frail older people. We also performed a 6-month dietary fiber supplementation in three human cohorts representing three distinct life-stages.MethodsMice were colonized with human microbiota and then underwent an 8-week dietary intervention with either a high-fiber/low-fat diet typical of elderly community dwellers or a low-fiber/high-fat diet typical of long-stay residential care subjects. A cross-over design was used where the diets were switched after 4 weeks to the other diet type to identify responsive taxa and innate immunity changes. In the human intervention, the subjects supplemented their normal diet with a mix of five prebiotics (wheat dextrin, resistant starch, polydextrose, soluble corn fiber, and galactooligo-saccharide) at 10 g/day combined total, for healthy subjects and 20 g/day for frail subjects, or placebo (10 g/day maltodextrin) for 26 weeks. The gut microbiota was profiled and immune responses were assayed by T cell markers in mice, and serum cytokines in humans.ResultsHumanized mice maintained gut microbiota types reflecting the respective healthy or frail human donor. Changes in abundance of specific taxa occurred with the diet switch. In mice with the community type microbiota, the observed differences reflected compositions previously associated with higher frailty. The dominance of Prevotella present initially in community inoculated mice was replaced by Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Oscillibacter. Frail type microbiota showed a differential effect on innate immune markers in both conventional and germ-free mice, but a moderate number of taxonomic changes occurring upon diet switch with an increase in abundance of Parabacteroides, Blautia, Clostridium cluster IV, and Phascolarctobacterium. In the human intervention, prebiotic supplementation did not drive any global changes in alpha- or beta-diversity, but the abundance of certain bacterial taxa, particularly Ruminococcaceae (Clostridium cluster IV), Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, increased, and levels of the chemokine CXCL11 were significantly lower in the frail elderly group, but increased during the wash-out period.ConclusionsSwitching to a nutritionally poorer diet has a profound effect on the microbiota in mouse models, with changes in the gut microbiota from healthy donors reflecting previously observed differences between elderly frail and non-frail individuals. However, the frailty-associated gut microbiota did not reciprocally switch to a younger healthy-subject like state, and supplementation with prebiotics was associated with fewer detected effects in humans than diet adjustment in animal models.

Inclusion effect of soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, and Saccharina japonica in extruded pellet for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus, Reeve 1846)

Inclusion effect of soybean meal (SBM) and fermented SBM (FSM) in extruded pellet for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was compared in abalone farm. Dietary inclusion effect of the combined macroalgae (MA) (Undaria pinnatifida and Hizikia fusiforme) and a single Saccharina japonica on abalone was also compared. Three thousand six hundred juvenile abalone were purchased from a private hatchery and acclimated to the experimental conditions for 2 weeks. Six 5-ton flow-through raceway tanks were used, and abalone were randomly distributed into tanks (n = 600 per tank). Three experimental diets were prepared in duplicate. Fish meal, FSM, corn gluten meal, and shrimp meal and wheat flour and dextrin were used as the protein and carbohydrate sources, respectively, in the FSM diet. MA was also included in the FSM diet. FSM and MA in the FSM diet were substituted with SBM at the expense of wheat flour and S. japonica, referred to as the SBM and SJ diets. The experimental diets were pelletized by an extruded pelleter. Water stability of nutrients in the experimental diets was monitored at 12, 24, and 48 h after seawater immersion. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day to satiation with a little leftover for 120 days. The retained crude protein and lipid and ash content of the extruded pellets were changed over all period of time. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the SBM diet were greater than those of abalone fed the FSM and SJ diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone fed the SJ diet were also greater than those of abalone fed the FSM diet. The longest shell length, widest shell width, highest shell height, and greatest soft body weight were obtained in abalone fed the SBM diet, followed by the SJ and FSM diets. Proximates of the soft body of abalone were not different among the experimental diets. In conclusion, SBM was a superior protein source to FSM in extruded pellet for growth performance of abalone. Dietary inclusion of a single S. japonica was superior to the combined inclusion of U. pinnatifida and H. fusiforme in the production of abalone.

Fiber Supplements Derived From Sugarcane Stem, Wheat Dextrin and Psyllium Husk Have Different In Vitro Effects on the Human Gut Microbiota.

