Purpose Of Supervision Research Articles

Listening to student experiences of supervision

This article presents the findings from a qualitative study which explored student perceptions of their fieldwork supervision experiences and the relevance of this to key stakeholders in fieldwork. Participants perceived their supervision experiences were due to their understanding of the purpose and process of supervision; their assertiveness; supervisor experience and skill; the relationship and perceived compatibility between supervisee and supervisor, and luck. The implications identified from this study include the preparation of key stakeholders in fieldwork and the pivotal role and responsibility held by fieldwork coordinators in schools of social work.

A training course on laboratory animal science: an initiative to implement the Three Rs of animal research in India.

There is a current need for a change in the attitudes of researchers toward the care and use of experimental animals in India. This could be achieved through improvements in the provision of training, to further the integration of the Three Rs concept into scientific research and into the regulations of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). A survey was performed after participants undertook the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) Category C-based course on Laboratory Animal Science (in 2013 and 2015). It revealed that the participants subsequently employed, in their future research, the practical and theoretical Three Rs approaches that they had learned. This is of great importance in terms of animal welfare, and also serves to benefit their research outcomes extensively. All the lectures, hands-on practical sessions and supplementary elements of the courses, which also involved the handling of small animals and procedures with live animals, were well appreciated by the participants. Insight into developments in practical handling and welfare procedures, norms, directives, and ethical use of laboratory animals in research, was also provided, through the comparison of results from the 2013 and 2015 post-course surveys.

Effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. Leaves Extract on Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behavior and Oxidative Stress in Mice after Acute Restraint Stress.

Background:Stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Beta vulgaris is commonly known as “beet root” possessing antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory properties.Objective:To study the protective effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. ethanolic extract (BVEE) of leaves against acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice.Materials and Methods:Mice (n = 6) were pretreated with BVEE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p. o.) for 7 days and subjected to ARS for 6 h to induce behavioral and biochemical changes. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior were measured by using different behavioral paradigms such as open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) 40 min postARS. Brain homogenate was used to analyze oxidative stress parameters, that is, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) level.Results:BVEE pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the ARS-induced reduction in EPM parameters, that is, percentage entries and time spent in open arms and in OFT parameters, that is, line crossings, and rearings in mice. ARS-induced increase in the immobility time in FST and TST was attenuated significantly (P < 0.05) by BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage. An increase in MDA and depletion of GSH level postARS was prevented significantly (P < 0.05) with BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage (100 and 200 mg/kg).Conclusion:BVEE exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in stressed mice along with good antioxidant property suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.SUMMARY Stress plays major role in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depressionARS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior through oxidative damage in miceBVEE pretreatment reversed ARS-induced behavioral changes, that is, anxiety and depressionARS-induced oxidative stress was prevented by BVEE pretreatment in mice. Abbreviations Used: ANOVA: Analysis of variance, ARS: Acute restraint stress, BVEE: Beta vulgaris ethanolic extract, BV: Beta vulgaris, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, CNS: Central nervous system, CPCSEA: Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals, cms: Centimeter, DNA: Deoxyribose nucleic acid, EPM: Elevated plus maze, FST: Forced swim test, GSH: Reduced glutathione, g: Gram, h: Hour, IAEC: Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, mg: Milligram, μM: Microgram, MDA: Malondialdehyde, SEM: Standard error of mean, TST: Tail suspension test, UV: Ultraviolet, w/v: Weight by volume.

Educational psychologists’ experience of taking part in group supervision: A phenomenological study

Aim:The aim of this study was to explore the experience of educational psychologists (EPs) undertaking group supervision.Rationale:Against a rapidly changing educational and political landscape, the authors anticipated that group supervision across the children’s workforce would become an area of rapid growth.Method:Eight practising EPs, experienced in participating in group supervision were interviewed. A qualitative design was adopted using semi-structured interviews as the research method and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as the research methodology.Findings:This study found that the experience of EPs in group supervision could be described as a multilayered phenomenon where the PURPOSE and PROCESS of group supervision and the PERSONAL NEEDS met by group supervision (the three P’s of group supervision), interacted simultaneously. The theoretical transferability rather than generalisability of the findings was discussed in relation to understanding the experience of educational psychologists taking part in group supervision. Implications of the findings in relation Educational Psychology Services are offered.

