Putrid Odor Research Articles

RETRACTED: The role of black soldier fly (BSF) in eliminating the putrid odor of organic waste and its product application – A comprehensive review

Organic waste including food garbage (FG) forms a major part of man-made problems that are highly associated with global pollution. This includes emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and foul odor which negatively affect human health. Interestingly, bioconversion of FG by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has been reported to reduce foul odors released from decaying FG. This paper will give overview on the potential of BSFL in lowering putrid odors from FGs. Thus, various bioconversion treatment methods of managing FG including were compared and discussed. The life cycle and role of BSF in reducing putrid odors from biowastes were also discussed in detail. Lastly, the potential utilization of BSFL in controlling odors and GHGs as well as the economic value of products derived from BSFL bioconversion were also discussed. BSFL inoculation slightly reduces odor compounds by modifying odor-producing compounds and microbes in FG. However, BSFL effectiveness is highly influenced by FG decomposition rate.

A study of 23 dairy cows with post‐partum uterine torsion

AbstractBackgroundUterine torsion in dairy cows generally occurs during gestation. However, some cows develop uterine torsion after calving, and the details of which are not known.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the clinical signs, epidemiological characteristics and treatment methods of 23 cases of post‐partum uterine torsion in dairy cows.MethodsA total 23 Holstein dairy cows diagnosed with post‐partum uterine torsion were investigated. The clinical signs and epidemiological information were reviewed from medical records. The diagnostic methods, findings and treatment method of each case were recorded.Results and conclusionsPost‐partum uterine torsion is typically observed in dairy cows 9.6 ± 3.7 days after calving. That is, 21 out of 23 [91%] were multiparous and 8 out of 23 [34.8%] were characterised by multiple births. The retained placenta was observed in at least 20 out of 23 [87%], and a standing abnormality was observed in 18 out of 23 [78.3%]. The clinical signs observed in all cases included anorexia and accumulation of lochia and gas with a putrid odour in the uterus. In addition, eight and nine cases treated with the transrectal manual method and laparotomy, respectively, were cured. In conclusion, post‐partum uterine torsion in dairy cows developed around 10 days after calving, with anorexia and accumulation of lochia and gas with a putrid odour in the uterus. It has been suggested that torsion can be reconstructed using the transrectal manual method or laparotomy.

Um novo modelo visando ao ensino e pesquisa da radiologia torácica em cadáveres de cães quimicamente preparados

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, alternative methods that do not use formaldehyde to preserve cadavers must be used due to this substance’s toxicity. Synthetic models are a training option for teaching, but cost makes their use unviable in most underdeveloped countries. The present study’s main objective was to develop a model for education and researching thorax radiology in cadavers of chemically prepared dogs. Megaesophagus, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and bronchography, as well as pulmonary insufflation, were simulated in 32 dogs cadavers, which received 150 mL/kg of pure ethyl alcohol solution with 5% glycerin followed by injection of 120 mL/kg of a solution containing 20% sodium chloride, 1% sodium nitrite and 1% sodium nitrate; they were kept refrigerated between 2 to 6 °C, for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days (G30, G60, G90, G120). There was no contamination, putrid odor, or subcutaneous emphysema. The pulmonary insufflation was kept, and the color and the consistency were similar to a fresh corpse after 120 days of conservation. It was possible to perform radiographic procedures, and almost all affections could be greatly mimicked. Megaesophagus and bronchography were easily simulated. Pneumothorax was the most challenging condition to be reproduced, especially in cadavers with some liquid in the thorax. The alcoholic and curing salt solutions are an embalming alternative with low financial and environmental costs and proved to preserve corpses.

Post-mortem interval of buried homicides in Okuku, Nigeria

BackgroundPost-mortem interval estimation of carcasses buried in shallow graves is a grey area in Nigerian forensic investigations. Most of the investigations and court decisions on the time of death of concealed homicides are based on assumptions in Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated the post-mortem interval of buried remains in Okuku, Cross River State of Nigeria using porcine models. This study also provided a model account of the pattern and timeline of decomposition of buried remains in Nigeria.ResultsFour stages of decomposition were identified within the study period which includes fresh, bloat, active decay, and advanced decay stages. Features of bloat stage of decomposition include bloating of the animals and release of putrid odour. The active decay stage was characterized by the absence of maggots, bone exposure, and greyish discolouration of the body. The advanced decay stage of decomposition is characterized by adipocere formation, fungi activities, and bone exposure.ConclusionsBuried bodies do not completely skeletonize within 168 days in a typical Nigerian savannah region. Bloat stage started by the 7th day; the active decay stage started by the 14th day. The fresh stage of decay lasted up to 7 days; the bloat stage lasted for 14 days. The active decay stage lasted about 35 days, and the advanced decay stage started at about the 56th day and progressed until the end of the study.

