PVA Polymer Research Articles

Synthesis of Molybdenum Disulfide-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite and Detailed Study of Its Optical Properties

The present study investigates the optical and electronic properties of molybdenum disulfide-polyvinyl alcohol (MoS2-PVA) nanocomposites. Cauliflower-like fractal MoS2 nanostructures were synthesized through a hydrothermal method using sodium molybdate and L-cystine as precursors. These synthesized nanostructures were then incorporated into PVA polymer chains to develop PVA-MoS2 composites. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful phase formation of the nanocomposites, while field emission scanning electron microscopic images revealed the one-dimensional structure of the system. UV-Vis transmittance spectra were utilized to determine the band gap of the materials through Tauc plots. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of specific chemical bonds and demonstrated significant changes in the vibrational energy levels of the pure polymer upon composite formation. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis with elemental mapping shows that the material maintained required stoichiometry. Thermogravimetric analysis of pure MoS2 demonstrates excellent thermal stability, withstanding temperatures as high as 700° C. This comprehensive study adds valuable insights to the existing literature on nanocomposite materials.

Formulation and Characterization of Eplerenone Nanocrystal as Sublingual Fast-dissolving Film

Eplerenone, a Class-II according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), with poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. To address these limitations, this study aimed to improve the drug solubility and dissolution rate, by formulating it as nanocrystals (NCs). The NCs were intended to enhance Eplerenone's solubility, thereby increasing its bioavailability when taken orally. Additionally, load it as a sublingual fast-dissolving film to be released immediately and enhance effectiveness by avoiding first-pass metabolism. Using the solvent anti-solvent precipitation method, nanocrystals (NCs) of Eplerenone were prepared, and the impact of different factors on their particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI) was investigated. The majority of the NCs formulations exhibited nanoscale particle sizes. Notably, the optimized formulation, F8(with 0.05% soluplus), showed a lower particle size (94.15nm), a high dissolution velocity (96.75%), and no drug-excipient interactions. Subsequently, an oral thin film containing PVA polymer and the optimized EPL nanocrystals was developed. The study results suggested that the immediate release of EPL nanocrystals from the sublingual film led to enhanced therapeutic action, improved efficacy, and increased bioavailability, as it bypassed first-pass metabolism by hepatic enzymes. Overall, nanocrystal-based sublingual films hold promise for enhancing the effectiveness of Eplerenone.

Formulation and Characterization of Eplerenone Nanocrystal as Sublingual Fast-dissolving Film

Eplerenone, a Class-II according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), with poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. To address these limitations, this study aimed to improve the drug solubility and dissolution rate, by formulating it as nanocrystals (NCs). The NCs were intended to enhance Eplerenone's solubility, thereby increasing its bioavailability when taken orally. Additionally, load it as a sublingual fast-dissolving film to be released immediately and enhance effectiveness by avoiding first-pass metabolism. Using the solvent anti-solvent precipitation method, nanocrystals (NCs) of Eplerenone were prepared, and the impact of different factors on their particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI) was investigated. The majority of the NCs formulations exhibited nanoscale particle sizes. Notably, the optimized formulation, F8(with 0.05% soluplus), showed a lower particle size (94.15nm), a high dissolution velocity (96.75%), and no drug-excipient interactions. Subsequently, an oral thin film containing PVA polymer and the optimized EPL nanocrystals was developed. The study results suggested that the immediate release of EPL nanocrystals from the sublingual film led to enhanced therapeutic action, improved efficacy, and increased bioavailability, as it bypassed first-pass metabolism by hepatic enzymes. Overall, nanocrystal-based sublingual films hold promise for enhancing the effectiveness of Eplerenone.

Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Composite PVC-ZnO Membrane for Ciprofloxacin Removal by Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration.