Improved Physical Endurance Activity of Fruit of &lt;I&gt;Beta vulgaris&lt;/I&gt;

Introduction : Beets are good sources of folate, potassium, vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants, as well as nitrates. Beet juice may increase exercise endurance, improve blood flow, and help lower blood pressure. Beetroot contains inorganic nitrate (NO 3- ) as the main bioactive for cardiovascular and endurance exercise interactions; and the pigment class of betalains, predominately betanin and vulgaxanthin; and also phenolics.Endurance is the abitity to withstand stress or exertion and remain active for a long period of time. Physical endurance is the time span between the initiation of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion. Aim : The aim of present study was to investigate the physical endurance activity of fruit extract of Beta vulgaris in experimental mice. Materials and Methods : Dry extract of Beta vulgaris was obtained from Green Chem.Swiss Albino mice of either sex weighing between 25 to 30 gm were taken for the purpose. Approval from Animal Ethics Committee was taken before starting the experiment. The animals were maintained under standard conditions in an animal house approved by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA).The Swiss albino mice either sex were divided into five groups each composed of six animals-Control (normal saline), Standard (caffeine 30 mg/kg p.o), Low (100 mg/kg p.o.), Medium (200 mg/kg p.o.) and High dose (400 mg/kg p.o.). In Rota Rod Model, after administration of the drug, one hour later all the animals were placed on rotating rod and observed for fall off time. Result and conclusion : The time spent on Rota rod in drug treated group was found to be increased as compared to control group. It shows increase in physical endurance power of the extract in mice.

Animal Simulation in Under/Post Graduate Studies: It's Effect in Clinical Pharmacology Research

Animal experimentation was successfully taken an important part of the curriculum of the students of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, veterinary, and even to basic sciences like life sciences, zoology etc . The objective of the animal experiments was to develop skills for performing in-vivo experiments and to correlate the findings with theoretical concepts as well as in vitro results with prior permission to Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). However by considering the seriousness of declining of wild life, the University Grant Commission (UGC) decided to stop the animal experimentation for both the under and post graduate levels and noticed accordingly [11. University Grant Commission Notification on July 2014. [No.F.14-6/2014 (CPP-II)] Subject: Dissection and Animal experimentation in Zoology/Life Sciences and Allied Disciplines in undergraduate, post graduate and research program.].

Enhancing Counselor Supervision Through Compassion Fatigue Education

Compassion fatigue has been documented as an occupational hazard in counseling. Providing education to interns on compassion fatigue and protective factors, such as self‐care, can normalize struggles experienced by interns. Supervision provides a relationship to build skills to help prevent compassion fatigue. Interns should understand counselor developmental phases and the necessity of self‐care plans. To instill this knowledge, supervisors should focus on the purpose of supervision, activities of supervision, counselor developmental phases, and compassion fatigue education.

The end of supervision as we know it?