Flesh, “Discovery,” and Loss in Colonial Sumatra: The Case of the Corpse Flower in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Botany

ABSTRACT: In May 1818, Joseph Arnold—a surgeon and naturalist working under British statesman Thomas Stamford Raffles—came across what he called the “vegetable of the prodigy world,” a flower so unbelievable in its size, putrid odor, and fleshiness that it would challenge the limits of floral life for colonial naturalists thereafter. Tracing the material history of the so-called corpse flower, Rafflesia arnoldii , over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and its place—or lack thereof—in colonial collections, this article explores how natural historical knowledge develops when specimens cannot be fully collected, described, or possessed outside of the field. Facing a lack of physical evidence and the utter inability to preserve, pack, and ship the massive, stinking, and ephemeral corpse flower to Britain and Europe from its Sumatran home, naturalists like Arnold struggled with disbelief and self-doubt while moving through colonial networks of exploration, competition, and death in the rainforests of Southeast Asia. Loss, this article argues, held significant weight in colonial collecting, challenging notions of material abundance in herbaria and natural history museums.

Preservation of muscle tissue with a formaldehyde-free borax solution for gross anatomy lessons

It is known that formaldehyde has serious toxicological effects on medical students, laboratory workers and environmental health. Recently various scientists search for a safe preservation fluid instead of the formaldehyde. One of them and the famous one is the Thiel’s embalming solution. However, it has been realized that it causes deterioration in muscle tissues. It was determined that this deterioration was caused by the boric acid. In the present study, previously formalin fixed muscle tissues were stored into the alkali form of boron during 40 days. At the end of the trial the appearance of the borax stored cadavers was quite similar to the formalin stored cadavers. In cross-sections taken from the muscle tissues, no deterioration could observe. Additionally, there was no putrid odor; on the contrary, a slight level of formaldehyde odor. In microbiological tests, there was a slight insignificant increase in the total number of bacteria in borax solutions. As a result, it was concluded that borax could be used as a cadaveric storage solution, and it can be more appropriate to use borax instead of boric acid in Thiel's solution.

Hemangiosarcoma de perro: Reporte de un caso

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) presents itself as an extremely invasive and metastatic neoplasm, affecting any vascularized organ because it is derived from growth changes of cells with endothelial lineage. They can also occur in the liver, lungs, heart and kidneys. The definitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examinations of primary tumor samples or metastases. A seven-year-old male canine, castrated, pit bull breed, weighing 24.8 kg of body mass, was attended at the Veterinary Clinic - Pet Shop. The main complaint reported by the guardian was hemorrhage in the pelvic region for five days, weight loss, loss of appetite and was anemic. On physical examination, putrid odor was seen, the presence of a firm mass in the adhered and ulcerated pelvic region, suspected of a malignant tumor. The animal was referred to hospitalization, where treatment was initiated as enrofloxacin (1.2 ml, EV, IDB), dipyrone (1.2 ml, EV, IDB), maxicam 2% (0.12ml, EV, SID), oral support, hemoitam (3ml, VO, BID) and glyccolturbo (3ml, VO, BID). After 7 days of hospitalization, the presence of a neoplasm located in the subcutaneous tissue to the penis was confirmed by a cytopathological examination. Surgery was performed to remove the mass in which he completed the diagnosis as high-grade cutaneous hemangiosarcoma. The aim of this study is to report a case of canine hemangiosarcoma. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar un caso de hemangiosarcoma canino.

Efficacy of controlled-flux electrolyzed acidic solution in dogs with otitis externa.

