Putranjiva Roxburghii Research Articles

Effect of alkali‐treated Putranjiva roxburghii seed shell filler on physico‐chemical, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of polyvinyl alcohol‐based biofilms

AbstractBiopolymers and bio‐fillers derived from natural, organic, and abundant resources have garnered more responsiveness owing to their affordability and degradability in the production of packaging plastics. This study explores the novel use of different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of 5% alkali‐treated Putranjiva roxburghii seed shell filler (PRSSF) as a bio‐filler in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for the first time. FTIR analysis showed the creation of robust hydrogen bonds and enhanced compatibility between the matrix and the alkalized PRSSF. The XRD results revealed that alkalized PRSSF strengthens the structural integrity of biofilms. The water absorption of the PVA/at PRSSF biofilm samples decreased by 88.38% at a higher composition (20%) of alkali‐treated PRSSF due to their alkalized hydrophobic filler. Due to the effect of at‐PRSSF into PVA, the resulting films demonstrated a degradation temperature and char residue of 334.8°C and 13.57%, respectively, and relatively better UV‐barrier properties in a range of visible light. When compared with pure PVA films, the tensile strength and corresponding modulus of PVA/20% at‐PRSSF films increased by 32.94% and 16.2%, respectively. Therefore, the PVA/at‐PRSSF biofilms produced in this study are ideal materials for wrapping and folding applications.Highlights PVA/at‐PRSSF films outperform in multiple aspects as compared with pure PVA. Tensile strength of PVA/20%‐PRSSF films increased by 32.94%. Elongation at break decreased with at‐PRSSF loading. Water absorption in PVA/20% PRSSF biofilm decreased by 88.38%. Fractography showed voids and agglomerations at high filler levels.

Anti-inflammatory effects of the Thai herbal remedy Yataprasen and biflavonoids isolated from Putranjiva roxburghii in RAW264.7 macrophages

Ethnopharmacological relevanceYataprasen is a topical Thai herbal remedy for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and is included in Kumpe Thart Phra Narai, the first Thai textbook of traditional medicine. The herbal preparation is made from a hydroethanolic extract of a mixture of 13 medicinal plants, of which Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. leaves are the major ingredient. Aim of the studyIn this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory effects of the Yataprasen remedy, its main ingredients, and the phytochemicals isolated from P. roxburghii leaves. Materials and methodsThe anti-inflammatory effects of the Yataprasen remedy, along with its main ingredients, including the leaves of Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh, Melia azedarach L., P. roxburghii, Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby, and Tamarindus indica L. were determined by measuring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, and the synthesis of inflammatory biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The active ingredients of the P. roxburghii leaves were separated by chromatography and spectroscopic measurements were used to identify their chemical structures. ResultsEthanol extracts of the Yataprasen remedy and some of its ingredients significantly suppressed LPS-induced PGE2 secretion and NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with ethanolic extracts of the Yataprasen remedy (50 μg/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB. Among the plant ingredient extracts, P. roxburghii leaf extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on LPS-induced TNF-α and iNOS expression. Moreover, T. indica leaf extract showed the highest activity on the inhibition of LPS-induced COX-2 and NF-κB expression. Putraflavone, podocarpusflavone A, and amentoflavone were isolated biflavonoids from P. roxburghii leaf extract and showed the inhibitory effects on LPS-induced PGE2 secretion and NO synthesis in RAW264.7 cells. Of the isolated biflavonoids, amentoflavone exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS. ConclusionThe results support reported the anti-inflammatory effects of the Yataprasen remedy, which are associated with the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators. P. roxburghii, along with its biflavonoids, are the impact components that contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of the herbal remedy.

Assessment of air pollution tolerance potential of selected dicot tree species for urban forestry.