British Journal of Midwifery • February 2015 • Vol 23, No 2 In December 2013, the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (PHSO, 2013), raised concerns about the public protection allowed by midwifery supervision following failures at the Morecombe Bay NHS Foundation Trust. The Ombudsman’s report recommended that midwifery supervision and regulation should be separate and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) should be in direct control of regulatory activity. Following this report, the NMC commissioned an independent review of statutory supervision by the King’s Fund. The King’s Fund report (2015) concluded that although supervision is useful and valuable to midwives, it should not be the role of the NMC to carry out. It recommends that the NMC should restrict its role to the ‘core functions’ of regulation, and that other organisations in the health system pick up the remaining functions. On 28 January 2015, the NMC accepted the changes suggested by the King’s Fund to uncouple regulation from supervision. Introduced in the 1902 Midwives Act, statutory supervision has long provided a mechanism for support, development and guidance to every midwife practising in the UK. The purpose of supervision of midwives is to protect women and babies by actively promoting safe standards of midwifery practice. Over the years, the role of supervisor has evolved, but continues to maintain the essence of midwifery—to be with woman. Currently, the NMC’s role in supervision is to provide ‘guidance and advice to local supervising authorities and supervisors of midwives and is accountable for ensuring that the rules and standards relating to supervision of midwives and midwifery practice are met.’ (NMC, 2009: 4). What does it mean for the future of midwifery if the NMC’s role in supervision is lost? The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) made a strong case to the King’s Fund that supervision is an important part of protection to the public. However, it seems to have fallen on deaf ears. Despite this, the RCM has accepted the NMC’s decision. Cathy Warwick, CEO of the RCM said: ‘The King’s Fund review highlights that many important issues which impact on public protection are currently picked up by the system of statutory supervision of midwives. If this system is removed from the NMC’s regulatory framework there is a danger that these are lost. Examples include support for women making birth choices which fall outside maternity service norms, expert midwifery advice and proactive support for individual midwives. It is critical that it is made crystal clear who and how these critical aspects of the system are maintained.’ At times where there appear to be so many failings in the health service, it seems counterintuitive to lose a system that plays a key role in public protection. Removing supervision will not ensure better care for women and their babies. I suppose we can only wait and see how this pans out. BJM

Evaluation of dipyridamole on acute and subacute models of inflammation in male wistar rats: An experimental study

Background: Atherosclerosis and its complications remains the major cause of death and premature disability. Atherogenesis involves elements of inflammation, a process that now provides a unifying theme in the pathogenesis of the disease. Anti-platelet drugs are currently used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications. Our study evaluated the influence of dipyridamole on acute and sub-acute models of inflammation in male Wistar rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (150-200g) were divided into three groups i.e. control, Aspirin and dipyridamole (n=6 animals in each group). The effect of dipyridamole, administered orally, on inflammation was studied using acute (carrageenan induced rat paw edema) and sub-acute (cotton pellet granuloma and histopathological examination of grass piths) models. Experiment was conducted according to the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. Analysis was done using one way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Test of Dunnets. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Dipyridamole showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema in acute model (P<0.01) and granuloma dry weight, in sub acute model of inflammation when compared to control (P<0.01). Histopathological examination of grass pith revealed markedly reduced fibroblasts, granulation tissue, fibrous tissue and collagen in dipyridamole group when compared to control. Conclusion: Dipyridamole exhibited a significant anti inflammatory activity in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation.

Evaluation of clopidogrel on acute and sub-acute models of inflammation in male Wistar rats

Background: Atherosclerosis and its complications remain the major cause of death and premature disability. Atherogenesis involves elements of inflammation, a process that now provides a unifying theme in the pathogenesis of the disease. Anti-platelet drugs are currently used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications. Our study evaluated the influence of clopidogrel on acute and sub-acute models of inflammation in male Wistar rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (150-200 g) were divided into three groups, i.e. control, aspirin and clopidogrel (n=6 animals in each group). The effect of clopidogrel administered orally on inflammation was studied using acute (carrageenan-induced rat paw edema) and sub-acute (cotton pellet granuloma and histopathological examination of grass piths) models. Experiment was conducted according to the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals guidelines. Analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test of Dunnets. p&lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Clopidogrel showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema in acute model (p&lt;0.01) and granuloma dry weight, in sub-acute model of inflammation when compared to control (p&lt;0.01). Histopathological examination of grass pith revealed markedly reduced fibroblasts, granulation tissue, fibrous tissue and collagen in clopidogrel group when compared to control. Conclusion: Clopidogrel exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and sub-acute models of inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory, Anti-estrogenic, and Anti-implantation Activity of Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl.

