Pycnometer Method Research Articles

Art Decoration Design of Electrochemical Silicon Oxide Ceramic Sculpture Based on 3D Printing Technology

In order to solve the art decoration design of silicon oxide ceramic sculpture, a method for silicon oxide ceramic sculpture based on 3D printing technology is proposed. Firstly, the density of photosensitive resin premix before curing was measured by pycnometer method; the photosensitive resin was coated on tinplate and then put into a self-made UV curing box for curing. Secondly, the critical exposure and critical transmission depth of photosensitive resin without formula are calculated. Finally, the viscosity of ceramic slurry was measured by mixing S2 photosensitive resin formula with ceramic powder with different nano silica content. It is proved that the addition of nano silica powder can promote the decomposition of quartz glass and increase the sintering degree of the ceramic core. The primary sintering shrinkage of ceramic core gradually increases with the increase of nano silica content. In the length direction, the shrinkage increases from 3.33% to 5.61%; in the width direction, the shrinkage increases from 2.98% to 4.74%; and in the height direction, the shrinkage increases from 3.18% to 5.00%.

Milligram mass metrology for quantitative deposition of liquid samples

Quantitative dispensing of liquids by mass becomes increasingly difficult as sample volume decreases. Whereas ml quantities of liquid can be directly weighed as dispensed on an analytical balance or using pycnometer methods, μl samples are more challenging due to their milligram-scale mass and rapid evaporation. Here, a method for quantitative determination of the mass of μl liquid droplets is proposed. The weighing of a microcapillary pycnometer combined with traceable calibration masses and corrections for sample evaporation allows determination of the droplet mass on the order of 1 mg with relative combined expanded uncertainty of 0.3%.

Density measurements of aerobic granular sludge

ABSTRACT Granular sludge processes are frequently used in domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. The granule buoyant density and biomass density are important parameters for the design and operation of granular sludge reactors. Different methods to measure the granule density include the pycnometer method, the Percoll density gradient method, the dextran blue method, and the settling velocity method. In this study, a comparison was made between these four methods to measure granule density for granules from a full-scale granular sludge plant treating domestic sewage. The effect of salinity on granule density was assessed as well. Three out of the four evaluated methods yielded comparable results, with granule buoyant densities between 1025.7 and 1028.1 kg/m3 and granule biomass densities between 71.1 and 71.5 g/L (based on volatile suspended solids (VSS)). The settling velocity method clearly underestimated the granule density, due to the complex relation between granule properties and settling velocity. The pycnometer method was the most precise method, but it was also quite susceptible to bias. The granule buoyant density increased proportionally with salinity, to 1049.2 kg/m3 at 36 g/L salinity. However, the granule biomass density, based on VSS, remained constant. This showed that the granule volume was not affected by salinity and that the buoyant density increase was the result of diffusion of salts into the granule pores. Overall, the granule density can be measured reliably with most methods, as long as the effect of salinity is considered. The results are discussed in light of operational aspects for full-scale granular sludge plants.

Теплофизические параметры арбузного полуфабриката как объекта влагоудаления

Introduction. Pectin-based protective coatings can produce a perfect biodegradable edible film. Secondary watermelon raw materials are a promising resource for this type of food coating as it contains 13.4% of pectin components, of which 8.1% is protopectin. The present research objective was to find the density and thermophysical characteristics of the pectin extract in order to optimize the drying process.
 Study objects and methods. The research featured a pectin extract from watermelon rind. Its thermophysical properties were defined according to the thermocouple inertia method. The calorimetric method was used to change the aggregation state, while the pycnometric method was applied to calculate the density. The method of criterion equations helped to define the heat transfer coefficient.
 Results and discussion. The average density of the final film material was 652 kg/m3 and that of the liquid semi-finished product was 1,028 kg/m3. The research also revealed the dependence of physical density and humidity W, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. For different W, averaged were 3393, 3225, 3137, and 3113, respectively. The study also provided the criterion dependence for determining the heat transfer coefficient and modified α on the speed of the air coolant for artificial convection at conventional coolant temperature (≈ 100°C) in contact with the food product surface (≈ 80°C).
 Conclusion. The article introduces the thermophysical characteristics and physical density of watermelon gel for various humidity and thermal agent parameters, as well as a modified criterion dependence for determining the heat transfer coefficient. The research results can be used to design dehydration operations, other thermophysical processes, and their equipment.

