Putrescine Treatment Research Articles

An in‐depth study on shelf‐life indicators of red raspberry (Rubus idaeusL.) in correlation to putrescine treatments and storage duration

Raspberries are delicate fruits and are quite quickly perishable due to many reasons. Therefore, the variation of weight loss (WL), decay rate (DR), titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), pH, respiration rate (RR), fruit density (FD), chromatic parameters (L, a, b, chroma, hue angle, and ΔE), phenolics and flavonoids, and organic acids and vitamin C fresh red raspberries were investigated at 15-day intervals during storage period at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mM L−1 PUT for 30 days. The physiochemical properties and biochemical composition of red raspberries changed significantly (except for pH, a, b, and hue angle) with increasing PUT concentrations and storage duration (p < .05), and WL, TA, pH, RR, b, chroma, hue angle, and ΔE values were fitted to the zero-order kinetic model; the values of DR, L, and a followed the first-order kinetic model; on the other hand, the values of SSC and FD followed the second-order kinetic model. Biochemical contents were determined to fit the first-order and second-order kinetic models. As a result of the cluster analysis, two groups were formed as a storage group on the 15th day and a storage group on the 30th day. Novelty impact statement This study ensures useful information for improving the quality properties of red raspberries considering the combined effect of putrescine treatment and storage duration. Putrescine treatment is a good alternative for preservation studies to substitute the control treatments. This putrescine treatment enhances the quality of products with short duration of storage.

Putrescine Treatment Delayed the Softening of Postharvest Blueberry Fruit by Inhibiting the Expression of Cell Wall Metabolism Key Gene VcPG1.

The postharvest shelf life of blueberries is very short at room temperature owing to softening, which reduces their edible value. Putrescine (Put) plays an important role in maintaining the firmness and prolonging the storage time of fruits. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between Put and the cell wall metabolism and their roles in the postharvest softening of blueberry. Harvested blueberry fruit was immersed in 1 mM Put aqueous solution for 10 min. After treatment, the blueberries were stored at 20 ± 0.5 °C and 80% relative humidity for 10 days. The results show that Put delayed the softening of the blueberries. Compared to the control, the blueberry fruit treated with Put showed higher levels of firmness and protopectin. Moreover, the activity and expression levels of the cell wall metabolism enzymes were markedly inhibited by the Put treatment, including polygalacturonase (PG), β−galactosylase (β−Gal), and β−glucosidase (β−Glu). The Put treatment promoted the expression of the Put synthesis gene VcODC and inhibited the expression of the Put metabolism gene VcSPDS. Further tests showed that the fruit firmness decreased significantly after the overexpression of VcPG1, which verified that VcPG1 is a key gene for fruit softening. The key transcription factors of fruit softening were preliminarily predicted and the expressions were analyzed, laying a foundation for the subsequent study of transcriptional regulation. These results indicate that Put delays the softening of postharvest blueberry by restraining the cell wall metabolism and maintaining the fruit firmness.

An in-depth study on post-harvest storage conditions depending on putrescine treatments of kiwifruit

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different doses (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 mM) of putrescine treatments on the post-harvest weight loss, decay, firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, respiration rate, L* , a* , b* , Chroma and hue angle and phenolic compounds, organic acids and vitamin C content of kiwi (cv. Hayward. The fruits were kept in a cold storage at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 140 days. The weight loss, soluble solids content, increases in respiration rate and high decreases in fruit density, firmness, and titratable acidity were detected in the control group fruits during storage. Among the putrescine treatments, 1.2 mM concentration was observed to be more effective than other concentrations and providing better protection for organic acids, while treatment with 2.0 mM was determined to be providing more protection in preventing the loss of vitamin C. The dominant organic acid of kiwi was determined as citric acid, followed by malic acid, succinic acid and vitamin C. Similarly, it was determined that treatment with 2.0 mM putrescine prevented the loss of phenolic acid and flavonoid more than the control group and other treatments. It was determined that the most common compound found among phenolic acids in kiwi was protocatechuic acid, followed by chlorogenic acid. At day 140 of storage, the minimum change was observed in protocatechuic acid with the application of 1.6 mM putrescine dose, while chlorogenic acid and catechin were the most conserved compounds under treatment with of 2.0 mM.