Otitis externa is an inflammatory disease of the external ear canal; a therapeutic alternative is the controlled-flux electrolyzed acidic solution (SAEFC) with bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and cytological efficacies of SAEFC in otitis externa. A total of 30 dogs were examined. The clinical and cytological evaluations were on days 1, 7 and 14; the following was considered: Pain, erythema, exudate, inflammation, ulcers, putrid odor and pigmentation. Cytological evaluations were carried out to examine the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), intra-cellular bacteria (cocci; IC), extra-cellular bacteria (EC) and yeasts on days 1, 7 and 14. A cotton swab saturated with SAEFC was applied for each dog’s ear. The values of PMN diminished having a significant difference between days. The presence of IC (cocci) had a difference in evaluations from day 1 to day 7 and from day 7 to day 14 demonstrating an important drop. The evaluation of pain showed a sustained decrease until reaching 95.00% of remission, erythema diminished 68.33%, the exudate dropped to 90.00%, inflammation was no longer present by day 14 in 78.00% of the cases and 21.67% showed a slight inflammation, the putrid odor dropped to 95.00% and 5.00% presented a mild odor and by day 14 ear pigmentation was no longer present in 51.67% of the cases and the 48.33% had slight pigmentation. The use of SAEFC is an effective alternative treatment in dogs with otitis externa.

Phosphomolybdic acid-catalyzed oxidation of waste starch: a new strategy for handling the OCC pulping wastewater.

When old corrugated cardboard (OCC) is returned to the paper mill for repulping and reuse, the starch, which is added to the paper surface as a reinforcement agent, is dissolved into the pulping wastewater. Most of the OCC pulping wastewater is recycled to save precious water resources; however, during the water recycling process, the accumulation of dissolved starch stimulates microbial reproduction, which causes poor water quality and putrid odor. This problem seriously affects the stability of the papermaking process and product quality. In this study, phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40, abbreviated as PMo12) was utilized to catalyze the waste starch present in papermaking wastewater to monosaccharides, realizing the resource utilization of waste starch. The results showed that the optimized yield of total reducing sugar (78.68 wt%) and glycolic acid (12.83 wt%) was achieved at 145°C with 30 wt% PMo12 at pH 2, which is equivalent to 91.51 wt% starch recovered from wastewater for resource utilization. In addition, the regeneration of the reduced PMo12 was realized by applying a potential of 1V for 2h. Overall, this study has theoretical significance and potential application value for resource utilization of waste starch in OCC pulping process and cleaner management of OCC waste paper.

Effectiveness of potassium ferrate (VI) as a green agent in the treatment and disinfection of carwash wastewater.

Carwash wastewater treatment with potassium ferrate (VI) (K2FeO4) was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for chemical oxygen demand removal were established a pH 3.5, 0.328 g/L dose of K2FeO4, and with a process duration of 48 min. At these conditions, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus decreased by 70.3, 58.9, 73.3, 82.0%, respectively; and the putrid odor was reduced. Simultaneously, the total viable count, total coli count, most probable number of fecal enterococci, and the total proteolytic bacteria count decreased by 89.5, 93.1, 92.9, and 95.0 %, respectively. Comparatively, an application of 0.450 g/L FeCl3·6H2O corresponding to the iron content in 0.328 g/L of K2FeO4 resulted in a decrease of total viable count, total coli count, most probable number of fecal enterococci and the total proteolytic bacteria count only by 38.1, 31.2, 42.9, and 58.0%, respectively. Therefore, flocculation with polyacrylamide anionic flocculant combined with potassium ferrate (VI) oxidation is a more effective alternative to coagulation with FeCl3 and the same flocculant. The use of potassium ferrate (VI) is a viable option for the treatment of carwash wastewater.

Uterine leiomyosarcoma presenting as septic shock in a 43-year-old woman: A case report

Introduction: Sepsis or septic shock, a life-threatening condition, is rarely reported as the initial manifestation of uterine malignancy. Case report: A 43-year-old woman consulted our hospital for pyrexia, anorexia, dyspnea, and a markedly distended abdomen. Computed tomography images showed a large abdominal tumor occupying almost the entire abdominal cavity with an air-fluid level and multiple masses in both lungs. Pelvic examination revealed necrotic tissues with blood, prolapsing from the uterus, and having a putrid odor. Her vital signs indicated a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Antibiotic, anti-shock, and anti-disseminated intravascular coagulation therapies were administrated, but the patient died of multiple organ failure at 22 hours after admission. Autopsy and histopathological examination revealed that the giant abdominal mass was a uterine leiomyosarcoma, in which the myometrium was extensively necrotic with a putrid odor. The patient’s blood culture was positive for Escherichia coli, and sepsis and septic shock due to intrauterine infection of the uterine leiomyosarcoma was considered as the cause of death. Conclusions: Physicians should be aware that uterine malignancy could present as sepsis in women with an abdominal mass.