Background:Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl (Syn. Bergia odorata Edgew) (Elatinaceae family) is used traditionally to repair bones and is applied as a poultice on sores. It is also used for stomach troubles and as an antidote to scorpion stings. So far, very little scientific work has been reported to validate its ethnomedical uses in the alleviation of pain, bone repair, etc.,Objective:This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-implantation potential of n-hexane extract of B. suffruticosa whole plant in mice along with identification of its chemical constituents.Materials and Methods:n-Hexane extract of B. suffruticosa whole plant was screened for acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity followed by an anti-estrogenic activity. Eventually, n-hexane extract was tested for anti-implantation activity by exploiting markers of uterine receptivity, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide enzyme activity. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in each study.Results:Thin layer chromatography fingerprint profile of n-hexane extract revealed the presence of lupeol and β-sitosterol. The n-hexane extract reduced the edema by 80% in acute inflammation, whereas it reduced edema to 75% on the 5th day in chronic inflammation. The n-hexane extract reduced elevated malonaldehyde level from 6 to 2.5 nmol/g × 10−5 and increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity from 0 to 350 units/g in treated animals on the 5th day of pregnancy. Moreover, extract decreased uterine weight from 0.33 to 0.2 g in estradiol treated animals.Conclusion:These results indicate that n-hexane extract of B. suffruticosa is having potent anti-inflammatory, anti-estrogenic, and anti-implantation activity. This is the first report of all the pharmacological activities of B. suffruticosa mentioned above.SUMMARY TLC fingerprint profile of n-hexane extract of Bergia suffruticosa whole plant revealed the presence of lupeol and β-sitosteroln-Hexane extract showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic model of inflammation in ratsn-Hexane extract possess significant anti-estrogenic activityn-Hexane extract altered the levels superoxide anion radical and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity during the blastocyst implantationAnti-implantation activity of n-hexane extract is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-estrogenic potential. Abbreviations used: TLC: Thin layer chromatography; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; B. suffruticosa: Bergia suffruticosa; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NO: Nitric oxide; IL-1: Interleukin-1; LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor; CSF-1: Colony-stimulating factor; COX: Cyclooxygenase; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; IAEC: Animal House Ethics Committee; CPCSEA: Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals; HBSS: Hank's balanced salt solution; MDA: Malonaldehyde; and TBA: Thiobarbituric acid.

Managing high risk offenders in the community: Compliance, cooperation and consent in a climate of concern

It is increasingly accepted that the change process underpinning the intended outcomes of community supervision, namely community safety, social rehabilitation and reintegration, cannot be achieved without the service user’s active involvement and participation in the process. Their consent, compliance and cooperation is therefore necessary to achieving these outcomes and yet, when it comes to very high risk sexual and violent offenders, in the pursuit of community safety, control oriented, preventative practices predominate over change focused, participatory approaches. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 professionals and 26 service users to explore how, under the auspices of MAPPA, the supervisory process is enacted and experienced, and the extent and means through which it affects people’s willingness to accept or invest in not only the process but also the purpose of supervision. It is argued that how the process of community supervision is experienced and what it comprises not only shapes the outcomes of supervision but also the nature of consent, compliance and cooperation. We conclude by advocating for more participatory processes and practices to promote service users’ active engagement in, and ownership of, the process of change, and in that, the realisation of both the normative dimensions and intended outcomes of community supervision.

Porównanie i Ocena Funkcjonowania Zintegrowanego Nadzoru Fnansowego Na Rynku Niemieckim, Brytyjskim i Polskim

The purpose of supervision of the whole fnancial market is to ensure the proper functioning of the market, its stability, security, and transparency, as well as to ensure confidence in the fnancial market the protection of the interests of participants. This is achieved through implementation of the rule of law, in particular concerning banking supervision, insurance and pension supervision, supervision of the capital market, and supplementary supervision laws of credit institutions as well as insurance and investment companies which are parts of fnancial conglomerates. The European Union does not impose any particular form of organizational supervision over national legislatures. Despite this, in many member countries, including the UK, Germany and Poland, the integrated supervisors for banks, insurance companies and capital market do operate.The article analyses the process of introducing integrated fnancial market supervision in the UK, Germany and Poland with an aim to compare their effectiveness.