Role of exogenous putrescine in the status of energy, DNA damage, inflammation, and spermidine/spermine-n(1)- acetyltransferase in brain ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Objective(s): This study aims to investigate the role of putrescine against brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injured rats administered with 250 µmol/kg exogenous putrescine and highlight the IR-associated mechanisms in energy metabolism and inflammatory pathway. Materials and Methods:The rats were divided into six groups: 1-Sham group; 2-IR group, 30 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion was performed with bilateral carotid occlusion (BCAO); 3-IPR group, a single oral dose of putrescine was administered at the start of the 30-minute reperfusion; while in the other treatment groups, 4 doses of putrescine were given within 12-hour intervals. After 30 min of reperfusion, the first dose was administered immediately in the IR-PI (group 4), after 3 hr in IR-PII (group 5), and after 6 hr in IR-PIII (group 6). Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B (NF-kB), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), total Nitric oxide (NO), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Spermidine/Spermin N-acetyltransferase (SSAT) levels were analyzed in brain tissues.Results:IR reduced brain ATP levels; however, putrescine treatment reversed this state. Brain NO and 8-OHdG levels, and NF-kB and IL-6 levels increased significantly in the IR group and these elevations were decreased in putrescine administered groups. SSAT levels were higher in the IR-PII group. The lowest levels were observed in the IR-PIII group. Conclusion:The exogenous putrescine supplementation after cerebral IR creates neuroprotective effects independent of the time of administration; according to conditions such as formation of radicals in the brain, the spread of the inflammation and the need for consumption of energy are considered as a whole.

Expression of polyamines and its association with GnRH-I in the hypothalamus during aging in rodent model.

GnRH-I and GnIH are the key neuropeptides that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in mammals during aging. Polyamines are important aliphatic amines that are expressed in the brain and show variation with aging. The present study demonstrates evidence of variation in the level of expression of polyamines, GnRH-I and GnIH in the hypothalamus of female mice during aging. The study also suggests regulatory effects of polyamines over expression of the hypothalamic GnRH-I. The study shows a significant positive correlation between polyamines, its associated factors and GnRH-I along with significant negative correlation between polyamines, its associated factors and GnIH. This is the first study to report the effect of polyamines along with lactate or TNF-α or both on GnRH-I expression in GT1-7 cell line. TNF-α and lactate significantly decreased hypothalamic GnRH-I mRNA expression in GT1-7 cells when treated for 24h. Polyamines (putrescine and agmatine) in contrast, significantly increased GnRH-I mRNA expression in GT1-7 cells when treated for 24h. Also, polyamines increased GnRH-I mRNA expression when treated in presence of TNF-α or lactate thereby suggesting its neuro-protective role.This study also found 3809 differentially expressed genes through RNA-seq done between the hypothalamic GT1-7 cells treated with putrescine only versus TNF-α and putrescine. The present study suggests for the first time that putrescine treatment to TNFα-primed GT1-7 cells upregulates GnRH-I expression via regulation of several pathways such as calcium ion pathway, estrogen signaling, clock genes as well as regulating other metabolic process like neuronal differentiation and neurulation.

Epigenetic effect of putrescine supplementation during in vitro maturation of oocytes on offspring in mice.

To investigate the epigenetic safety of putrescine supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to offspring. Germinal vesicle oocytes retrieved from 12-week-old mice were randomly divided into two groups and cultured in IVM medium with or without 1mmol/L putrescine for 16h. Then, in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation were conducted to produce the F1 offspring. The F1 mated with ordinary mice and bred the F2 offspring. The DNA methylation patterns in the brain and heart of F1 were investigated by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. Imprinted gene expression levels of F1 oocytes were tested. The global methylation of F2 was examined by dot blot. The weight, organ coefficient, and histology were normal in the F1 and F2 offspring from the putrescine-treated oocytes. An overall methylation level of 31.23 to 32.53% was observed for all CpG sites in the brain and heart of the two groups. The DNA methylation patterns of the brain and heart in F1 were not altered in general, with subtle differences. The expression levels of imprinted genes including H19, Snrpn, Peg3, Igf2, and Igf2r did not statistically change. The global 5mC level of F2 was consistent with the control group. Putrescine supplementation during IVM did not directly affect the development, health, and reproduction, and did not affect the genome and global epigenetics of mouse offspring derived from those oocytes. The transient putrescine treatment for improving oocyte maturation shows its long-term safety of genome and epigenetics in the offspring of mice.