There is growing public interest in the use of fiber supplements as a way of increasing dietary fiber intake and potentially improving the gut microbiota composition and digestive health. However, currently there is limited research into the effects of commercially available fiber supplements on the gut microbiota. Here we used an in vitro human digestive and gut microbiota model system to investigate the effect of three commercial fiber products; NutriKane™, Benefiber® and Psyllium husk (Macro) on the adult gut microbiota. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results showed dramatic fiber-dependent changes in the gut microbiota structure and composition. Specific bacterial OTUs within the families Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae showed an increase in the relative abundances in the presence of one or more fiber product(s), while Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae showed a reduction in the relative abundances upon addition of all fiber treatments compared to the no added fiber control. Fiber-specific increases in SCFA concentrations showed correlation with the relative abundance of potential SCFA-producing gut bacteria. The chemical composition, antioxidant potential and polyphenolic content profiles of each fiber product were determined and found to be highly variable. Observed product-specific variations could be linked to differences in the chemical composition of the fiber products. The general nature of the fiber-dependent impact was relatively consistent across the individuals, which may demonstrate the potential of the products to alter the gut microbiota in a similar, and predictable direction, despite variability in the starting composition of the individual gut microbiota.

Effects of modified banana (Musa cavendish)starch on glycemic control and blood pressure in rats with high sucrose diet.

insulin resistance (IR) is the preliminary stage of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. These diseases can be controlled through medication, yet the consumption of functional foods (FF) may be one complementary treatment option. Ingredients for these FF could be the pyrodextrin and enzymatically resistant maltodextrin (ERM) obtained from the native starch (NS) of M. cavendishin this study. to evaluate the effects of modified banana starch on glycemic control and blood pressure in rats with high sucrose diet (HSD). we utilized 25 male Wistar rats 20 of which received a HSD and five were fed a normal diet and purified water (PW) for 12 weeks. At the end of week 8, the rats fed a HSD were divided into four groups: positive control (PC), native starch (NS), pyrodextrin (PI), and enzymatically resistant maltodextrin (ERM). The negative control (NC) comprised the five rats fed PW. We evaluated the glucose tolerance test, blood pressure (BP), insulin levels, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy of the modified starches demonstrated that the pyroconversion treatment did not visibly affect the NS granules, while ERM was modified by the action of α-amylase. Starch treatments reduced glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and BP in comparison with PC (p < 0.05). Glucose AUC (0-120 min) was also decreased after starch treatments with respect to PC (p < 0.05). NS and its modified products exerted beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and BP in obese rats fed a HSD. Although the modified starches presented lower resistance to digestion than NS, their expected properties were maintained.

Psyllium Is Superior to Wheat Dextrin for Lowering Elevated Serum Cholesterol

The Dietary Reference Intakes for fiber are based on an association between a high-fiber diet and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Only 5% of Americans consume the recommended levels of dietary fiber; most consume approximately half the recommended level. If a fiber supplement is used to achieve the recommended level, it is important that the isolated fiber has the requisite physical properties to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering elevated serum low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. The current study was designed to directly assess the cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium, a natural nonfermented viscous/gel-forming fiber, versus wheat dextrin, a semisynthetic, readily fermented nonviscous supplement. The study was a 3-month, randomized, parallel-group design (n = 20 enrolled) that assessed psyllium husk (3.4 g) and wheat dextrin (3.5 g) dosed 3 times a day before meals. The results showed that gel-forming psyllium significantly (P &lt; .05) lowered both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−17%) and total cholesterol (−11%), without affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, versus wheat dextrin. In conclusion, clinicians and consumers should be aware that the physical characteristics of a fiber supplement determine whether it will provide specific health benefits, and it is recommended to only take those fiber supplements with evidence of clinically meaningful health benefits from well-controlled clinical studies.

Effects of potato dextrin on the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota in rats fed standard and high-fat diets

The objective of the study was to determine the influence of dextrin obtained from potato starch on the numbers and relative proportions of enteric bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Moreover, basic indicators of gastrointestinal function and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed. Dextrin decreases feed consumption of rats and is intensively metabolized by bacteria in their distal intestine. Dextrin also reduces the level of putrefaction-related SCFAs in the distal intestine provided that it is consumed together with a high-fat diet; it also stimulates the growth of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria strains, while reducing the number of Firmicutes strains regardless of the dietary regimen. These results show that potato dextrin lowers feed intake and leads to modifications in the distal intestine which may help support intestinal health and prevent overweight and obesity.

