Pylorus Ligation Research Articles

Tanacetum parthenium and parthenolide increase defensive agents and promote antisecretory activity supporting their gastroprotective actions in rodents

Tanacetum parthenium is popularly used to treat gastric disorders. However, the gastroprotective activity has not yet been tested. This study evaluated the anti-ulcer gastric effects of hydroalcoholic extract from T. parthenium (HETp) and parthenolide (PTL), its bioactive compound. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in HETp (10, 30, or 100 mg/Kg) and PTL (5 and 50 mg/Kg) in ethanol and piroxicam-induced ulcers, and this evidence was corroborated histologically. In addition, we explored the acid antisecretory activity by the pylorus ligation. Moreover, in mice pre-treated with the inhibitors indomethacin, L-NAME, and yohimbine, the antiulcerogenic effects of HETp and PTL were abolished, suggesting the involvement of nitric oxide, adrenergic receptors and prostaglandins in gastroprotective effects. Additionally, HETp and PTL prevented the depletion of SOD and CAT and decreased the activity of MPO and the levels of GSH and LPO. The results suggest that gastroprotection of HETp and PTL involves different pharmacological pathways.

Protective effect of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees against experimentally induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats: Experimental evidence from biochemical and histological analysis

Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees (Acanthaceae) is traditionally used in the North East Himalayan region to treat stomach issues, including gastritis. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effect of 70% aqueous ethanol extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus flowers (PTE), standardized by HPTLC and LC-MS/MS, and to establish its possible mechanisms. The gastroprotective effect of PTE, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, was evaluated using both physical (pylorus ligation, PL; cold restraint stress, CRS) and chemical (ethanol, EtOH) ulcerogens-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into control, ulcer control, positive control and PTE-treated groups, with PTE administered orally twice daily for 5 days. The protective effect of PTE was assessed through various gastric ulcer parameters, including gastric pH, gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) content, microvascular permeability, endogenous antioxidant markers, and gastric histopathology. HPTLC and LC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of gallic acid, naringenin, β-sitosterol and ascorbic acid in PTE. The active components of PTE showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer index, with reductions of 28.59-50.03% in PL, 27.69-53.23% in EtOH and 31.14-57.53% in CRS models (P< 0.01). Additionally, PTE at 400 mg/kg significantly increased gastric pH by 23.41%, mucus content by 33.69%, and NP-SH levels by 37.24%. PTE also demonstrated significant antioxidant potential and histopathological studies confirmed its protective effect. The study suggests that the anti-ulcer effect of PTE may be attributed to its ability to preserve adhered gastric mucus, exhibit antisecretory effects, and scavenge free radicals.

Evaluation of the phytochemical Constituent, acute toxicity and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts

ABSTRACT The phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity, and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts were determined in rodents. The antiulcer activity was tested utilizing a pylorus ligation. For the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model, positive controls received ranitidine 10 mg kg−1. The negative controls were given ethanol (1 mL). The hydroethanolic fruit extracts of D. erecta demonstrated no mortality or notable behavioral effects up to 5000 mg kg−1. The crude ethanol fruit extract of D. erecta demonstrated antiulcer effects on pyloric ligation in rats at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 doses. The values obtained at 1000 mg kg−1 dose are equivalent to those obtained with ranitidine.

Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity for Selective and Functional Millet using Pylorus Ligation Induced Ulcer in Rat

Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity for Selective and Functional Millet using Pylorus Ligation Induced Ulcer in Rat

Evaluation of Anti Ulcer Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Jacquemontia Caerulea Against Experimentally Induced Ulcers in Wistar Rats

Objective: To evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic effect of Jacquemontia caerulea Leaf Methanolic Extract (JCLME) against aspirin, ethanol, cold stress induced and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. Methods: The methanolic extract of fresh leaves of the plant, Jacquemontia caerulea (Family Convolvulaceae) was prepared and assessed for anti-ulcer effect with different doses and the standard drugs (Risperidone and Amitriptyline respectively) by using aspirin, ethanol, cold stress induced and pylorus ligation methods. Results: JCLME was assessed and compared statistically with the anti-ulcer effects in the control rats which was treated with saline (NaCl, 0.9%). It was found that JCLME at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced the ulcer index significantly when compared to control group (p&lt; 0.05). It was found that JCLME significantly reduced the free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index (p&lt;0.05) and increased the gastric content when compared with the control group. Hence, the current study shows that the JCLME has potent anti-ulcer, cytoprotective and antisecretory property thereby making it a great ulcero-protective agent.