Induced genetic and chemical changes in medicinally important plant Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don: cold plasma andphytohormones.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Donis a medicinal plant species belonging to the Apocynaceae family, which produces vinblastine and vincristine along with 100 other monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. The process of biosynthesis of C. roseus alkaloids is complex, in which many genes, enzymes, and regulators are involved. Induced mutations may be considered as a potential source for producing a higher amount of vinblastine and vincristine in this plant species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the effects of different treatments utilized on the induced genetic changes in C. roseus plants and enzyme activities. Spermine, jasmonic acid, methyjasmonate, putrescine, and cold plasma treatments were used for seed treatments. Different molecular markers, namely inter simple sequence repeat, inter retrotransposon amplified polymorphism, and retrotransposon microsatellite amplified polymorphism were employed to reveal the induced genetic changes. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also studied. The treated plants showed genetic variability and a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity compared to the control plants. The putrescine treatment resulted in the highest level of activity in superoxidase. A significant positive correlation occurred between the molecular markers data and antioxidant enzyme activities in treated plants. Our data revealed that the different phytohormones and cold plasma treatments could induce both genetic and chemical content changes in C. roseus plants.

Plant defense compound triggers mycotoxin synthesis by regulating H2B ub1 and H3K4 me2/3 deposition.

Summary Fusarium graminearum produces the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) which promotes its expansion during infection on its plant host wheat. Conditional expression of DON production during infection is poorly characterized.Wheat produces the defense compound putrescine, which induces hypertranscription of DON biosynthetic genes (FgTRIs) and subsequently leads to DON accumulation during infection. Further, the regulatory mechanisms of FgTRIs hypertranscription upon putrescine treatment were investigated.The transcription factor FgAreA regulates putrescine‐mediated transcription of FgTRIs by facilitating the enrichment of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2B ub1) and histone 3 lysine 4 di‐ and trimethylations (H3K4 me2/3) on FgTRIs. Importantly, a DNA‐binding domain (bZIP) specifically within the Fusarium H2B ub1 E3 ligase Bre1 othologs is identified, and the binding of this bZIP domain to FgTRIs depends on FgAreA‐mediated chromatin rearrangement. Interestingly, H2B ub1 regulates H3K4 me2/3 via the methyltransferase complex COMPASS component FgBre2, which is different from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Taken together, our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which host‐generated putrescine induces DON production during F. graminearum infection. Our results also provide a novel insight into the role of putrescine during phytopathogen–host interactions and broaden our knowledge of H2B ub1 biogenesis and crosstalk between H2B ub1 and H3K4 me2/3 in eukaryotes.

Evaluation of biochemical changes and quality in peach fruit: Effect of putrescine treatments and storage

The effects of putrescine (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mM) on quality and bioactive compounds of peach fruit (cv. Monley) are the focus of this study. Fruits were stored at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 40 days. In the controls, increases in weight loss, decay and soluble solids concentration, and decreases in fruit density, firmness, titratable acidity, pH, respiration rate and L*, a*, b*, C* and H° detected higly throughout storage period. All these properties examined were delayed importantly after putrescine treatments. It was observed that the phenolics, vitamin C and organic acid contents of fruits in general decreased during storage. All doses of putrescine prevented the breakdown of phenolic compounds more than the control group. The least changes in chlorogenic acid (9.26 mg 100g-1) and rutin (5.74 mg 100g-1) contents on the 40th day were obtained in 1.6 mM. Malic acid, which is the dominant organic acid of fruits, was determined as 6.73 and 8.61 g kg-1 in the treatments of 1.2-1.6 mM putrescine on the 40th day, respectively. It was noted that 1.6 mM (12.90 mg 100g-1) application prevented the breakdown of vitamin C more than the control group (6.10 mg 100g-1).