Air pollution is one of the killers of our age especially for the urban areas. Urban forestry which involves planting more trees has been considered as one of the prominent strategies to mitigate air pollution. Identification of trees tolerant to air pollution is important for plantation drives being organized across the country. The present study aimed to compare the air pollution tolerance potential of 46 tree species growing in Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU) campus, Amritsar, using two indices, viz., Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). APTI is based on four biochemical parameters, viz., relative water content, leaf extract pH, total chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid contents of leaf samples, whereas API takes into consideration morphological and socioeconomic values of plant species along with their APTI. Based on APTI values calculated for 46 tree species, only 2 tree species, viz., Psidium guajava (46.26) and Cassia fistula (41.83), were found to be tolerant to air pollution, while 25 species showed intermediate tolerance. API scores revealed one tree species, namely, P. guajava, as an excellent performer, 8 species as very good performers, and 28 species as moderate to good performers against air pollution. In conclusion, tree species like Alstonia scholaris, C. fistula, Ficus tsjakela, Grevillea robusta, Kigelia africana, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, P. guajava, Pongamia pinnata, Pterospermum acerifolium, Putranjiva roxburghii, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna, and Toona ciliata can be considered as most desirable for plantations in areas around GNDU campus.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICALS AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF PUTRANJIVA ROXBURGHII WALL

Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. is known for its medicinal properties and credited with a significant role in Ayurvedic texts as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-rheumatic herb, that is also useful to treat gynaecological and fertility disorders. Almost all parts of the plant, i.e, root, stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds contain numerous secondary metabolites such as phenolics, glycosides, triterpenes, and flavonoids. The presence of these phytochemicals imparts significant therapeutic activities to the plant such as anti-hyperglycaemic, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, and hence, the plant parts and its extracts can be used as a cure for varied diseases, including cancer.

PRpnp, a novel dual activity PNP family protein improves plant vigour and confers multiple stress tolerance in Citrus aurantifolia.

Under field conditions, plants are often simultaneously exposed to several abiotic and biotic stresses resulting in significant reductions in growth and yield; thus, developing a multi-stress tolerant variety is imperative. Previously, we reported the neofunctionalization of a novel PNP family protein, Putranjiva roxburghii purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PRpnp) to trypsin inhibitor to cater to the needs of plant defence. However, to date, no study has revealed the potential role and mechanism of either member of this protein group in plant defence. Here, we overexpressed PRpnp in Citrus aurantifolia which showed nuclear-cytoplasmic localization, where it functions in maintaining the intracellular purine reservoir. Overexpression of PRpnp significantly enhanced tolerance to salt, oxidative stress, alkaline pH, drought and two pests, Papilio demoleus and Scirtothrips citri in transgenic plants. Global gene expression studies revealed that PRpnp overexpression up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ABA- and JA-biosynthesis and signalling, plant defence, growth and development. LC-MS/MS analysis validated higher endogenous ABA and JA accumulation in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that PRpnp functions by enhancing the endogenous ABA and JA, which interact synergistically and it also inhibits trypsin proteases in the insect gut. Also, like other purine salvage genes, PRpnp also regulates CK metabolism and increases the levels of CK-free bases in transgenic Mexican lime. We also suggest that PRpnp can be used as a potential candidate to develop new varieties with improved plant vigour and enhanced multiple stress resistance.

Selective cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Putranjiva roxburghii leaf extract

Selective cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Putranjiva roxburghii leaf extract

RNA-sequencing attest increased sperm motility in bovine spermatozoa treated with ethanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03452-4.

Evaluation of air pollution tolerance index and anticipated performance index of selected roadside tree species in Ludhiana, India.

Air quality has deteriorated in most big cities and becoming the fifth major cause of mortality in India. Among others, vehicle gaseous emission is a major contributor. Plants have different tolerance levels, which can be identified based on Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI). The objectives were to study the morphological and biochemical parameters for Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of selected roadside tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Alstonia scholaris, Chukrasia tabularis, Cassia fistula, Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo, Heterophragma adenophyllum, and Putranjiva roxburghii) at control (PAU campus) and polluted sites (roadside) during summer and winter seasons. The total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, leaf extract pH, leaf relative water content, total soluble sugar, phenols, and carotenoids ranged from 0.59 to 4.16mgg-1, 1.03 to 3.75mgg-1, 3.16 to 7.04, 46.01 to 71.65%, 10.78 to 23.83mgg-1, 0.51 to 1.35mg-1, and 0.19 to 1.96mgg-1, respectively. The Air Pollution Tolerance Index of the selected trees ranged between7.65 and 11.19 and followed an order of Cassia fistula > Acacia auriculiformis > Dalbergia sissoo > Alstonia scholaris > Putranjiva roxburghii > Heterophragma adenophyllum > Cassia siamea > Chukrasia tabularis. The evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index (API) categorized the trees into poor (Dalbergia sissoo and Cassia siamea), moderate (Cassia fistula), and good (Acacia auriculiformis, Alstonia scholaris, Chukrasia tabularis, Heterophragma adenophyllum, and Putranjiva roxburghii) categories.