Experimental animal models for gastric ulcer / peptic ulcer: An overview

In the present study we have discussed around sixteen different animal models used worldwide for the scientific research and new drug discovery. The main aim of the using experimental animal models in drug discovery is to establish and provide evidence for non-clinical 'proof-of-concept' for the safety, efficacy, and target of interest for specific drug molecules. Experimental preparations developed in one species for the purpose of studying phenomena occurring in another species. The use of experimental animal models serves to better understand the origins, pathology, and the overall nature of comparable diseases of humans being. Similarly, animal models perform duties for in the development of safe and effective treatments and cures of such diseases and/or associated symptoms. Experimental animal models for drug discovery and development have played a major role in the characterization of the pathophysiology of diseases and associated mechanisms of injury, drug target identification, and evaluation of novel therapeutic agents for toxicity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics activity. Through animal model researchers can perform experiments that would be impractical or ethically prohibited with humans. There are various animal models used for screening of uncountable therapeutic activities, in this review our main focus is animal models used for peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer is one of the worldwide diseases where 10% of adults are affected by peptic ulcer once in their lifetime. The antiulcer models for drug development against gastric and duodenal ulcer studies are limited in number that has hindered the progress of targeted therapy in this field. Therefore, it is necessary to review the literature on experimental animal models that are used to screen agents with potential anti-gastric ulcer activity and describe their biochemical basis in order to facilitate their use in the development of new preventive and curative antiulcer drugs. There are many models used to induce ulcer such as pylorus ligation or it can be chemically induced by ethanol, NSAIDs (e.g. indomethacin) or many more. In this review paper, current in-vivo animal models of ulcers and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their induction, their drawbacks, as well as the challenges associated with their use have been discussed.

Columbianadin ameliorates experimental acute reflux esophagitis in rats via suppression of NF-κB pathway.

Reflux esophagitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophagus, resulting from the backflow of stomach acid and other gastric contents into the esophagus. Columbianadin is a coumarin derivative that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we tried to scrutinize the protective effect of Columbianadin against acute reflux esophagitis in rats. RAW 264.7 cells were utilized to assess cell viability and measure the production of inflammatory parameters. The rats received anesthesia, and reflux esophagitis was induced via ligation of pylorus and fore stomach and corpus junction. Rats received the oral administration of Columbianadin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg). The gastric secretion volume, acidity, and pH were measured. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress parameters, cytokines, and inflammatory markers were determined. At the end of the study, mRNA expression was assessed. Columbianadin remarkably suppressed the cell viability and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and prostaglandin (PGE2). Columbianadin treatment remarkably suppressed the secretion of gastric volume, total acidity and enhanced the pH level in the stomach. Columbianadin remarkably altered the level of hydrogen peroxidase, free iron, calcium, and plasma scavenging activity, sulfhydryl group; oxidative stress parameters like malonaldehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase; inflammatory cytokines viz., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; inflammatory parameters including PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, and nuclear kappa B factor (NF-κB). Columbianadin remarkably (P < 0.001) suppressed the mRNA expression TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Columbianadin demonstrated a protective effect against acute reflux esophagitis via NF-κB pathway.

Evaluation of Synergistic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Tephrosia Purpurea and Bacopa Monnieri in Ulcer Induced Rats.