Transmissible Venereal Tumor Associated with Cutaneous Metastasis and Leishmaniasis in a Bitch

Background: The Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is a round cell neoplasia, of contagious nature, common in the canine species, which mainly affects external genitalia. Despite metastasis being uncommon, the extragenital involvement can occur via the lymphatic or hematogenous route to regional lymph nodes, skin, subcutaneous tissue, nasal and oral mucosa, as well as the central nervous system. When the location of the tumor is genital the clinical diagnosis can be conclusive, however if it presents extragenital forms, cytological or histopathological studies are necessary for the confirmation. This work describes a case of TVT with cutaneous metastasis in a female dog with leishmaniasis.Case: A 3-year old crossbred female dog was attended at the Small Animal Medical Clinic (CMPA) of the University Veterinary Hospital (HVU) of the Federal University of West Bahia (UFOB), Barra Multidisciplinary Center. This neutered bitch dewormed, never vaccinated, rescued from the streets at the age of two and a half, had a prior history of ehrlichiosis and pyometra. The owner reported apathy, anorexia, cachexia, depression and sternal decubitus of the animal, as well as episodes of vomiting and recurrent fever. During the physical examination were observed respiratory and heart rates within normality ranges, with predominance of slightly pale mucous membranes, reactive left prescapular lymph node and subcutaneous nodular mass, not adhered to the musculature, located in the medial portion of the thirteenth left rib. Were also evidenced onychogryphosis, opaque, shineless and brittle fur, with pruritic and lichenified exfoliative dermatitis in the left scapular region, ear tips and snout, presence of a discreet quantity of brownish-colored vulvar discharge with a putrid odor. In the cytological examination, was verified the presence of cells with characteristics of TVT located in the genital mucosa, developing atypical metastasis in the cutaneous tissue in the region of the thirteenth rib, and by means of the cytomorphometric analysis of the extracellular matrix of the left popliteal lymph node, confirmed positivity for leishmaniasis. The symptomatic treatment was started aiming to restore the patient for subsequent treatment of the TVT and leishmaniasis, however, due to the non-responsiveness and worsening of the clinical picture, the owner opted for the euthanasia of the animal.Discussion: It is possible to conclude that the TVT can affect extragenital locations, although it is considered to be rare. Emphasizing that the canine species is regarded as an important reservoir of Leishmania sp., with a prominent role in the maintenance and interaction between the cycle of the disease, attention is drawn in this case for the risk to One Health, as the contact of this dog with phlebotomines, may have enabled, whilst alive, the perpetuation and transmission of the disease to other susceptible animals and human beings. As they are distinct diseases, but with pronounced rates of immunosuppression, when TVT and leishmaniasis occur in association, they generate a concerning state of debility which hinders the adoption of efficient therapeutic measures for both illnesses. Cytology is a diagnostic technique, which should whenever possible be routinely associated to the clinical examination in the veterinary practice, as it is of easy performance, low cost and great value in the determination of the diagnosis of neoplasia, identification of parasites and several other affections.

Conidiobolomycosis in Ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory system of sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus, and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheep and goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheep from the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brazil. Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 days and frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body score of 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge, craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales, and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals until the results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarely septate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining with lactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals were considered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most relevant findings were granulomatous rhinitis with ascending inflammatory processes to the meninges and adjacent structures, in addition to cranioventral areas of pulmonary consolidation with drainage of purulent exudate at the cut surface, suggestive of bronchopneumonia. Histopathology revealed intense pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with the presence of hyphae in negative images within the cytoplasm of multinucleated giant cells in the nasal cavity, lungs, meninges, and brain. Discussion: The association of necropsy findings, histopathological changes, and microbiological isolation of the fungus facilitated understanding of the changes observed in the respiratory system and other organs, and enabled correlation between the recorded lesions and clinical manifestations exhibited by the animals. Based on the lesions observed clinically and at necropsy, both cases were diagnosed with rhinopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis. The histopathological and macroscopic changes observed were similar to what are often described in severe cases of the disease. Considering the severity of the disease and its high lethality in these animals, conidiobolomycosis can lead to significant damage of the production chain; this was observed in the present property, where three animals in a herd of 20 died with signs of the disease, highlighting the importance of the disease, particularly in the Northeast region, where the largest flocks of sheep are found in Brazil. The implementation of prophylactic measures is particularly important considering the unfavorable prognosis and the absence of effective treatments.