Mesoporous activated TiO2/based biochar synthesized from fish scales as a proficient adsorbent for deracination of heavy metals from industrial efflux

As heavy metals are very noxious for health also known as one of the most poisonous classes of water contaminants. Typically, metal pollutants are non-biodegradable and impervious towards oxidants, heat, and light. Thus, it is a precisely demanding task to eliminate them from water to reduce water pollution. In current studies, the process of adsorption was employed for deracination of Zn and Fe with modified surface of natural material as an adsorbent. TiO 2 NPs were synthesized by using leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii and its nanocomposites were made with the fish scale biomass. Prime conditions for proficient removal of zinc were recognized at pH = 4 and for iron at pH = 6 having an initial concentration 100 mg/L, adsorbent dose rate of 0.1 g and contact time 120 minutes. Thermodynamic study revealed that process was spontaneous, and exothermic, resulted in increase in entropy with rise in temperature. Adsorption process has been certified with different isotherm and kinetic models, where the experimental data was brought into being good agreement with pseudo second order ( R 2 = 0.986) and Freundlich isotherm ( R 2 = 0.993) as compared with other models. For characterization of synthesized adsorbents scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray were used. Average particle size of the adsorbent used ranged from 1 to 5 µm.

Quebrachitol from Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. (Putranjivaceae) a potent antimalarial: Pre-clinical efficacy and its interaction with PfLDH

Researchers are exploring natural resources in search of a new and effective anti-malarial compound to address the challenges in malarial treatment due to emerging incidences of drug-resistant strains. Following background knowledge of traditional medicine, we evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-malarial efficacy of Putranjiva P. roxburghii (Putranjivaceae) twigs ethanol extracts and fraction (PRT). In-vitro parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay was performed using a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain. The results of the in-vitro study were further validated by in-vivo anti-malarial studies on P. berghei Keyberg 173 (K173) infected mice. The crude ethanol extract of the PRT showed the most moderate antiparasitic activity (IC50 = 15.51 μg/mL). In contrast, its butanol fraction extract showed potent activity (IC50 = 5.14 μg/mL) with a selectivity index (SI) of 28.87. Two phytochemicals, viz. 2, 4 dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl) benzoic acid (DHMBA), and quebrachitol (QBC), were identified with anti-parasitic activity (IC50 = 5.01 μg/mL and 0.87 μg/mL) and selectivity index (SI) of 45 and 158. The in-vivo studies confirmed the significant anti-malarial activity of QBC at the dose of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight with chemo-suppression values of 73.26% and 61.88%, respectively. The present study demonstrates the bioactive marker-based standardization of P. roxburghii twig, the antiplasmodial potential of PRT, and the role of QBC in suppressing parasitemia. The findings of the study support QBC as a prospective lead for a natural product-based adjunct remedy to conventional antiparasitic agents for malarial infectious.