The Effect of Foliar Putrescine Application, Ammonium Exposure, and Heat Stress on Antioxidant Compounds in Cauliflower Waste.

This work has been focused on the study of how we can affect the short heat stress on the bioactive compounds content. Some recent investigations have observed that management of nitrogen fertilization can alleviate short-term heat effects on plants. Additionally, the short-term heat stress can be also ameliorated by using putrescine, a polyamine, due to its crucial role in the adaptation of plants to heat stress Therefore, different NO3−/NH4+ ratios and a foliar putrescine treatment have been used in order to increase tolerance to thermal stress in order to take advantage of the more frequent and intense heat waves and make this crop more sustainable. So, other objective of this work is to make the cauliflower waste more attractive for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical preparations. Thus, the effect of a thermal stress combined with a 50:50 NO3−/NH4+ ratio in the nutrient solution, and the foliar application of 2.5 mM putrescine increased in the content of various sugars (inositol, glucose, and fructose), total phenolic compounds and polyamines, as well as in the antioxidant activity. The greatest accumulation of these compounds was observed in young leaves. Our results show from a physiological and agronomic point of view, that the foliar application of putrescine and the 50:50 NO3−/NH4+ treatment managed to alleviate the negative effects of the abiotic stress suffered at high temperature, yielding plants with higher antioxidant compounds content.

ODC (Ornithine Decarboxylase)-Dependent Putrescine Synthesis Maintains MerTK (MER Tyrosine-Protein Kinase) Expression to Drive Resolution.

ODC (ornithine decarboxylase)-dependent putrescine synthesis promotes the successive clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages, contributing to inflammation resolution. However, it remains unknown whether ODC is required for other arms of the resolution program. Approach and Results: RNA sequencing of ODC-deficient macrophages exposed to ACs showed increases in mRNAs associated with heightened inflammation and decreases in mRNAs related to resolution and repair compared with WT (wild type) macrophages. In zymosan peritonitis, myeloid ODC deletion led to delayed clearance of neutrophils and a decrease in the proresolving cytokine, IL (interleukin)-10. Nanoparticle-mediated silencing of macrophage ODC in a model of atherosclerosis regression lowered IL-10 expression, decreased efferocytosis, enhanced necrotic core area, and reduced fibrous cap thickness. Mechanistically, ODC deletion lowered basal expression of MerTK (MER tyrosine-protein kinase)-an AC receptor-via a histone methylation-dependent transcriptional mechanism. Owing to lower basal MerTK, subsequent exposure to ACs resulted in lower MerTK-Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) 1/2-dependent IL-10 production. Putrescine treatment of ODC-deficient macrophages restored the expression of both MerTK and AC-induced IL-10. These findings demonstrate that ODC-dependent putrescine synthesis in macrophages maintains a basal level of MerTK expression needed to optimally resolve inflammation upon subsequent AC exposure. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.

Evaluation of ion content, productivity and essential oil quality of garlic under saline conditions and biochar and polyamine treatments

In 2018, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and essential oil quality of garlic under salinity and biochar and polyamine treatments. Results showed that about 18 compounds were identified in garlic bulbs essential oil, some of which only induced by the salt stress, 20 % of biochar and putrescine treatments. Diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide were the major constituents of essential oil. The 1-propenyl methyl disulfide and methyl allyl trisulfide were only induced by salt stress. The butyl propenyl sulfide was only produced in biochar treated plants under salt stress. Application of putrescine stimulated the synthesis of 3-ethenyl-1,2-dithiane and 2-ethenyl-1,3-dithiane under normal condition and 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4, trithiolane under saline conditions. Overall, biochar and polyamines improved growth and essence quality of garlic under salinity, which may have related to sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) reduction and potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and K+/ Na+ enhancement.