Impact of Banking Supervision on the Cost Efficiency of Banks - An Example of Five Asian Developing Countries

The main purpose of banking supervision is to ensure stable operation of banks, minimize the risk for the stability of finance system, increase banking efficiency and promote competitiveness. However the question is whether banking supervision can benefit or damage banking efficiency. And how does banking supervision affect banking efficiency? This paper uses the stochastic frontier approach (SFA) of Battese and Coelli (1995)and stochastic metafrontier function (SMF) of Huang et al. (2012) to explore different impacts of the Financial Regulation on cost efficiency of banking industry in India, Thailand, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Mongolia. This study found out that related supervision policies is necessary but not necessary be able to benefit cost efficiency. According to the analysis of inefficiency model, capital regulation can lower the cost efficiency of banking in India, Thailand and Mongolia. However, the results are opposite for Bangladesh and Malaysia, the cost efficiency increase with government financial supervision because they avoid high risk investment activities. In the second stage, estimated SMF under meta-frontier cost function of the five countries, for the banking supervision, no matter whether it is TGR or MCE, Indian banks has the best results of 0.7527and 0.6715 respectively. Thailand has the lowest TGR value of 0.4608. Malaysia has the lowest MCE value of 0.3531; and Tobit regression consistency indicated that an increase in the strength of legal right will increase MCE and TGR; but credit depth information will increase bank’s total cost, and then decrease their cost efficiency. The result shows that higher minimum regulatory capital increase MCE, TGR, and CE is consistent with the hypothesis raised by the moral hazard approach (Mester, 1996). However, minimum capital entry requirement and MCE, TGR, and CE are negatively correlated, statistically insignificant.

Curcumin induced up-regulation of Myelin basic protein (MBP) ameliorates sodium arsenite induced neurotoxicity in developing rat cerebellum

IntroductionThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the modulatory role of Curcumin on cerebellar Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and associated behavioral parameters by histochemistry and Morris Water Maze (MWM) following exposure of rat pups to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). MethodsAfter obtaining the ethical clearance, pregnant Wistar rats were issued from the Central Animal Facility (CAF) and maintained according to the guidelines of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). The day of birth of pups was designated as postnatal day zero (PND 0). Mother reared pups were divided into: control (normal, sham) and experimental groups receiving NaAsO2 alone or NaAsO2 with Curcumin via intraperitoneal route (i.p.) from PND 1 to 21. Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was carried out on PND 21 to assess the exploratory behavior of the animals. Luxol Fast Blue staining and immuno-localization of MBP was carried out to evaluate the status of myelination in the cerebellar white matter. ResultsAnimals subjected to combined exposure to Curcumin and NaAsO2 showed improved exploratory behavior besides maintenance of myelin structure and up-regulation of MBP expression in the cerebellar white matter. DiscussionThe up-regulation of cerebellar MBP expression together with improved exploratory behavior of animals subjected to combined exposure to Curcumin and arsenic (iAs) provides the experimental evidence for mechanistic role of Curcumin in ameliorating NaAsO2 induced neurotoxicity, probably based on the essential properties of Curcumin such as scavenging free radicals and chelation of arsenic.

A Non-Uniform Node Distribution Policy for Routing Holes Avoidance

The wireless sensor networks are mainly employed on purpose of collection or supervision hence most of the data will flow into the base station finally. And the quantity asymmetry resulted from more source nodes often much more than the target nodes leads to unbalance of network traffic. As a result, nodes which are near the base station cost more energy, and this is the so-called "hot spot" effect followed by the energy hole problem. Aiming at these problems, this paper introduces a non-uniform distribution strategy on the basis of the MEBC algorithm (Mult-energy Balance Clustering Hierarchy), so that the inner layer has more number of nodes. Through theoretical and experimental simulation, the non-uniform node distribution strategy can effectively deal with the hot spot effect, realize the suboptimal balance of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, and is effective to alleviate the energy hole problem. In addition, the simulation shows that with the expansion of network scale, it does not shorten network life cycle because of the non-uniform distribution strategy. Therefore the non-uniform distribution strategy is a good solution to the problem of large-scale network deployment.