To evaluate synergistic antiulcer activity of ethanolic extracts of Tephrosia purpurea and Bacopa monnieri in ulcer induced rats. Ethanolic leaf extracts of both the plants were administered individually and in combination at a dose of 200mg/kg to ulcer induced male albino rats. Omeprazole 10mg/kg was used as standard. Pylorus ligation method, ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models were the different gastric ulcer models selected for the induction of ulcer in rats. Ulcer index, ulcer score, total acidity, pH, percentage protection, volume of gastric juice were the parameters evaluated and compared in different groups in all the models. Decrease in the ulcer score, ulcer index, total acidity was observed and percentage protection was significant(*p<0.05 and p<0.01) with the combination extract compared to group received individual plant extracts. Our results suggested that combination of two medicinal plants showed synergistic anti ulcer activity and decreased the formation of ulcer lesions in rats.

Aqueous extract of the bark of Uncaria tomentosa, an amazonian medicinal plant, promotes gastroprotection and accelerates gastric healing in rats

Ethnopharmacological importanceUncaria tomentosa Willd. DC., is used in the Amazonian region of South America, wherein ethnic groups use the plant to treat diseases, including gastric disorders. However, despite its widespread popular use, this species has yet to be assessed for its anti-ulcer effects. Aim of the studyIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vivo gastroprotective and gastric healing activities of an aqueous extract of the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (AEUt) and sought to gain an understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying these biological effects. Materials and methodsTo verify the gastroprotective properties rats were treated with AEUt (30, 60, or 120 mg/kg) prior to inducing gastric ulceration with ethanol or piroxicam. Additionally, the involvement of nitric oxide, non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NP-SH), α-2 adrenergic receptors, and prostaglandins was investigated. Furthermore, a pylorus ligature model was employed to investigate the antisecretory activity of AEUt. The gastric healing effects of AEUt (60 mg/kg) were examined in rats in which ulceration had been induced with 80% acetic acid, whereas the quality of healing was evaluated in mice with interleukin-induced recurrent ulcers. We also evaluated the in vivo thickness of the gastric wall using ultrasonography. Moreover, the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in ulcerated mucosa, and we determined the activities of the enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO), N-acetyl-β-D-glycosaminidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, we assessed the effects of AEUt on cell viability and subjected the AEUt to phytochemical analyses. ResultsAdministration of the AEUt (60 or 120 mg/kg) prevented ethanol- and piroxicam-induced ulceration, which was also confirmed histologically. Moreover, we observed that pre-treatment with NEM and indomethacin abolished the gastroprotective effects of AEUt, thereby indicating the involvement of NP-SH and prostaglandins in these protective effects. In addition, we found that the administration of AEUt had no appreciable effects on the volume, acidity, or peptic activity of gastric juice. Furthermore, the AEUt (60 mg/kg) accelerated the gastric healing of acetic acid-induced ulcers by 46.2% and ultrasonographic findings revealed a reduction in the gastric wall thickness in this group. The gastric healing effect of AEUt was also accompanied by a reduction in MPO activity. The AEUt (60 mg/kg) also minimized ulcer recurrence in mice exposed to IL-1β and was associated with the maintenance of GSH levels and a reduction in MDA contents. We deduce that the biological effects of AEUt could be associated with the activities of polyphenols and the alkaloids isomitraphylline and mitraphylline, identified as predominant constituents of the AEUt. Furthermore, we found no evidence to indicate that AEUt would have any cytotoxic effects. ConclusionCollectively, our findings provide compelling evidence indicating the therapeutic efficacy of U. tomentosa. Our data indicate that compounds in AEUt confer gastroprotection and that this preventive effect of AEUt was accompanied by gastric healing and a reduction in gastric ulcer recurrence. Moreover, we provide evidence to indicate that the gastroprotective and gastric healing effects involve the antioxidant system and anti-inflammatory responses that contribute to preserving the gastric mucosa.