ПЛОТНОСТЬ И ДИЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТЬ ВОДНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ ХЛОРИДОВ РЗЭ СРЕДНЕ-ТЯЖЕЛОЙ ГРУППЫ В ПРИСУТСТВИИ ХЛОРИДА НАТРИЯ

The densities of mixed solutions of rare-earth elements of the medium-heavy group with NaCl were determined by the pycnometric method. Aqueous solutions of NaCl with concentrations of 10,50,100,150,200, 220 g/dm3 containing lanthanide chlorides of the medium-heavy group with a concentration range from 0.05 mol/dm3 to 1.73 mol/dm3 at pH = 1.5 were studied. Dielectric permittivity of solutions with the concentration of the aggregate REE in the aqueous phase from 0.05 mol/dm3 to 0.75 mol/dm3 and NaCl concentration equal to 150 g/dm3 was measured in the frequency range from 0.5 to 110 MHz. Empirical equations were constructed that relate the density of the solution to the concentration of NaCl, to the concentration of the sum of rare-earth elements, and to the dielectric permittivity. These equations make it possible to calculate the concentration of sodium chloride from the density of solution and from the aggregate REE concentration. The empirical formula makes it possible to calculate the concentration of the sum of REE chlorides of the medium-heavy group at a known concentration of sodium chloride from the dielectric permittivity of the aqueous solution

Analysis of plant root properties, texture and porosity that affects landslides in Tangka Sub-Watershed

Tangka Sub-Watershed in West Sinjai District is one of the sub-watersheds in South Sulawesi, which often experiences landslides. Factors causing landslides were divided into control factors and trigger factors. One of the triggering factors for landslides is the characteristics of soil and plant properties. Several previous research results stated that soil characteristics greatly affect the occurrence of landslides, while plant roots help stabilize soil bonds and slopes. This study aims to determine the triggering factors of the soil (soil texture and porosity) and the distribution of plant roots that affect the occurrence of landslides. Soil texture analysis using hydrometer method. Soil porosity and moisture content using gravimetric and pycnometer methods. The results showed that the soil texture was dominated by silty clay loam impact on low soil cohesion. Intensive land use decreases soil porosity to <50% and increases soil bulk density to 1.4 g/cm3. The soil quickly becomes saturated and could induce the rotting of plant roots. These characteristics increase the vulnerability of the soil, thereby increasing the potential for landslides.

Characterization of barite ores from selected locations in Nigeria for drilling fluid formulation

Barite is a non-metallic mineral composed of barium sulfate and is largely used by the oil and gas industry during drilling operations to control reservoir pressure. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard, the specific gravity of barite should be a minimum of 4.1 to be applied as an additive in drilling fluid. In Nigeria, barite deposits are found in veins and cavity fillings hosted by varieties of rocks. Despite the abundance of barites reserves in Nigeria, the barites used in the Nigerian oil industry are imported from other countries. Therefore, in this research, barite deposits in some selected troughs in Nigeria were sampled and studied to determine their chemical composition and suitability as drilling fluid additives. The specific gravity of barites in the following states: Nasarawa, Benue, Plateau, Cross River, and Taraba was determined using the Pycnometer method, and their values were found to range from 2.9 to 4.3 on average. The quality of barite varies from location to location and with depth. The barite quality was enhanced when some low-grade barites were blended with a high grade, as shown in the blended samples of Plateau States, where specific gravity increased from 2.9 to 3.7. The results of XRF, E.D.X. and S.E.M. analysis of the samples show a predominance of BaO, Fe2O3, SrSO4, and SiO2. Samples from Benue (89.4% BaSO4) and Taraba (96.5% BaSO4) States met API standard for drilling mud application in terms of chemical composition, specific gravity, and a particle size distribution, while samples from Cross River (83.16% BaSO4), Nasarawa (77% BaSO4), and Plateau (10.88% BaSO4) States need to be upgraded to meet the standard for usage as drilling fluid additives. However, they can be used as extenders or fillers in the rubber and paper industry.

Physico-mechanical performances of flax fiber biobased composites: Retting and process effects