A case of complete inversion of the uterus after childbirth

On December 19, 1894, sick Eleanor M ko, diagnosed with polypus uteri, was sent to me by a comrade of the land. Arriving to the patient at the hotel, I found her in a very bad state: deathly pale, with a very weak pulse, with t to 40.0 ; dirty blood with a strongly putrid odor was discharged from the vagina. The patient was immediately sent to the hospital, where a thorough examination gave the following: the patient is of medium height, the skeletal system is developed correctly, muscles and skin are flabby; the outer covers are very pale; the visible mucous membranes are very pale with a cyanotic tinge; heart, lungs, and urine are normal. External genitals, heavily soiled with a dirty red fluid, are normal; first degree perineal rupture; the genital gap gapes a little; 2 snt. from the entrance to the vagina, the finger comes across a round, rather soft and elastic body, reminiscent, at first impression, of a fibrous polyp; this body, the size of a slightly enlarged uterus, has only a round outline below; above it tapers and passes into a small groove, limited by the external os of the uterus. In place of the body of the uterus, a small solid formation is felt, the size of a slightly enlarged ovary; this formation closes a funnel, which in this case cannot be felt; nothing pathological is felt in the vaults. When viewed in mirrors, the described body appears to be a dirty gray color, in places even completely black; at the slightest touch, the body bleeds quite a lot. The patient's body temperature is 39.6 C., pulse 120, very weak and easily compressed; the patient cannot move without assistance.

Odor-active compounds from the gonads of Mesocentrotus nudus sea urchins fed Saccharina japonica kelp.

Gonad size, color, texture and taste of Mesocentrotus nudus sea urchins collected from a barren can be improved by a short-term cage culture while being fed fresh Saccharina japonica kelp during May-July. We investigated the effect of S. japonica feeding during May-July on the improvement of gonad flavor in M. nudus collected from a barren. After feeding, we analyzed the odor-active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the gonads using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and GC-sniffing analyses and compared to those from the gonads of wild sea urchins from an Eisenia kelp bed (fishing ground) and a barren. A total of 48 VOCs were detected from the gonads of cultured and wild sea urchins. Of them, a larger number of odor-active compounds were detected in the gonads of cultured sea urchins (25) than in those from the Eisenia bed (14) and the barren (6). Dimethyl sulfide from the gonads of sea urchins from the barren was described as having a strong, putrid odor. Sea urchin-like aromas were attributed to 2-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, benzaldehyde and ethylbenzene from the gonads of cultured sea urchin and those of the Eisenia bed. Kelp feeding decreased the putrid odor from dimethyl sulfide, and enhanced pleasant, sweet aromas.

Cytological and Histopathological Correlation of Feline Giant Cell-Rich Osteosarcoma