Gastroprotective evaluation of Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) on diabetic rats

Traditional uses for the plant Medicago sativa (M. sativa) (Alfalfa) (Family: Fabaceae) include liver protection, antioxidant activity, and the treatment of bleeding and digestive issues. This study aims to assess the effect of ethanol extract of M. sativa (EEMS) on experimental-induced ulcers in diabetic rats. By pylorus ligation and ethanol administration, gastric ulcers were induced in diabetic rats. Five groups each consisting of six rats in each model were used. All other groups except Group I were made diabetic by giving rats alloxan (140 mg/kg i.p.). Vehicles were given to Group I (normal control) and Group II (diabetes control) rats. Group III (positive control) received ranitidine 50 mg/kg, and Group IV and V received EEMS at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. In the pylorus ligation and ethanol-induced stomach ulcer model of rats, the findings demonstrated that EEMS (100 mg/kg) showed a decreased ulcer index of 2.01 ± 0.41 and was found statistically significant against the diabetes control group (p < 0.001) as well as, an ulcer index of 0.68 ± 0.22 by EEMS (400 mg/kg) with a significant reduction in the ulcer index (p < 0.001). EEMS (100 and 400 mg/kg) reduce free acidity by 13.16 ± 0.65 mEq/L and 9.83 ± 0.30 mEq/L, respectively. EEMS also showed a protective impact on the liver and kidneys of diabetic rats. Antihyperglycemic action was also discovered in diabetic animals. The findings of the current investigation demonstrated that ethanolic extract of M. sativa possesses anti-ulcer activity in diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract of M. sativa may be a treatment option for stomach ulcers that also have diabetes.

Functional Properties of the Water Extract from Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab) Via Evaluation of Protective Effects on Reflux Esophagitis Model

Objectives In the study, we investigated the effects of an Eriocheir sinensis water extract on a reflux esophagitis-induced rat model. Background The crab has been used as a traditional medicine and food source in many countries worldwide for a long time, and the crab contains various useful substances such as chitin, protein, calcium carbonate, etc. Materials and Methods All rats were fasted for 24 h and then orally pretreated with saline, Eriocheir sinensis (100 mg/kg), or ranitidine (40 mg/kg). Reflux esophagitis was induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation. Morphological changes in the mucosal damage in the esophagus were analyzed by the ImageJ program. Also, the expression of the inflammatory proteins and cytokine in the esophagus was measured by western blot assay to demonstrate the protective effects of Eriocheir sinensis in reflux esophagitis model. Histological analysis of esophagus was performed by hematoxylin &amp; eosin (H&amp;E) staining. Results In the reflux esophagitis induction group, the esophageal tissue damage caused by the induction of reflux was 60% of the whole. Eriocheir sinensis administration significantly ameliorated esophageal mucosal damage by 40%, also determined by histological evaluation of reflux esophagitis in rats. Eriocheir sinensis was also found to downregulate the expression levels of proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and tight junction protein (claudin-5) compared to the reflux esophagitis induction group. In addition, Eriocheir sinensis markedly attenuated the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα). Conclusion These results indicated that Eriocheir sinensis suppressed the development of esophagitis and modulated inflammation by regulating NF-κB activation. Based on these findings, we concluded that Eriocheir sinensis can protect the esophageal mucosa from reflux esophagitis.

Pharmacological Investigation on Unraveling Mechanism of Action of Quisqualis indica Leaves for Predicted Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Background:: With the aid of various ulcer-induced models, the goal of this study was to assess the antiulcer ability of Qusqualis indica (Q. indica) leaf extracts in Wistar rats Method:: The induction of ulcers was done by different models like pylorus ligation method, ethanol-induced and stress-induced models. Group 1 (negative control), Group 2 (standard group) were treated with Sucralfate (8.6 mg/kg), Group 3 was treated with aqueous extract of Q. indica (AEQI,200 mg/kg), Group 4 was treated with aqueous extract of Q. indica (AEQI,400 mg/kg), Group 5 was treated with ethanolic extract of Q. indica (EEQI, 200 mg/kg) and Group 6 was treated with ethanol extract of Q. indica (EEQI, 400 mg/kg). All therapies were given orally twice every day. After the course of treatment was complete, blood and gastrointestinal contents were taken, and biochemical tests were run. The acetylcholine and histamine drug response curves were used to develop the mechanism of the extracts. Results:: The groups treated with extracts experienced a significant decrease in ulcer index. The antiulcer potential of the AEQI and EEQI is dose-dependent. Hematological, hepatic, and cardiac parameters were not significantly affected by the extracts, although high-density lipoprotein production was. Acetylcholine and histamine are blocked by AEQI and EEQI, according to the DRC analysis. The obtained scientific facts are amply supported by histopathological analysis Conclusion:: AEQI and EEQI have antiulcer potential in a dose-dependent manner, but further research must be needed.