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of retting (3 levels were concerned) and processing parameters (mainly temperature) on physico-chemical properties of flax-epoxy materials. 9 biobased composites were produced with 3 different processing programs: Setup 1, 2, and 3. An advanced organoleptic study has been carried out on both technical flax fibers and manufactured composites to study in more detail the effects of the processing and retting on the visual aspect. Organoleptic analysis shows that flax, as well as biobased composites, lose saturation and luminance by increasing retting time. Increasing the processing temperature alters the material color. According to SEM analysis, we highlight that the least retted fibers are presented in bundles that are well bonded and coated with each other to form a technical fiber. Depending on retting, technical fibers appear cleaner and more individualized but their mechanical properties are affected. An interesting approach has been applied for the determination of the volumic content of our biobased composites, using both TGA and pycnometer methods. On average, Vf decreases from 63.1 % for early retting (−) to 51.5 % for late retting (+). This effect could naturally result from the observed individualization of the fibers. Moreover, the porosity rates Vp increase overall with fiber content. On average it varies from 5 to 11 % in function of retting. Setup 3, with a processing temperature of 160 °C, a processing time of 130 min and a processing pressure of 50 bars, is the most desirable because it allows the highest Vf for the lowest Vp. Regarding the mechanical behavior of biobased composites, we have observed a non-elastic behavior of our stress-strain curves, due to the intrinsic behavior of flax fibers. Stress vs strain curves reveal 3 different areas for elastic and plastic transitions. It also appears that setup 3 provides the best modulus of elasticity compared to the other setups. We notice also that E1 Young’s modulus gradually increases with retting. By performing a normalization of E1 modulus according to the fiber volume, the effect of retting is even more pronounced. A 40 % increase in modulus can be observed between retting (−) and (+). At the end, the long retting level of technical flax fibers, as well as the third setup gives the best compromise for our bio based composite performances.

BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING THE WET GAMMA IRADIATION METHOD

BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING the WET GAMMA IRRADIATION METHOD. The use of coconut husk has only been used as a material for making handicrafts such as ropes, brooms, mats, and others or just burned. The combustion of coconut husk can cause air pollution. In fact, coconut husk can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production so that the beneficial value of coconut husk will also increase. One way of bioethanol production from coconut husk is by irradiating the coconut husk. The coconut husk irradiation technique to be carried out in this study is the wet irradiation technique. Wet irradiation is carried out to accelerate the process of bioethanol production because at the time of irradiation, cellulose has been hydrolyzed and glucose has been formed so that it is more efficient in time and use of the material so that the cellulose hydrolysis process is not necessary. The coconut husk samples were wet because they were mixed with 4% NaOH and were irradiated using a gamma irradiator from STTN-BATAN Yogyakarta with a dose of 30 kGy and 50 kGy and 0 kGy (or without irradiation). Then the sample is fermented with the fungus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from tape yeast to form ethanol. Ethanol is purified and then analyzed for concentrations using pycnometric and refractometric methods. The result is that the highest ethanol content is without irradiation (0 kGy), this is due to the low dosage used. However, the main point in this wet method research is evidence of hydrolysis of cellulose by the formation of gluoxane after irradiated wet coconut husk, and with Fehling A and B analysis, brown deposits are seen proving that glucose has been formed.

Preparation of Acyclovir-Containing Solid Foam by Ultrasonic Batch Technology.

In recent years, the application of solid foams has become widespread. Solid foams are not only used in the aerospace field but also in everyday life. Although foams are promising dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry, their usage is not prevalent due to decreased stability of the solid foam structure. These special dosage forms can result in increased bioavailability of drugs. Low-density floating formulations can also increase the gastric residence time of drugs; therefore, drug release will be sustained. Our aim was to produce a stable floating formula by foaming. Matrix components, PEG 4000 and stearic acid type 50, were selected with the criteria of low gastric irritation, a melting range below 70 °C, and well-known use in oral drug formulations. This matrix was melted at 54 °C in order to produce a dispersion of active substance and was foamed by different gases at atmospheric pressure using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The density of the molded solid foam was studied by the pycnometer method, and its structure was investigated by SEM and micro-CT. The prolonged drug release and mucoadhesive properties were proved in a pH 1.2 buffer. According to our experiments, a stable foam could be produced by rapid homogenization (less than 1 min) without any surfactant material.

Volume and composition of semi-adsorbed stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Comparison of water adsorption in common stationary phases and eluents

Pycnometric and homologous series retention methods are used to determine the volume and mean composition of the water-rich layers partially adsorbed on the surface of several hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column fillings with acetonitrile-water and methanol-water as eluents. The findings obtained in this work confirm earlier studies using direct methods for measuring the stationary phase water content performed by Jandera's and Irgum's research groups. Water is preferentially adsorbed on the surface of the HILIC bonded phase in hydroorganic eluents containing more than 40% acetonitrile or 70% methanol, and a gradient of several water-rich transition layers between the polar bonded phase and the poorly polar bulk mobile phase is formed. These layers of reduced mobility act as HILIC stationary phases, retaining polar solutes. The volume of these layers and concentration of adsorbed water is much larger for acetonitrile-water than for methanol-water mobile phases.In hydroorganic eluents with less than 20-30% acetonitrile or 40% methanol the amount of preferentially adsorbed water is very small, and the observed retention behavior is close to the one in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). In eluents with intermediate acetonitrile-water or methanol-water compositions a mixed HILIC-RPLC behavior is presented.Comparison of several HILIC columns shows that the highest water enrichment in the HILIC retention region for acetonitrile-water mobile phases is observed for zwitterionic and aminopropyl bonded phases, followed in minor grade for diol and polyvinyl alcohol functionalizations. Pentafluorophenyl bonded phase, usually considered a HILIC column, does not show significant water adsorption, nor HILIC retention.