Water pollution is a major global issue, and antibiotic drugs released into aquatic environments by the pharmaceutical industry, such as ciprofloxacin, have negative consequences on both human health and the ecosystem. In this study, the performance of PVA as a polymer ligand for ciprofloxacin (CPFX) removal is evaluated through polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration using a novel composite PVC-ZnO membrane. The initial concentration of the ciprofloxacin solution, pH, ionic strength, ideal polymer concentration, duration, and maximum retention capacity were among the factors that were examined. In order to remove ciprofloxacin from water, PVA is utilized as a polymeric binding agent in a complex manufacturing process. In this instance, the PVC-ZnO membrane with 1.0 weight percent ZnO had a 96.77% ciprofloxacin clearance rate. PVA polymer has a high clearance rate of 99.98% in 1wt% of ZnO in this composite membrane when added to the ciprofloxacin solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the production and features of composite PVC-ZnO membranes. It is anticipated that this study's discussion will be crucial to the development of higher-quality membrane technologies that remove pharmaceutical active chemicals from wastewater in an environmentally responsible manner without endangering the ecosystem. This investigation showed that composite PVC-ZnO membranes were effective materials for efficient removal of ciprofloxacin (CPFX).

Synthesis of Cr2O3/C3N4 doped PVA polymer membranes for optoelectronic applications

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of Cr₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ doped PVA nanocomposite membranes using a solution casting method for potential optoelectronic applications. The successful incorporation of Cr₂O₃ and g-C₃N₄ into the PVA matrix was confirmed through various analytical techniques, comprising FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and XPS. The addition of Cr₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ resulted in enhanced thermal stability, as demonstrated by an increase in decomposition temperature by 25–38 °C. Optical analysis revealed a reduction in both direct and indirect band gaps, from 5.41 eV to 4.85 eV and 5.18 eV–4.65 eV, respectively, indicating modifications in the electronic structure of the composite. This enhancement in optical and thermal properties can be linked to the robust interfacial interactions between the nanofillers and the PVA matrix. The novelty of this research lies in the synergistic effect of Cr₂O₃ and g-C₃N₄, which not only improves the composite's stability and optical properties but also provides a pathway for the development of advanced materials with tunable electronic characteristics for optoelectronic devices. The results of this study contribute to the growing need for environmentally friendly, high-performance materials that can be utilized in a variety of implementations, such as sensors and flexible electronics, thereby having a positive impact on technology development and societal progress.

Biocompatible Mn and Cu dual-doped ZnS nanosheets for enhanced the photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation for wastewater treatment and embedded with PVA polymer for reusability

This study investigates the synthesis of Mn and Cu-doped ZnS nanosheets via the coprecipitation method, focusing on their structural, optical, photocatalytic, and hemolytic properties. XRD analysis confirmed a cubic structure, with crystallite size decreasing as doping levels increased. TEM identified crumpled nanosheets, while UV–Vis spectroscopy measured bandgaps of 3.98, 3.78, 3.93, and 4.09 eV for the ZM1, ZM2, ZM3, and ZM4 samples, respectively. The ZM3 nanosheets exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving 99 % dye degradation in 110 min under sunlight. Kinetic analysis showed a rate constant of 46.91 × 10−3 min−1 for ZM3. When embedded in a PVA polymer membrane, the ZM3 nanosheets demonstrated 95 % degradation efficiency and excellent reusability. The study also explored the degradation mechanism, effects of dosage and dye variation, and hemolytic activity on human red blood cells, providing a comprehensive understanding of these doped ZnS nanosheets.

Optical Characteristics and Antibacterial Activity of PVA/ZnO Nanocomposites

The process of solution casting was used to create nanocomposites with different amounts of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.005)g. The structural and optical properties of PVA/ZnO nanocomposites were examined.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of (PVA/ZnO) nanocomposite films at 0.003 g and 0.005 g shows ZnONPs appear to form groups and disperse well; for the quantity of ZnONPs to (PVA) polymer, it forms varied shapes in specific areas inside the polymer . UV-Visible spectroscopy was utilized to measure the optical properties in the (200-900) nm wavelength range. Experiments have shown that increasing the amount of ZnONPs in nanocomposites enhances the absorbance spectrum and absorption coefficient of PVA polymer. The energy band gap of PVA polymer decreased as the amount of ZnONPs grew. In a research of the antibacterial activity of these nanocomposites, pathogen microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella similipneumoniae, and Candida albicans were utilized. According to the findings, the chemical nature and shape of the composites have a substantial impact on antibacterial activity, with antibacterial activity increasing as the amount of Zinc Oxide rise.