Investigating the Protective Effect of Leaves of Calotropis procera (Aiton) for In-vivo Anti-oxidant and Antiulcer Activity using Pylorus Ligation Method

Background: Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Apocynaceae) is a traditional Indian medicinal plant and used in folk medicine for the past decade for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore the current investigation was undertaken to explore the gastroprotective effect of C. procera (Aiton) leaves extract using pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Methods: The crude powder material was successively extracted with different solvents and concentrated at reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The current investigation was carried out by a pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Omeprazole, 20 mg/kg and 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg ethanol extract of C. procera (Aiton) leaves were administered orally for 15 consecutive days, on the last day six hours after pylorus ligation animals were sacrificed and the amount of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity, ulcer index, and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with antioxidant parameters and total protein were also studied. Results: Pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) leaf extract at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, significantly (p &lt; 0.001) decrease the volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity as well as gastric lesions, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine. On the other hand, the pH of gastric juice, mucin content, and total protein was also significantly decreased. Moreover, pretreatment of C. procera (Aiton) significantly (p &lt; 0.001) boost the enzymatic activity and level of different antioxidant markers and attenuated the pylorus ligation-induced level of MDA (p &lt; 0.05) in experimental animals. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the ethanol leaf extract of C. procera (Aiton) extract possess considerable antiulcer and antioxidant potential. For further research findings, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of action for anti-ulcer activity.

Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract Combretum paniculatum Vent. in rats and mice using pylorus –ligation induced model

Combretum paniculatum (CP) vent is popularly used in traditional medicine to treat peptic ulcer disease. The anti-ulcer activities of 80% methanol leaf extract of CP was evaluated in rats and mice. The effects of CP extract on gastric ulcer in rats and mice in pylorus ligation –induced model was studied using varying concentrations (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight). Omeprazole (20mg/kg body weight) was used as the reference drug. Parameters such as volume, PH of gastric fluid, ulcer sore, percentage ulceration, percent inhibition of the ulcer sore, ulcer index and percent inhibition of ulcer index were determined. Histopathological study was also conducted. Data were analyzed using One-way analysis of variance followed by Tuckey’s post hoc test and P&lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant as well as P&lt; 0.01 as statistically highly significant. The oral median Lethal dose (LD50) was found to be greater than 2000mg/kg, phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids were found to be present while saponins were found to be absent. CP highly significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced gastric ulcer index by 49.6%, 62.4% and 87.6% , CP posseses both dose-dependent and time dependent anti-ulcer activities. This study validates the anti-ulcer pharmacological activities of this plant, further investigation should be carried out to isolate specific phytochemicals as well as authenticate the mechanisms of action responsible for these activities.

Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of Nauclea pobeguinii (Rubiaceae) on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in male Wistar rats.

In this study, we determined the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects of extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of Nauclea pobeguinii stem-back. Gastroprotective and healing activity were evaluated following a HCl/ethanol and an indomethacin-induced acute ulcers models; acetic acid, pylorus-ligature, pylorus ligature/histamine and pylorus ligature/acetylcholine-induced chronic ulcers models. It emerges from this study that, at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extracts significantly reduced the various ulceration parameters. Compared to negative control male rats, the aqueous (100 mg/kg) and methanolic (400 mg/kg) extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii inhibited the ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol by 80.76 % and 100 % respectively, as well as ulcers induced by indomethacin by 88.28 % and 93.47 % respectively. Animals that received 200 mg/kg of both extracts showed a significant reduction in the levels of monocytes, lymphocytes, nitric oxide, MDA and a significant increase in the activities of SOD and catalase. Histological analysis showed repaired mucous epithelium at all doses of both extracts. Aqueous and methanol extracts inhibited ulceration indices by 89.33 % and 88.53 % for pylorus ligature, 83.81 % and 61.07 % for pylorus ligature/acetylcholine and 87.29 % and 99.63 % for pylorus ligature/histamine respectively. Both extracts protected the stomach lining with percentages inhibition of 79.49 % and 81.73 %, respectively in the ethanol test. The extracts induced a significant increase in mucus mass (p<0.001). The aqueous and methanol extracts of Nauclea pobeguinii healed ulcers thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-secretory and cytoprotective properties.