Comparative metabolomic analysis of unreleased and released pollen from Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

Elucidating the biochemical and metabolic adaptations of unreleased and released pollen provides more insights into pollen development, maturation, and vitality. Hence, in the present investigation, Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. was selected to critically examine the biochemical and metabolite profiling of released and unreleased pollen states. Metabolomic profiling revealed 276 metabolites from the unreleased pollen and 271 metabolites from the released pollen, falling into 12 different categories. The levels of auxin family hormones like indole-3-acetic acid and 1-naphthalene acetic acid, along with other biomolecules like glucose, fructose, proline, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (C18:2 w6c), cadaverine, spermine and spermidine were higher in the unreleased pollen suggesting their functional significance in the pollen maturation. Whereas, the levels of kinetin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, sucrose, lipid, 12-Octadecadienoic acid were higher in the released pollen compared to unreleased pollen. Furthermore, the metabolites like lysophosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidic acid, linoleic acid and its derivatives, phosphatidylcholine, monoacylglycerol, sphingosine-1-phosphate and oleacein were found unique in released pollen, indicating these metabolites may participate to complete the pollen development. Among the carbohydrates, sucrose accumulation was higher in released pollen, signifying it to be a potent source of energy reservoir for future tube growth and germination processes. Additionally, increased fatty acid levels in the released pollen may act as a structural component preventing pollen from adverse environmental conditions for their viability and fertility. Thus, the current study unraveled the metabolic pathways associated with released pollen revealing the metabolic activities. This is the first study done on the wind pollination pollen in Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

The therapeutic uses of Putranjiva roxburghii: Review Article

Putranjiva roxburghii wall (Putranjivaceae) commonly known as Putranjiva is an evergreen tree of the Euphorbiaceous family, found in tropical Asia. Putranjiva roxburghii is an evergreen tree with drooping branches, corky bark coriaceous leaves and dioeciously flowers. Plant parts such as leaves, bark, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds have an effect on living organisms; the bioactive components present in the plant can be utilized in a number of ways and play a significant role in our everyday life. Its bark is mainly used for making decorative items. The bark and the seeds are used as an antidote in the treatment of snake bites. The paste of seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii is applied on the forehead to check pain. Besides, seed paste can be used in the treatment of various diseases like elephantiasis, constipation, ophthalmic, semen disorders, infertility and diseases of the female genital. The leaves are used in treating illness, phlegm, skin ailment, aridity and are also helpful in curing rheumatism. The leaf extracts and bio-oil extracted from seeds are mostly utilized in Ayurveda, herbal and Unani medications. Putranjiva roxburghii possess anti-oxidant, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Aim of the study: Putranjiva roxburghii, Wall is herbal medicine is an ancient form of medicine that has been used Putranjiva roxburghii, Wall is a traditional herbal remedy that has been used by humans for thousands of years. The plant, seed, root bark, and leaves have various traditional medicinal values. The main aim of the study is to discuss about the various activities of Putranjiva roxburghii, Wall mentioned in Ayurvedic classic. The present paper focus on the beneficial role of Puranjevak drug in daily life of human beings.

SAXS Analysis and Characterization of Anticancer Activity of PNP-UDP Family Protein from Putranjiva roxburghii.

A class of plant defense and storage proteins, including Putranjiva roxburghii PNP protein (PRpnp), belongs to PNP-UDP family. The PRpnp and related plant proteins contain a disrupted PNP-UDP domain as revealed in previous studies. In PRpnp, the insert disrupting the domain contains the trypsin inhibitory site. In the present work, we analyzed native PRpnp (nPRpnp) complex formation with trypsin and inosine using SAXS experiments and established its dual functionality. Results indicated a relatively compact nPRpnp:Inosine structure, whereas trypsin complex showed conformational changes/flexibility. nPRpnp also exhibited a strong anti-cancer activity toward breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (DU-145) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. MCF-7 and DU-145 were more sensitive to nPRpnp treatment as compared to HepG2. However, nPRpnp treatment showed no effect on the viability of HEK293 cells indicating that nPRpnp is specific for targeting the viability of only cancer cells. Further, acridine orange, DAPI and DNA fragmentation studies showed that cytotoxic effect of nPRpnp is mediated through induction of apoptosis as evident from the apoptosis-associated morphological changes and nuclear fragmentation observed after PRpnp treatment of cancer cells. These results suggest that PRpnp has the potential to be used as an anticancer agent. This is first report of anticancer activity as well as SAXS-based analysis for a PNP enzyme with trypsin inhibitory activity.