Super Strong and Tough PVA Hydrogel Fibers Based on an Ordered‐to‐Disordered Structural Construction Strategy Targeting Artificial Ligaments

AbstractHydrogels with high strength, high modulus, and high toughness have great application potential in the field of artificial human load‐bearing tissues, but the preparation of materials with the above high performance is still a huge challenge. In this paper, a structural construction strategy of ordered‐to‐disordered (OTD) transition is proposed to obtain hydrogel fibers with high strength, high modulus, and high toughness. The structural construction strategy of OTD refers to the ordered‐to‐disordered transition of molecular segments in PVA polymer fibers through swelling and subsequent salting‐out treatment, while still maintaining the general order of the entire polymer chain. PVA molecular chain crystallites provide physical crosslinking to stabilize the structure. The results show that the elongation at break of the hydrogel fiber can reach 257%). The strength reaches 190.04 MPa, which is more than 4 times higher than that of human ligaments. The modulus reaches 137.31 MPa, which perfectly matches the human ligaments, and the toughness can reach 100.61 MJ m−3. In addition, it has stable mechanical properties in liquid environment and excellent biocompatibility, which has great application potential in the field of artificial ligaments. This OTD structural construction strategy provides a facile approach to achieving hydrogel fibers with desired mechanical properties.

Investigating the influence of CuS ratio on sun light – Driven photocatalytic performance of ZnS:CuS nanocomposites and reusability of PVA/ZnS: CuS polymer membrane

In this study, ZnS and CuS nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method. These NCs were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity in degrading Crystal Violet dye under sunlight. ZnS:CuS nanocomposites were created using QDs in ratios of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4. The synthesized NCs were analyzed for structural, morphological, chemical purity, and optical properties using XRD, TEM, EDAX, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Structural analysis revealed phase-pure cubic and hexagonal structures for ZnS and CuS nanoparticles, respectively. The average crystallite sizes of the pure ZnS and CuS and their composites (4:1, 1:1 and 1:4) ratios are 1.66, 14.7, 1.90, 11.2 and 12.1 nm, respectively. TEM analysis confirmed aggregated and isolated particles, matching the SAED pattern and d-spacing values from XRD analysis. Increasing the CuS ratio in the composites enhanced absorption due to a bandgap reduction from 3.99 eV to 3.35 eV. The pure ZnS and CuS NPs and their composites in ratios of 4:1, 1:1, and 1:4 exhibited degradation efficiency of approximately 89 %, 87 %, 99 %, 97 %, and 96 % respectively over a period of 180 min. ZnS:CuS (4:1) exhibited outstanding photocatalytic activity, achieving 90 % degradation in 80 min under sunlight. Detailed discussions included the proposed photocatalytic mechanism, scavenging activity, and dosage effect. Hemolytic activity assays indicated that the synthesized NCs are nonhemolytic. The PVA and PVA/ZnS:CuS (4:1) composite membrane exhibited degradation efficiency of 63 % and 92 % respectively. ZnS:CuS (4:1) NCs, with their superior capacity for wastewater treatment, were incorporated into a PVA polymer membrane to enhance reusability and prevent photo-corrosion.

Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biopolymer Fibers: Fabrication Techniques and Characterization Methods.