Gastroprotective effect of Indukanta ghritam in Aspirin plus Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in Wistar Albino rats – An experimental evaluation

Gastroprotective effect of Indukanta ghritam in Aspirin plus Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in Wistar Albino rats – An experimental evaluation

Gastroprotective and Curative Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Stem Bark of Pittosporum Mannii Hook F. (Pittosporaceae) on Some Models of Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Purpose: This work assesses the antiulcerogenic and antiulcer properties of the aqueous extract of Pittosporum mannii and shows at what dosage this plant would not be of any danger to the patient.&#x0D; Methodology: The aqueous extract of its bark, orally administered at the doses of 35, 75, 150 and 300mg/kg, has been experimented on acute (HCl/EtOH (150mM HCl in 60% ethanol); ligature of the pylorus) and chronic ulcers (acetic acid; 0.05 ml of 30% acetic acid) induced on rats.&#x0D; Findings: The results from these experiments show that: the aqueous extract of the barks of Pittosporum mannii possesses antiulcerogenic properties. At 300mg/kg dose, the extract completely inhibited (100%) the ulcer induced by the mixture HCl/EtOH. For the three patterns of gastric ulcers induction used, the mucus weight did not vary significantly (p&gt;0.05) on the treated animals as compared to the negative control groups. In the group that underwent pylorus ligature, the extract did not induce any significant variation in both the gastric acidity and the gastric volume. However these results do not bring out the exact mechanism of action of the plant extract. Furthermore, the extract neither acts in reinforcing the protection barrier of the gastric mucus membrane nor its antisecretory properties. The nitric oxide proportion of the gastric mucous membrane presents a significant variation (p&lt;0.05) at the dose of 300mg/kg. With regards to these results, we realized that this extract increases the nitric oxide rate of the gastric mucosa which intervenes in the healing process. The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Pittosporum mannii provokes the death of all animals of the groups from a dose of 3g/kg (LD100) whereas half of the population of the experimental rats succumbed at the dose of 2.66g/kg (LD50). After two weeks of treatment, the rats that received the extract at the doses of 75, 150 and 300mg/kg presented no significant variation of the hepatic and plasmatic protein levels. The levels of plasma transaminases (AST; 300mg/kg), hepatic ALT (300mg/kg) and plasmatic ALT (150mg/kg) present a significant drop. The stem bark of Pittosporum mannii possess gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effect although at this time it is difficult to explain the exact mechanism involved in these two processes.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: According to the results obtained, it would be important to realise a histological test of the detoxification organs such as the liver, the heart and the kidneys. Moreover, the cytotoxicity test has to be done to determine the effect of the extract at the cellular level before any therapeutic use

Investigation Into Antioxidant and Antinuclear Effect and Mechanism of Sesamum Indicum Leaves in a Rodent Model