A novel, low-cost and robust method for determining molten salt density at high temperatures

A pycnometric method was utilised to determine the liquid density of carbonate and/or chloride salts at high temperatures. When compared to alternative methods, the measurements were quick and repeatable using common laboratory equipment. The methodology was validated using sodium chloride as a reference material with an error of ±0.6% when compared to other literature sources. Overall, the absolute measurement error was found to lead to a ±0.3% uncertainty for the measured values where the maximum error was due to the determination of the meniscus volume. This methodology was then used to study the liquid density of several other promising molten salts (32.1:33.4:34.5 wt% Li2Na2K2-CO3, 41.57:25.43:33.0 wt% Na2CO3:NaCl:KCl, 59.45:40.55 wt% Na2CO3:NaCl, 47.19:52.81 wt% Na2K2-CO3) and found to have good agreement when compared to other studies and methodologies (±7.6% from predicted). In all cases it was found that the liquid density decreased linearly from the melting point.

Effects of extraction process on the dried cell wall pore structure of messmate heartwood

In order to study the effects of a messmate heartwood extraction process on its cell wall pore structure and its drying ability, its nanopore structure was explored after via gas adsorption technology. Specifically, the messmate heartwood particles were extracted with methanol, and then the cell wall pore structure of the original and extracted samples were evaluated by N2 and CO2 sorption and pycnometer methods, respectively. Overall, compared with the original samples, the cell wall porosity, micropore volume, mesopore volume, BET specific surface area, and specific surface area of the micropores of the extracted messmate heartwoods increased by 2.55%, 0.007 cm3/g, 0.0014 cm3/g, 0.24 m2·g-1, and 21.9 m2·g-1, respectively. The cell wall pore volume measured via the gas adsorption method was smaller than the measurement from the pycnometer method. The results indicated that the presence of extractives made the messmate cell wall have a decreased pore volume and porosity, which may be one of the reasons messmate wood is difficult to dry. Messmate extractives primarily were present in the micropores of the cell wall in the range of 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm. However, gas sorption technology could not detect all the pores in the cell wall of the messmate heartwood sample.

Influence of buriti pulp (Mauritia Flexuosa L.) concentration on thermophysical properties and antioxidant capacity

This study aimed to determine the thermophysical properties and antioxidant capacity of buriti pulp with concentrations of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 °Brix. Total solids and moisture content were determined in an oven, and the specific mass was determined by the pycnometer method, while the specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity were obtained using the KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. At high concentrations, total solids and specific mass increased while moisture content decreased, and the soluble solids concentration did not influence specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity. The antioxidant capacity of buriti pulps ranged from 0.07 to 10.45 μmol Trolox/g sample for the ABTS method and from 293.77 to 411.46 μmol Trolox/g sample for the DPPH method.

Characterization of Al2O3 Samples and NiAl-Al2O3 Composite Consolidated by Pulse Plasma Sintering.

The paper describes an investigation of Al2O3 samples and NiAl–Al2O3 composites consolidated by pulse plasma sintering (PPS). In the experiment, several methods were used to determine the properties and microstructure of the raw Al2O3 powder, NiAl–Al2O3 powder after mechanical alloying, and samples obtained via the PPS. The microstructural investigation of the alumina and composite properties involves scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The relative densities were investigated with helium pycnometer and Archimedes method measurements. Microhardness analysis with fracture toughness (KIC) measures was applied to estimate the mechanical properties of the investigated materials. Using the PPS technique allows the production of bulk Al2O3 samples and intermetallic ceramic composites from the NiAl–Al2O3 system. To produce by PPS method the NiAl–Al2O3 bulk materials initially, the composite powder NiAl–Al2O3 was obtained by mechanical alloying. As initial powders, Ni, Al, and Al2O3 were used. After the PPS process, the final composite materials consist of two phases: Al2O3 located within the NiAl matrix. The intermetallic ceramic composites have relative densities: for composites with 10 wt.% Al2O3 97.9% and samples containing 20 wt.% Al2O3 close to 100%. The hardness of both composites is equal to 5.8 GPa. Moreover, after PPS consolidation, NiAl–Al2O3 composites were characterized by high plasticity. The presented results are promising for the subsequent study of consolidation composite NiAl–Al2O3 powder with various initial contributions of ceramics (Al2O3) and a mixture of intermetallic–ceramic composite powders with the addition of ceramics to fabricate composites with complex microstructures and properties. In composites with complex microstructures that belong to the new class of composites, in particular, the synergistic effect of various mechanisms of improving the fracture toughness will be operated.