Hybrid nanocomposites combining biopolymer fibers incorporated with nanoparticles (NPs) have received increasing attention due to their remarkable characteristics. Inorganic NPs are typically chosen for their properties, such as magnetism and thermal or electrical conductivity, for example. Meanwhile, the biopolymer fiber component is a backbone, and could act as a support structure for the NPs. This shift towards biopolymers over traditional synthetic polymers is motivated by their sustainability, compatibility with biological systems, non-toxic nature, and natural decomposition. This study employed the solution blow spinning (SBS) method to obtain a nanocomposite comprising poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVA, and gelatin biodegradable polymer fibers incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid), PAA2k, coded as γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. The fiber production process entailed a preliminary investigation to determine suitable solvents, polymer concentrations, and spinning parameters. γ-Fe2O3-NPs were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation as maghemite and coated with PAA2k through the precipitation-redispersion protocol in order to prepare γ-Fe2O3-NPs-PAA2k. Biopolymeric fibers containing coated NPs with sub-micrometer diameters were obtained, with NP concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1.7% wt. The synthesized NPs underwent characterization via dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and infrared spectroscopy, while the biopolymer fibers were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful implementation of SBS for producing biopolymeric fibers incorporating iron oxide NPs, where the amalgamation of materials demonstrated superior thermal behavior to the plain polymers. The thorough characterization of the NPs and fibers provided valuable insights into their properties, paving the way for their potential applications in various fields such as biomedical engineering, environmental remediation, and functional materials.

Reaction of β-Ketoester and 1,3-Diol to Access Chemically Recyclable and Mechanically Robust Poly(vinyl alcohol) Thermosets through Incorporation of β-(1,3-dioxane)ester.

The development of mechanically robust, chemically stable, and yet recyclable polymers represents an essential undertaking in the context of advancing a circular economy for plastics. Here, we introduce a novel cleavable β-(1,3-dioxane)ester (DXE) linkage, synthesized through the catalyst-free reaction of β-ketoester and 1,3-diol, to cross-link poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for the formation of high-performance thermosets with inherent chemical recyclability. PVA, modified with β-ketoester groups through the transesterification reaction with excess tert-butyl acetoacetate, undergoes cross-linking reactions with the unmodified 1,3-diols within PVA itself upon thermal treatment. The cross-linking architecture improves PVA's mechanical properties, with Young's modulus and toughness that can reach up to 656 MPa and 84 MJ cm-3, i.e. approximately 3- and 12-fold those of linear PVA, respectively. Thermal treatment of the cross-linked PVA polymers under acid conditions leads to deconstruction of the networks, enabling the excellent recovery (>90 %) of PVA. In the absence of either thermal or acidic treatment, the cross-linked PVA maintains its dimensional stability. We show that the recovery of PVA is also possible when the treatment is performed in the presence of other plastics commonly found in recycling mixtures. Furthermore, PVA-based composites comprising carbon fibers and activated charcoal cross-linked by the DXE linkages are also shown to be recyclable with recovery of the PVA and the fillers.

Enhanced water purification performance of composite PVA–ZnO–Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane: A breakthrough approach for high-temperature stability, low-pressure water separation

This work describes the development of a composite Al2O3 hollow fiber combined with multiple-layer ZnO nanoparticles and PVA polymer as the active side for low-pressure saltwater purification. The composite membrane was evaluated with an active layer-facing salt solution, and slight suction condition was applied to the permeate inside the membrane lumen. Results show that varying nanoparticle layers to tune the porosity of the composite membrane influenced its morphology, porosity, and hydrophilicity. The effect of porosity tuning on the membrane characteristics and desalination performance was investigated. A salt rejection rate of >90 % was recorded for all 5 % PVA–ZnO–Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes with the highest salt rejection of 96.34 % and the water flux of 15.49 kg·m−2·h−1. The membrane was further tested with untreated natural seawater to demonstrate its ability to withstand continuous operation. The membrane has acceptable chemical stability when exposed to untreated natural seawater. The optimal PVA–ZnO–Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane exhibited efficient water phase change transfer and high salt rejection, making it a promising candidate for seawater purification.