Background: Primary bone tumours are uncommon and poorly reported in cats but osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most frequent, mostly in elderly animals. Giant cell-rich OSA is considered rare in the literature representing 3% of all OSA in humans. The mitotic index seems to have a significant effect on the survival time of cats affected by this neoplasm as well as the tumour histopathological grade. The objective of this study was to report the cytological and histopathological findings of a giant cell rich OSA in a 4-year old cat with persistent feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigenaemia.Case: A 4-year-old male neutered cat was referred with a history of persistent FeLV viraemia and pelvic limb lameness with a firm swelling. Previous radiographs of the affected limb revealed bone lysis in the third and fourth metatarsals and increased soft tissue radiopacity in the tarsal region. The referral veterinary assumed it to be osteomyelitis and initiated clinical treatment with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory. The cat was referred after there was no response to medical treatment. The cat was presented with a 5cm diameter ulcerated mass, with putrid odor in the pelvic limb. Complementary exams were performed, and abnormalities were found, including increased urea, creatinine, calcium and potassium, and decreased sodium and phosphorus. A new radiograph showed exuberant bone proliferation, with increased radiopacity involving tarsal, metatarsal, distal third of tarsal I and II, and distal diaphysis of metatarsal V, without compromising the metaphyseal region of distal diaphysis of metatarsal IV. Chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were unremarkable. Fine-needle aspiration was performed for cytological analysis, which reavealed a moderate amount of pleomorphic mesenchymal cells with moderate adhesion, cytoplasm with a format ranging from fusiform to stellate, pronounced anisocytosis and cellular pleomorphism, and elevated nucleus:cytoplasm ratio. Nucleus was oval and presented loose chromatin, single to double large and evident nucleolus, frequent karyomegaly, along with marked anisocariosis and nuclear pleomorphism. Multinucleated giant cells were and there was a single mitotic figure in 12 high power fields (0.196 mm2 FN20/400x). Therefore, it was suggestive of malignant mesenchymal neoplasia with possibility of OSA, fibrosarcoma oe undifferentiated sarcoma. Limb amputation with femoral disarticulation was performed uneventfully. The material was conserved in 10% formalin, submitted to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, which showed a large number of fusiform and stellate cells, with indistinct edges, scarce eosinophilic cytoplasm, high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and oval nucleus, presenting moderate to marked anisocariosis, loose chromatin, with unique and evident nucleoli, besides of bone trabeculae. Nuclear pleomorphism was moderate and there was four mitotic figures in three random high-power fields (400x). It was observed areas of vascular ectasia, and neoplastic embolization in lymphatic and blood vessels. Among the cells, collagenous stroma was predominant but in some areas there was an eosinophilic amorphous material with the possibility of osteoid matrix or collagen. There was also a large numbers of multinucleated giant cells. The histopathological result was compatible with a grade III giant cell rich OSA.Discussion: Although bone tumours are uncommon in cats, OSA is the most frequent, affecting maingly middle-aged to elderly cats, with a mean age of 10 years, which is different from the present report in a 4-year old cat, with FeLV persistent viraemia. Retroviral status may have influenced the development of the disease at na early onset. FeLV induces uncontrolled cell proliferation through insertional mutagenesis (usually near myc) inducing malignant neoplasias, mainly lymphoma, but also multiple cartilaginous exostosis, which, along with osteomyelitis and bone cyst were included in this patient´s list of differential diagnoses. Despite the macroscopic and radiographical andagressiveness there was no metastasis identified through chest radiographs or abdominal ultrasound, and feline OSA is associated with a lower metastatic rate, if compared to canine OSA. Cytological analysis was compatible with malignant mesenchymal neoplasia, being suggestive of giant cell rich OSA. There is no cytological classification for OSA, however cytological findings of malignancy may be correlated with the patient's clinical course. Cytological features were in agreement with the histopathological findings, compatible with a grade III giant cell rich OSA. Therefore, it is concluded that the characteristics of malignancy presented by cytology were sufficient for the recommendation of amputation of the affected limb, once there was no imaging sign of metastases in the chest or abdomen.

Influence of salt of different origin on the microbiological characteristics, histamine generation and volatile profile of salted anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus L.)

The effect of six salts of different geographical areas on the quality of salted anchovies was evaluated. The crude salts were chemically characterized by determination of inorganic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Salted anchovies, corresponding to six experimental trials, were subjected to microbiological, chemical (including histamine content) and sensory analysis during the entire period of ripening (150 days). The salts were characterized by marked differences in terms of major cations and trace element amounts. Among the 27 VOCs detected, octadecane was the most abundant compound and the main differences of the salts were registered for alkanes and alcohols. During maturation, significant microbiological differences between the salts were found for the levels of total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae counts. All salted anchovies contained histamine below the thresholds allowed by current regulations, but statistical differences were registered for the concentrations of the different trials. Consistent differences were also revealed for their sensory profiles, in particular concerning odour and taste and overall acceptability. Several differences were also detected for dryness, brown colour, putrid odour, rancid and raw blood taste sensory attributes. Especially the differences in the composition (chemical and VOC's) of the raw salts used for the production of salted anchovies has a significant effect on the sensory characteristics of the final product.