Functional Properties and Oxidative Stability of Flaxseed Oil Microencapsulated by Spray Drying Using Legume Proteins in Combination with Soluble Fiber or Trehalose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of double wall material combinations, using legume protein (soy protein isolate and pea protein isolate) in combination with wheat dextrin soluble fiber or trehalose, as alternative materials for microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. The obtained preparations, with oil content of 35%, were fine and difficult flowing powders, regardless of their composition. The 1% addition of silica to the powders significantly reduced their cohesiveness and improved their flowability. The efficiency of microencapsulation, calculated based on oil fat content, ranged from 62 to 98% and was higher in the powders with trehalose and in the powders containing soy protein. Effective protection against oxidation of microencapsulated oil was achieved in the protein-trehalose matrix, especially in the case of the vacuum-packed powders with pea protein during storage at refrigeration temperature. Replacing trehalose with soluble fiber enabled formation of powders less susceptible to caking under conditions of increased humidity, but it resulted in decreased microencapsulation efficiency. The combination of pea protein/carbohydrate resulted in the formation of microcapsules with porous structure, especially in the system with soluble fiber. With time, the structure of the primary emulsions and those reconstituted from powders containing pea protein changed from liquid to greasy and paste-like.

OSA-감자 덱스트린의 구조 및 유화 특성 연구

Octenyl succinylated (OSA) potato starch was dextrinized by two methods: ultrasound (at 25, 50, or 70oC for 1 h; OSA-25UT, OSA-50UT, and OSA-70UT, respectively) and acid hydrolysis (for 1 or 4 h; OSA-AD1H or OSA-AD4H, respectively), and the properties of the resulting starch were analyzed. The melting enthalpy of OSA-70UT decreased the most (from 14.0 to 10.0 mJ/mg), indicating chain degradation. For pasting properties, as ultrasound treatment temperature increased, peak viscosity decreased (2884, 2550, and 1888 cP, respectively), whereas acid hydrolysis increased peak viscosity and decreased pasting temperature. The relative crystallinity of OSA-dextrin produced by ultrasound or acid hydrolysis significantly decreased (from 33.61 to 14.90-26.03 and 19.28-20.05, respectively) as temperature or time increased, yet a B-type crystal pattern was maintained. Regarding emulsifying stability and sensory tests of mayonnaise prepared with OSA potato dextrin, mayonnaise with OSA-70UT was stable for short storage period (1 week), however mayonnaise with OSA-AD1H was the most suitable for long storage periods (from 2 to 4 weeks). In addition, the OSA- 70UT was the most acceptable for mayonnaise in the sensory test.

Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber

Enduring misconceptions about the physical effects of fiber in the gut have led to misunderstandings about the health benefits attributable to insoluble and soluble fiber. This review will focus on isolated functional fibers (eg, fiber supplements) whose effects on clinical outcomes have been readily assessed in well-controlled clinical studies. This review will also focus on three health benefits (cholesterol lowering, improved glycemic control, and normalizing stool form [constipation and diarrhea]) for which reproducible evidence of clinical efficacy has been published. In the small bowel, clinically meaningful health benefits (eg, cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control) are highly correlated with the viscosity of soluble fibers: high viscosity fibers (eg, gel-forming fibers such as b-glucan, psyllium, and raw guar gum) exhibit a significant effect on cholesterol lowering and improved glycemic control, whereas nonviscous soluble fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and wheat dextrin) and insoluble fibers (eg, wheat bran) do not provide these viscosity-dependent health benefits. In the large bowel, there are only two mechanisms that drive a laxative effect: large/coarse insoluble fiber particles (eg, wheat bran) mechanically irritate the gut mucosa stimulating water and mucous secretion, and the high water-holding capacity of gel-forming soluble fiber (eg, psyllium) resists dehydration. Both mechanisms require that the fiber resist fermentation and remain relatively intact throughout the large bowel (ie, the fiber must be present in stool), and both mechanisms lead to increased stool water content, resulting in bulky/soft/easy-to-pass stools. Soluble fermentable fibers (eg, inulin, fructooligosaccharide, and wheat dextrin) do not provide a laxative effect, and some fibers can be constipating (eg, wheat dextrin and fine/smooth insoluble wheat bran particles). When making recommendations for a fiber supplement, it is essential to recognize which fibers possess the physical characteristics required to provide a beneficial health effect, and which fiber supplements are supported by reproducible, rigorous evidence of one or more clinically meaningful health benefits.