Objective: An ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum Linn was used to test for phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and gastroprotective effects. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study Place of Study: Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore. Duration of Study: July 2021 to March 2022 Materials and methods: This study ulcerated Wister albino rats using pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced ulcer screening. Ulceration required pylorus ligation. These ulcer screening models were used. An ethanolic S. indicum leaves (EESIL) at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (orally for 7 days) was compared against omeprazole, a common ulcer medication. The trial lasted seven days. Throughout the course of the experiment, readings were taken for the following variables: stomach content; pH; total acidity; pepsin activity ulcer score; free acidity; ulcer index (UI); percentage of inhibition of ulcers; mean mucin, pepsin, and total protein content; and ulcer index (UI). Results: In comparison to the control group, the pylorus ligation model resulted in a decrease in pepsin activity, free acidity, pepsin content, ulcer score, total protein content, and % ulcer inhibition. Moreover, the overall acidity level was lower (P&lt; 0.05 and P&lt; 0.01). EESIL-tested groups had higher mean mucin and stomach content pH (P 0.05 and P 0.01). Both findings are statistically significant. EESIL dosages (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg ) had dose-dependent gastroprotective effects. Compared to the control group, stomach metrics like UI and ulcer score dropped significantly (P&lt; 0.05 and P&lt;0.01), gastric pH increased, and ulcer percentage inhibition increased. Increased ulcer inhibition percentage. Moreover, stomach pH increased and ulcer percentage decreased. Conclusion: Antioxidant, anti-ulcer, EESIL, and EESIL compounds have antioxidant action depending on concentration. Antioxidant is connected. The study found that the EESIL's increased defensive and decreased offensive components increased its antiulcer potential. This was due to the study's revisions. The research's offensive and defensive design caused this. Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-ulcer, ethanolic extract of sesamum indicum leaves, indomethacin, pylorus ligation, ulcer index

Phyto-constituents profiling of Prosopis cineraria and in vitro assessment of antioxidant and anti-ulcerogenicity activities

BackgroundThe Fabaceae family's Prosopis cineraria L. Druce (PC) is a tiny to medium-sized, thorny and irregularly branching tree used in Indian traditional medicine. PurposeThe current study has been investigated of Prosopis cineraria bark for mycochemical screening and evaluating their pharmacological activities by using two antiulcer models. After that isolation of active constituent present in hydroalcoholic bark crude extract. Study designIn the present analysis, qualitative and quantitative studies were analyzed. On the basis of this assay we choose hydro-alcoholic bark extract (HABE) for pylorus ligation ulcer model and an ethanol-induced ulcer model on female albino wistar rats. The volume of gastric juice, pH, total and free acidity and ulcer index were all investigated. The hydroalcoholic extracts of bark were selected and further undergo the seclusion of bioactive compounds by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses and Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of the extracts. ResultsPhytochemical screening of the bark extract showed that phenol, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and proteins, reducing sugars and carbohydrates were present. However, a greater dose of the extract lowered gastric ulcer index and increased percent protection from pylorus ligation (75.05%) and ethanol (76.05%)-induced aberrations, as measured by altered biochemical markers such as a decrease in stomach volume, free, and total acidity. In contrast, GC–MS analyses of the hydroalcoholic bark extracts identified 42 compounds in which gallic acid is mainly present and in LC-MS analyses ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are found by use of the (NIST) library. ConclusionsBased on the present findings, it was revealed that the bark of Prosopis cineraria may be used as potent bio resource for natural antioxidants and antiulcerogenic drug. As a result, more research is needed on elucidation of individual phytochemicals, as well as their mechanism of action.

Gastroprotective Activity of Aerial Leaves of Allium cepa

The present study was performed to evaluate the Antiulcer activity of Methanolic extract of Allium cepa leaves (MEAC) in Albino rats. Antiulcer activity of MEAC was investigated by using Ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage and Pylorous ligated gastric ulcers. Evaluation was done on both models comparing with reference standard Omeprazole (20mg/kg). The parameters taken to assess anti-ulcer for pylorus ligation method were volume gastric secretion, pH, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index. In vivo studies were carried on the plant extract and results were found that protection of the Methanolic extract of Allium cepa leaves against characteristic lesions may be due to both reduction in gastric acid secretion and gastric cycloprotein and this may be due to the presence of Flavanoids. In this study we observed that, Methanolic extract of leaves of Allium cepa (MEAC) provides significant antiulcer activity against gastric ulcers in rats. The result of MEAC showed significant reduction in the ulcer index, when compared to control. The antiulcer activity extract may be attributed to their flavanoids content and antioxidant property. These findings indicate that MEAC display potential antiulcerogenic activity.