Seeds as Potential Sources of Phenolic Compounds and Minerals for the Indian Population.

Seeds are major sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds for human beings. In this work, the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of 155 Indian seeds (belonging to 49 families) are reported. Moisture and ash were measured with reference protocols from AOAC; total polyphenols and flavonoids were measured with spectrophotometric methods after extraction with organic solvents, and mineral elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and mineral contents (Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Rb, S, Sr, Ti, V and Zn) were found to vary in the ranges 182–5000, 110–4465 and 687–7904 mg/100 g (DW), respectively. Noticeably, polyphenol contents higher than 2750 mg/100 g were observed in 18 seeds. In addition, mineral contents >5000 mg/100 g were detected in the seeds from Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, Commiphora wightii, Parkia javanica, Putranjiva roxburghii, Santalum album and Strychnos potatorum. Botanical and taxonomical variations in the proximate characteristics of the examined seeds are also discussed.

Antibacterial activity of Putranjiva Roxburghii wall

Medicinal plants can be defined as plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert a beneficial pharmacological effect on the human or animal body. P. roxburghii is a good moderate sized evergreen medicinal tree with pendent branches and the leaves are simple and alternately arranged. The aim of this study was to screen and determine significant antibacterial activity of dry seeds of P. roxburghii. The ethanol extract of P. roxburghii seed showed highest zone of inhibition in all the bacterial strains tested Staphylococcus aureus (G+) (16mm). Streptococcus mutans (G+) (19mm) Bacilus subtilis (G+) (20mm). E.coli (G-) (21mm). Klebsiella pneumonia (G-) (14mm) Proteus vulgaris (G-) (16mm). The acetone extract of P. roxburghii seeds showed a minimum zone of inhibition against the bacterial pathogens. They are Staphylococcus aureus (G+) (11mm). Streptococcus mutans (G+) (8mm) Bacilus subtilis (G+) (14mm). E.coli (G-) (15mm). Klebsiella pneumonia (G-) (13mm) Proteus vulgaris (G-) (15mm). The aqueous extract of P. roxburghii seeds showed the lowest zone of inhibition against the bacterial strains. They are Staphylococcus aureus (G+) (13mm). Streptococcus mutans (G+) (9mm) . E.coli (G-) (14mm).

Characterization of Raw and Alkali Treated Cellulosic Filler Isolated from Putranjiva roxburghii W. Seed Shell Roadside Vegetative Residues

ABSTRACT A natural cellulosic filler extracted from the seed shells of the Putranjiva roxburghii W. has been investigated for its suitability in reinforcement of fiber reinforced polymers. The physicochemical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of untreated and alkali-treated Putranjiva roxburghii seed shell filler (PRSSF) particles are investigated for the first time. The particle size and morphology of PRSSF particles have been analyzed using laser particle size analyzer and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to validate the elements present on the untreated and treated PRSSF particles. The structural features were investigated using X-ray Diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, which revealed the reduction of the amorphous contents and noncellulosic components. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to determine the thermal stability of both untreated and treated PRSSF particles. The results indicated that alkali-treated PRSSF particles have higher thermal degradability and stability than untreated PRSSF particles.

Phytochemical analysis and investigation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant potential of the Leaf Extracts of Putranjiva ruxburghi

Objectives: Herbs are in use as medicine worldwide from the time immemorial. Many drugs derived from plant, animal or minerals are in use as medicine till date. This is a study on leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. (Euphorbiaceae) involving pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, activity against microbes and oxidation to substantiate its use. The leaf extracts were collected by successive soxhlation using solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone & ethanol. Chemicals present in the crude leaf extracts and isolated constituents were analyzed for both quality and quantity followed by TLC, UV–Visible Spectrophotometric analysis, HPTLC, Phytochemical tests and TLC examination confirmed to contain flavonoids in acetone, chloroform, aqueous and ethanol extract. The activity of Petroleum-ether, chloroform, acetone, alcoholic and aqueous extracts against the microbes was assessed by cup plate method. Okada & Okada method was followed to evaluate the DPPH free radical for aging property. The reducing, total antioxidant and peroxide radical for aging action of the extracts were assessed. The study confirmed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant property of the Putranjiva roxburghii Wall leaves may be for the presence of constituents like flavonoids, saponins, Phytosterols, favoring its traditional usage as medicine.