Electrospun Quasi‐Composite Polymer Electrolyte with Hydoxyl‐Anchored Aluminosilicate Zeolitic Network for Dendrite Free Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractAll‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries have reshaped emerging safe battery technologies. However, their low metal ion transport and unstable electrode electrolyte interface make their mass production a huge question. To bridge the emerging solid state and traditional liquid electrolytes, we focus on Quasi‐Composite Polymer electrolytes (QCPE). Herein, we develop QCPE with active 3D alumino‐silicate zeolitic ion conduction pathways embedded in a polymer matrix using two techniques‐ solution casting and electrospinning. Electrospun QCPE outperforms Solution cast QCPE by achieving high amorphous behavior. Prompt elimination of solvent during electrospinning decreases bulk resistance and increases its ionic conductivity. The Zeolitic pathway anchored by hydroxyl groups of PVA polymer acts as a highway for Li+ ions. It exhibits highly stable platting stripping vs Li+/Li for 450 hours with low overpotential, confirming the interfacial compatibility and dendrite‐free cycling at lithium metal anode. Controlled lithium‐ion nucleation regulated by evenly distributed zeolitic pathway is an interesting front of this work. To test QCPE's performance in Lithium metal battery (LMB), the electrospun QCPE is used to fabricate LMB with LiFePO4 cathode. This battery system delivered a high capacity of 155 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. In addition to the high performance, electrospun QCPE production is scalable at an industrial scale.

Investigation of Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of High-Z-Doped Multilayer PVA Polymers

Investigation of Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of High-Z-Doped Multilayer PVA Polymers

Nanolignin-Facilitated Robust Hydrogels.

Recently, certain challenges and accompanying drawbacks have emerged in the preparation of high-strength and tough polymer hydrogels. Insights from wood science highlight the role of the intertwined molecular structure of lignin and crystalline cellulose in contributing to wood's strength. Herein, we immersed prestretched poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer hydrogels into a solution of nanosized lignosulfonate sodium (LS), a water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte, to creatively reconstruct this similar structure at the molecular scale in hydrogels. The nanosized LS effectively fixed and bundled the prestretched PVA polymers while inducing the formation of dense crystalline domains within the polymer matrix. Consequently, the interwoven structure of crystalline PVA and LS conferred good strength to the composite hydrogels, exhibiting a tensile strength of up to ∼23 MPa, a fracture strain of ∼350%, Young's modulus of ∼17 MPa, toughness of ∼47 MJ/m3, and fracture energy of ∼42 kJ/m2. This hydrogel far outperformed previous hydrogels composed directly of lignin and PVA (tensile strength <1.5 MPa). Additionally, the composite hydrogels demonstrated excellent antifreezing properties (<-80 °C). Notably, the LS-assisted reconstruction technology offers opportunities for the secondary fixation of PVA hydrogel shapes and high-strength welding of hydrogel components. This work introduces an approach for the high-value utilization of LS, a green byproduct of pulp production. LS's profound biomimetic strategy will be applied in multifunctional hydrogel fields.

Glucose detection: In-situ colorimetric analysis with double-layer hydrogel microneedle patch based on polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl chitosan

Skin interstitial fluid (ISF) has emerged as a significant reservoir of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prevention. Microneedle (MN) patches are regarded as an optimal platform for ISF extraction from the skin due to their non-invasive nature. However, challenges such as prolonged sampling durations and complex detection procedures impede timely metabolic analysis. In this investigation, we amalgamated MN technology with immobilized enzyme technology to fabricate a dual-layer MN patch integrating sampling and detection functionalities, thereby enabling in-situ colorimetric detection of hyperglycemia. The tip layer of the patch, comprising polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl chitosan (PVA/CMCS) MN, was synthesized utilizing a chemical crosslinking approach for the first time, with glucose oxidase (GOx) being incorporated. The hydrophilicity of CMCS expedited the extraction process, facilitating the retrieval of approximately 10 mg of ISF within 10 min. The backing layer consisted of an immobilized polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan-horseradish peroxidase (PVA-CS-HRP) hydrogel film loaded with 3,3′, 5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Incorporating macromolecular polymer PVA and CS for HRP immobilization addressed the issue of poor stability associated with traditional natural enzymes, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the reaction system. The in-situ colorimetric sensor facilitated minimally invasive ISF extraction and swift conversion of glucose levels into detectable color changes.