Effect of exogenous putrescine treatment on internal browning and colour retention of pear fruit

The putrescine (PUT) efficacy in preserving the postharvest quality, regulating the bioactive compounds and internal browning (IB) was examined during ambient storage of pear fruit. To reduce the internal browning and preserve the colour of pear fruit during ambient storage, preharvest PUT @ 1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mM application was given 14 days before harvest and fruit were stored at ambient conditions (31 ± 2 °C, 78 ± 5% RH) for 15 days. PUT at 2 mM & 3 mM delayed the IB and reduced the polyphenoloxidase enzymatic activity compared with the control fruit. PUT also maintained total phenolics content and enhanced the peroxidase enzymatic activity. These treatments preserved chlorophyll content and suppressed the carotenoids synthesis led to delay in colour changes as compared with control. Results suggest that 2 mM & 3 mM PUT reduced IB incidence and PPO activity and maintained the pear fruit colour during ambient storage.

Evaluation of sodium nitroprusside and putrescine on polyethylene glycol induced drought stress in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under in vitro condition

The present work aimed to regenerate Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under in vitro drought condition induced by different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10 % and 15 %) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, and to investigate the mitigating effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; nitric oxide donor) and putrescine in relation to efficient multiplication. Varying concentrations of SNP (50, 100, 250 and 500 μM) and putrescine (0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM), used singly or in combination in the MS medium, along with best selected concentration of plant growth regulator (kinetin 0.2 mg l−1) under in vitro drought imposed by 10 % PEG were taken for studies at 20, 40 and 60 days after inoculation (DAI). The best response with maximum values on the basis of morphological parameters was recorded; number of shoot and number of leaves were observed in half strength MS media supplemented with combination of both SNP and putrescine treatment i.e. SNP 100 μM + putrescine 0.05 mM followed by other treatments as compared to remaining treatments as well as control (10 % PEG only). On the basis of present investigation, it is concluded that in vitro drought stress significantly reduced the number of shoot, length of shoot (cm), number of leaves, number of roots, length of root (cm) and survival percentage. However, treatment with SNP and putrescine, alone or in combination, alleviated the negative impacts of drought stress up to a great extent. The production of more number of stevia leaves even under drought condition as a result of ameliorative treatment with SNP and putrescine has implication in R&D industries to target for production of maximum content of stevioside and rebaudioside, key principles in treating diabetes, if there is an increase in their content.

Postharvest physiological responses of pomegranate fruit (cv. Wonderful) to exogenous putrescine treatment and effects on physico-chemical and phytochemical properties

Pomegranate fruit (cv. Wonderful) were treated with putrescine (1, 2 and 3 mmol/L) before storage for 4 months at 5 °C and 95 % RH and the effects on postharvest life and quality attributes were studied. Results showed that incidence of physiological disorders such as external decay, husk scald, chilling injury and aril browning increased with progressive storage but treating pomegranate fruit with putrescine reduced incidence of most disorders. Control fruit had higher levels of external decay (1.72 %–33.26 %), chilling injury (10.53 %–38.77 %) and scalding (15.04 %–100 %) with less attractive color during 4 month storage. Variations were observed on other fruit quality parameters although treatment with putrescine at 2 and 3 mmol/L concentration reduced changes in color, total soluble solid, Titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. Sensory parameters were best preserved in fruit treated with 2 mmol/L concentration of putrescine with respect to juiciness and crispness. Treatment of pomegranate fruit with putrescine resulted in improved storability and fruit quality during storage. Therefore, for short term storage, 2 mmol/L concentration of putrescine could be recommended for maintaining fruit quality especially in the first two months of storage. However, for longer storage period, a higher concentration is recommended, as 3 mmol/L concentration was the most effective in alleviating disorders and maintaining physico-chemical parameters and sensory attributes during storage in this study.

Putrescine application reduces softening and maintains the quality of pear fruit during cold storage

To enhance the storage potential of pear cv. Punjab Beauty fruit, the effect of putrescine (PUT) treatments was evaluated by analysing various physico-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activities. Postharvest dip treatments of PUT (1, 2 and 3 mM) were given to uniform and healthy fruit, while tap water was used for the control fruit. Treated fruit were stored at 0–1 °C and 90–95% RH for 75 days. Evaluation of fruit quality parameters was made on the 0th, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 67th and 75th days of storage. The PUT treatments (2 and 3 mM) proved to be effective to diminish the softening and enhance the storage potential with acceptable quality. These treatments also suppressed the pectin methyl esterase and cellulase activity, reduced the weight loss and spoilage compared with control. Moreover, 2 and 3 mM PUT applications delayed colour changes, retained higher soluble solids content, starch content and titratable acidity at the end of storage than in control. These findings suggested that exogenous PUT application of 2 and 3 mM could effectively maintain fruit quality and prolong the storage potential of pear cv. Punjab Beauty fruit by reducing the softening during storage.