HPLC-DAD Based Polyphenolic Profiling and Evaluation of Pharmacological Attributes of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.

The current study was intended to explore the phytochemical profiling and therapeutic activities of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Crude extracts of different plant parts were subjected to the determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and protein kinase inhibitory potential by using solvents of varying polarity ranges. Maximum phenolic content was notified in distilled water extracts of the stem (DW-S) and leaf (DW-L) while the highest flavonoid content was obtained in ethyl acetate leaf (EA-L) extract. HPLC-DAD analysis confirmed the presence of various polyphenols, quantified in the range of 0.02 ± 0.36 to 2.05 ± 0.18 μg/mg extract. Maximum DPPH scavenging activity was expressed by methanolic extract of the stem (MeOH-S). The highest antioxidant capacity and reducing power was shown by MeOH-S and leaf methanolic extract (MeOH-L), respectively. Proficient antibacterial activity was shown by EA-L extract against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Remarkable α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition potential was expressed by ethyl acetate fruit (EA-F) and n-Hexane leaf (nH-L) extracts, respectively. In case of brine shrimp lethality assay, 41.67% of the extracts (LC50 < 50 µg/mL) were considered as extremely cytotoxic. The test extracts also showed mild antifungal and protein kinase inhibition activities. The present study explores the therapeutic potential of P. roxburghii and calls for subsequent studies to isolate new bioactive leads through bioactivity-guided isolation.

Tribo-mechanism analysis of epoxidized Putranjiva oil (Putranjiva roxburghii) and understanding lubricity with silicon oxide nanoparticle addition

Chemical degradation is a critical matter related to synthetic oil. Putranjiva oil has the potency to be a synthetic oil alternative and is readily accessible in India. During this research, the oil was epoxidized to strengthen the oxidation stability of the Putranjiva oil. In addition, silicon dioxide nanoparticles have been introduced into chemically synthesized Putranjiva oil in a proportion that is tribologically assessed. The test was conducted using a pin on a disk tribometer, taking into account various conditions. Depending upon the specified concentration of silicon oxide nanoparticles, blends of lubricating oil nanoparticles have been distributed equally via the ultrasonication process. The different proportions of silicon dioxide nanoparticles were added to the chemically modified Putranjiva oil and tested for tribo-mechanism. Throughout the flow functioning review, all lubricant specimens demonstrate Newtonian characteristics by showing a direct correlation between shear rate and shear stress. Under the context of the exploration, a 0.6% magnitude of silicon oxide nanoparticles showed a decrease in the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. The scanning electron microscope pictures display improved surfaces immediately after the nanoparticle has been applied up to 0.6% concentration that was because of adhesion impact. The optimum level application was observed at 0.6% concentration to the epoxidized oil.

Comparative study of roadside avenue trees as bio-indicators of air pollution in and around Mumbai, India: A case study

With rapid increase in urbanization followed by industrialization compounded due to ever-exploding population in the past few decades there is a steep rise in contamination of one of the most vital abiotic factors of the environment i.e., the air. In these circumstances, the clean and green measures to monitor and control air pollution have become inevitable. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) is one such index for indicating the extent of the plants to withstand air pollution. This includes analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters like total chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, pH of the leaf extract and relative water content of the leaves. In this study, the plants selected are mature tree species like Polyalthia longifolia, Putranjiva roxburghii, Alstonia scholaris, Delonix regia and Peltophorum pterocarpum from Mumbai and its surrounding regions. According to the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) values, plants can be classified as tolerant, intermediate, sensitive and highly sensitive. The tolerance of the plants studied in the decreasing order is as follows P. roxburghii &gt; P. pterocarpum &gt; D. regia &gt; P. longifolia &gt; A. scholaris. Species selected on the basis of their APTI values can then be used as bio-indicators of air pollution and in its mitigation for green belt development in urban areas.