穿孔性腹膜炎によるAeromonas hydrophila敗血症の1例(A case of Aeromonas hydrophila sepsis with perforation peritonitis)

要旨症例は77歳男性で，胃癌，S状結腸癌，前立腺癌に対する手術歴を認め，腸閉塞を複数回発症した既往があった。嘔気・嘔吐と腹痛を主訴に外来受診となり，画像所見より腸閉塞と診断され入院となった。イレウス管を挿入したが，減圧効果は不十分で状態は改善しなかった。第6病日，急に腹痛と腹膜刺激症状が出現し，CTで腹腔内遊離ガスと腹水を認め，穿孔性腹膜炎と診断した。緊急手術を行い，腹腔内には独特の腐敗臭を伴う緑黄色腹水が多量にあり，Treitzから50cm肛門側の空腸に径5mm程の穿孔部位を認めた。また，回盲部より80cm口側の回腸が癒着により閉塞しており，腹腔内を洗浄後に回腸の閉塞を解除し，穿孔部位で双孔式空腸ストマを造設して手術を終了した。術後は敗血症性ショック，播種性血管内凝固症候群（以下DIC）を発症したが，抗菌薬とリコンビナントトロンボモジュリンの投与，polymyxin–B direct hemoperfusionの使用による集中治療により救命し得た。腹水および血液の培養よりAeromonas hydrophila （以下A. hydrophila）が検出され，A. hydrophila敗血症により重症化したと判断した。A. hydrophila敗血症は急激な経過をたどって重篤化すると報告されている。本邦での穿孔性腹膜炎によるA. hydrophila敗血症は稀であるため，文献的考察を加え報告する。

Kualitas Kimia Air Sumur di Perum Pondok Baru Permai Desa Bulak Rejo Kecamatan Sukoharjo Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Tahun 2015

The standard thresholds for drinking water and clean water for domestic needs are regulated by The Decree of Minister of Health No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The condition of water quality in Pondok Baru Permai Dwelling Complex at Bulak Rejo of Sukoharjo regency is poor. Physically, the water is having putrid odor, turbid and leaving yellowish and brownish color both in the wa-ter itself and also on bathrooms’ walls. Those indicate that the water contains Fe that exceeding the threshold. The research was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design. The data collected were primary quantitative ones as the measurement results of physical and chemical parameters of the water that consisted of: color, TDS, iron, total hardness, chloride, manganese, nitrite, pH, and sulphate. The measurements were conducted at the Environmental Health Laboratory of Sukoharjo Regency. Twenty artesian wells in the study location were se-lected by total sampling technique. The variables under study were environmental factors, i.e. distance from well to pollutant source, number of pollutant source for each well, well’s physical condition and type, and well’s water quality. Bivariate analysis was conducted by using Chi-Square test. The results show that most of the existing artesian wells have fulfilled the requisite for clean water source. However, one well is identified as under standard for drinking and clean water source because containing Fe, and five wells have Mn level that exceeding the thre-sholds for both drinking and clean water. Distance to pollutant, number of pollutant, well’s phy-sical condition and type correlate significantly with color, manganese level, pH and organic sub-stance of the wells.

ASAP CAIR PLUS SEBAGAI PENGGUMPAL LATEKS

As a latex coagulant, liquid smoke has an advantage in reducing putrid odor of rubber coagulum. However, the use ofliquid smoke as latex coagulant requires more doses compared to that o fformic acid, resulting in less efficient process. As much as 1 liter of liquid smoke can be used to coagulate 40 liters of latex only, while 1 liter o fformic acid can be used to coagulate 800 liters oflatex. The idea ofthis research is to combine the advantages of liquid smoke and formic acid to obtain better latex coagulant. The research was done to examine the ability o fAsap Cair Plus (mixture ofliquid smoke andformic acid)asa latex coagulant, and to inform the technical properties of the resulting rubber. The results showed that Asap Cair Plus has an excellent coagulation ability. All technical rubber parameters (Po, PRI, volatile substances and ash content) are as per standard requirements ofthe Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for SIR-20 rubber. As a latex coagulant, the use ofAsap Cair Plus is more cost-effective in terms ofdosage than the use ofpure liquid smoke. As much as 1 liter o fAsap Cair Plus can be used to coagulate 660 liters o ffield latex.