Analysis of Temperature Regulation, Concentration, and Stirring Time at Atmospheric Pressure to Increase Density Precision of Alginate Solution

Alginate is a high soluble organic linear polysaccharide polymer with adjustable density and viscosity. These unique properties have promoted Alginate uses widely in both food and non-food industries. Similar to other natural polysaccharides solution, alginate solution density is generally influenced by concentration, temperature and stirring time. Hence, this study aims to increasing the density precision of the alginate solution by setting temperature (30, 45, 60 and 75°C), alginate concentration (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% mass) and stirring time (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) using the pycnometric method. The results showed that the higher temperature, the density would decrease, conversely, the higher of concentration and stirring time, the density of the alginate solution would increase. Therefore, it can be concluded if you want a density of 0.9228 g/ml alginate solution, the concentration of alginate used is 2% with a temperature of 30°C and a stirring time of 30 minutes

Study of (In2S3)х·(AgIn5S8)1–х solid solutions

Herein, single crystals of compounds In2S3, AgIn5S8 and solid solutions (In2S3)x·(AgIn5S8)1–x were grown by directional crystallization. The composition of the obtained single crystals was determined by microprobe X-ray spectral analysis. It is found that the content of the components in the grown single crystals is in satisfactory agreement with the specified composition in the initial charge. The structure of the obtained materials was determined by the X-ray method. It is shown that both the initial compounds and the solid solutions based on them were crystallized in the cubic structure of the spinel. The unit cell parameters of the In2S3, AgIn5S8 compounds and the solid solutions based on them, which vary linearly with the composition x, were calculated by the least squares method. The density was determined by the pycnometric method, and the microhardness of the In2S3 and AgIn5S8 compounds and the (In2S3)x·(AgIn5S8)1–x solid solutions was determined by the Knoop method. It is shown that the density, like the unit cell parameter, changes linearly with the composition x, but the dependence of microhardness on the x parameter has a maximum for x = 0.4. Using differential thermal analysis (DTA), the temperatures of phase transformations were determined and the phase diagram of the In2S3–AgIn5S8 system was constructed, which is characterized by a small crystallization interval and belongs to type III according to the Rosebom classification. The curves of liquidus and solidus are concave to the abscissa axis and have a common point.

Characterization and Suitability of Nigerian Barites for Different Industrial Applications

This work aimed to characterize barite samples from selected different locations in Nigeria and determine their suitability for various industrial applications. The properties determined include mineralogy, chemical composition, morphology, functional groups, and specific gravity. Samples were obtained from ten locations in Nasarawa and Taraba states as well as a standard working sample (WS) obtained from a drilling site. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier infrared analysis (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Specific gravity (SG) was determined using the pycnometer method. Results of SEM-EDX analysis show that the WS has a Ba-S-O empirical composition of 66.5% whereas these of the ten samples investigated vary between 59.36% and 98.86%. The FTIR analysis shows that the functional groups of S-O, SO42−, Ba-S-O, OH of the ten samples match that of the WS. Results of XRD show that the ten samples have the same mineralogical composition as the WS and all meet American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for industrial barite. Similar matching results are shown from EDXRF spectra intensity, position, and composition analysis of the ten samples compared to the WS. Specific gravity (SG) results show that six out of the ten samples have SG above 4.2 which is the recommended minimum for the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The other four samples will require beneficiation to meet the standard for drilling mud application. Using all the parameters of the assessment together, results show that while some (6) of the samples can be used for drilling fluid application, some (4) require beneficiation but all ten samples can be used for other industrial applications including healthcare, construction, plastic, cosmetics, paper, and rubber industries. The results of the study can be used for value addition in developing beneficiation procedures, processes, and technology for purification along with new materials for the industries.

Measurement of plant tissue porosity: I. Pycnometer method

Measurement of plant tissue porosity: I. Pycnometer method

Изменение противоэрозионной стойкости орошаемых серо-коричневых почв сухой субтропической зоны Азербайджана в зависимости от давности их орошения

Изменение противоэрозионной стойкости орошаемых серо-коричневых почв сухой субтропической зоны Азербайджана в зависимости от давности их орошения