Salicylic Acid and Putrescine to Reduce Post-Harvest Storage Problems and Maintain Quality of Murcott Mandarin Fruit

Natural products have been used to improve citrus fruit quality and storability, which increase the fruit marketing period and exportation to distant markets. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of salicylic acid and putrescine on reducing post-harvest loss and maintaining the quality of stored Murcott mandarin. Fruit were harvested at 297–300 days from full bloom, and five 5-min dipping treatments were applied; salicylic acid (200 and 400 ppm), putrescine (50 and 100 ppm), and the control. One group of fruit was stored at 5 ± 1 °C and 90–95% relative humidity (RH), and the other group was stored at 23 ± 1 °C and 60–70% RH for 45 days. Quality attributes were recorded at harvest, 15, 30, and 45 days of storage. Weight loss and decay were significantly decreased with the application of salicylic acid and putrescine. Both materials were also effective maintaining fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS: acid ratio, and ascorbic acid during storage. Salicylic acid, especially at 400 ppm was more effective to reduce weight loss and decay, and to maintain fruit quality in comparison to putrescine treatments. It could be concluded that salicylic acid and putrescine are effectively delaying post-harvest deterioration rate and extending the storage period of Murcott mandarin fruit with acceptable quality.

Mitigating the adverse effects of deficit fertigation on strawberry yield, quality and phytochemical compounds by salicylic acid and putrescine treatments

BACKGROUND: For global water shortage concerns and high cost of mineral nutrients it is necessary to decrease the amount of nutrient solutions in greenhouse production systems. Deficit fertigation may negatively affect the crop productivity and phytohormones can mitigate the adverse effects of stresses. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of deficit fertigation in combination with salicylic acid (SA) and putrescine (PUT) on strawberry fruit yield and quality. METHODS: Strawberry plants were fertilized with a complete nutrient solution of 220 (control), 180 (mild deficit fertigation) and/or 140 mL/D (severe deficit fertigation), and treated with PUT (at 0 and 2 mM) and/or SA (at 0 and 2 mM) and the combinations of these treatments during growth stages. Fruit growth, quality parameters, yield and phytochemical compounds were evaluated at harvest. RESULTS: Mild deficit fertigation (MDF) (140 mL/D) significantly enhanced the yield and quality of the fruit, and both PUT and SA, enhanced the positive effects of MDF on crop productivity. SA and PUT decreased the negative effects of DF on crop yield and fruit growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that it is possible to substantially enhance the quality and productivity of strawberries with a MDF regime, PUT and SA treatments.

Putrescine treatment suppresses PPO activity and retards fruit browning during ambient storage of pear

Putrescine treatment suppresses PPO activity and retards fruit browning during ambient storage of pear

Improving rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plant performance by exogenous salicylic acid and putrescine under gradual water deficit

This research was carried out to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (1 mM) and putrescine (1 mM) on mitigation of oxidative stress caused by different irrigation intervals (70; 70 → 90 → 110 → 130 → 150; 70 → 100 → 130 → 150 and 150 mm evaporation, respectively). Two experiments with split plot arrangements in three replications were performed in 2 consecutive years of 2017 and 2018. Although, the activities of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase were stimulated by drought stress, lipid peroxidation and H2O2 were also enhanced due to this stress. This was led to a reduction in relative water content of leaves, membrane stability, chlorophyll content, oil percentage, and grain and oil yields under stressful conditions. Foliar sprays putrescine and especially salicylic acid further increased the antioxidant enzymes activities, water content, membrane integrity and chlorophyll pigment under different irrigation intervals. These superiorities of salicylic acid and putrescine treatments were led to a high improvement in grain and oil yields of rapeseed. It was concluded that gradual water deficit and application of these growth regulators can alleviate some of the injuries of water deficit on field production of rapeseed.