Response of short jute fibre preform based epoxy composites subjected to low-velocity impact loadings

This work aimed to investigate the low velocity impact behaviour of short jute fibre non-woven preform epoxy matrix composites experimentally. Dry fibre preforms were developed using an optimised process and a laboratory made preforming device. The effects of alkali and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA binder) treatments on impact performances of jute composites were investigated and compared at 3 J and 6 J impact energy levels. To identify the failure modes of tested composites, the X-ray µCT tomography was employed. The results demonstrated that the developed untreated short jute fibre preform reinforced composites absorbed a higher impact energy, when they were compared to treated (alkali or PVA binder) composites. For untreated composites, maximum impact forces at 3 J and 6 J energies, were found as ⁓2478 N and ⁓2319 N, respectively; for the PVA treatment these values were measured as ⁓2457 N and ⁓2216 N, while, at same energy levels, alkali treated composites showed the lowest values as ⁓1683 N and ⁓1440 N, respectively. Untreated jute fibre contains natural matrices such as hemicellulose, lignin and waxes, which ensured a positive response to absorb more energy upon impact loading. In contrast, the alkali treatment facilitates a highly fibre packed composite structure, which accelerated the impact crack propagation in tested composites, resulting in lower resistance to impact energy. Although, PVA treated composites showed reduced impact properties compared to untreated composites due to the PVA polymer brittleness on the treated fibre surface during the impact incidents, this treatment demonstrated better impact responses over the alkali treatment. The application of PVA binder on alkali-treated fibres provided an extra support to fibres and a better fibre/matrix interface and hence, this combined treatment demonstrated a slightly better impact resistance (⁓2027 N and ⁓1874 N impact forces at 3 J and 6 J respectively) compared to only alkali treated fibre composites. The SEM fracture images and the X-ray µCT damage analysis revealed different impact damage modes, which supported the observed impact results. The obtained results from this investigation could be helpful for using short jute fibre composites in various load demanding applications where impact incidents are likely to be happened.

Stability of Free and Liposomal Encapsulated RNA on a Mucoadhesive PVA Polymer for Esophageal RNA Drug Targeting Using the EsoCap System

AbstractThe development of RNA and oligonucleotide‐based therapeutics is a longstanding goal and is currently gaining significant attention. Several RNA‐based drugs are approved for clinical use. Others are under investigation or in preclinical trials. This study have initiated the development of RNA drugs for localized use in the esophagus, utilizing the EsoCap System. This system's core component is a mucoadhesive film that carries the RNA drug and is precisely applied to the esophagus. Research into the stability and properties of naked and liposomal‐encapsulated RNA on mucoadhesive polymer film reveals that RNAs remain stable in various conditions without degradation, RNA leakage, or liposome fusion observed. The liposome size also remains constant after application on the film, drying, and rehydration. These findings pave the way for RNA drug development for esophageal diseases and their administration via the EsoCap system.

Structural, Optical, and Thermal Properties of PVA/SrTiO3/CNT Polymer Nanocomposites.

Successful preparation of PVA/SrTiO3/CNT polymer nanocomposite films was accomplished via the solution casting method. The structural, optical, and thermal properties of the films were tested by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Inclusion of the SrTiO3/CNT nanofillers with a maximum of 1 wt% drastically improved the optical and thermal properties of PVA films. SrTiO3 has a cubic crystal structure, and its average crystal size was found to be 28.75 nm. SEM images showed uniform distribution in the sample with 0.3 wt% of SrTiO3/CNTs in the PVA film, while some agglomerations appeared in the samples of higher SrTiO3/CNT content, i.e., at 0.7 and 1.0 wt%, in the PVA polymer films. The inclusion of SrTiO3/CNTs improved the thermal stability of PVA polymer films. The direct and indirect optical band gaps of the PVA films decreased when increasing the mass of the SrTiO3/CNTs, while the single-oscillator energy (E0) and dispersion energy (Ed) increased. The films' refractive indices were gradually increased upon increasing the nanofillers' weight. In addition, improvements in the optical susceptibility and nonlinear refractive indices' values were also obtained. These films are qualified for optoelectronic applications due to their distinct optical and thermal properties.

Energy dissipating of shear thickening gel reinforced with PVA polymer

Energy dissipating of shear thickening gel reinforced with PVA polymer