Adequate interval for hypertension screening: calculation of signal to noise ratio

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the modulatory role of Curcumin on cerebellar Myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and associated behavioral parameters by histochemistry and Morris Water Maze (MWM) following exposure of rat pups to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2).After obtaining the ethical clearance, pregnant Wistar rats were issued from the Central Animal Facility (CAF) and maintained according to the guidelines of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). The day of birth of pups was designated as postnatal day zero (PND 0). Mother reared pups were divided into: control (normal, sham) and experimental groups receiving NaAsO2 alone or NaAsO2 with Curcumin via intraperitoneal route (i.p.) from PND 1 to 21. Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was carried out on PND 21 to assess the exploratory behavior of the animals. Luxol Fast Blue staining and immuno-localization of MBP was carried out to evaluate the status of myelination in the cerebellar white matter.Animals subjected to combined exposure to Curcumin and NaAsO2 showed improved exploratory behavior besides maintenance of myelin structure and up-regulation of MBP expression in the cerebellar white matter.The up-regulation of cerebellar MBP expression together with improved exploratory behavior of animals subjected to combined exposure to Curcumin and arsenic (iAs) provides the experimental evidence for mechanistic role of Curcumin in ameliorating NaAsO2 induced neurotoxicity, probably based on the essential properties of Curcumin such as scavenging free radicals and chelation of arsenic.

¿Para qué sirve la evaluación de la docencia? Un estudio exploratorio de las creencias de los estudiantes

El propósito de este trabajo fue explorar las creencias de los estudiantes acerca de la evaluación de la docencia, sus fines, utilidad y validez. Participaron 163 estudiantes de carreras de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de una universidad pública mexicana. Los resultados del estudio indican que los estudiantes consideran que la evaluación de la docencia tiene un fin sumativo, de control y supervisión del trabajo del docente, que tiene poca utilidad y los cuestionarios de evaluación no son válidos. Asimismo, de manera secundaria consideran que los fines de la evaluación docente son de tipo formativo. Se concluye que las políticas de evaluación de la docencia vistas a través de los estudiantes, no han tenido el efecto de mejorar la calidad de la docencia. Asimismo que las creencias de los estudiantes en torno a la evaluación docente son semejantes a los hallazgos producidos por la investigación reciente que critica el uso de los cuestionarios para evaluar la docencia con el fin de elevar la calidad de la enseñanza. Se discuten los resultados.

What is coaching supervision and is it important?

In this study 33 executive coaches from Australia/New Zealand, and 29 purchasing clients, were interviewed about the functions of coaching supervision. Though coaches cited supervision as the intervention they would be most likely to deploy if they felt the need for emotional support, few coaches said they often felt the need for such support. The predominant function of coaching supervision for coaches was developmental. For purchasing clients, on the other hand, the primary purpose of supervision was quality control, though only 21% of purchasing clients insist on supervision as part of a quality assurance process. In this context, the notion that coaching supervision should be mandatory, regular and undertaken individually with a qualified coach supervisor is discussed.

Curriculum for pharmacology in pharmacy institutions in India: opportunities and challenges.

The curriculum of pharmacy institutions in India is regulated by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) at degree and diploma levels. However, it has been over two decades that the syllabi have been revised by these regulatory agencies. Considering the dynamic character of pharmacology, it is essential to prepare a syllabus that caters to the contemporary needs of the academic institutions and pharmaceutical industry, the community. Pharmacists are also witnessing a greater role in community pharmacy practice as well as in several healthcare sectors. Considering these facts, a panel discussion was held at IPSCON 2013, (the Annual Conference of Indian Pharmacological Society) at Bangalore. The discussion saw several recommendations for syllabi for institutions offering various pharmacy courses to meet the objectives of teaching, learning and research in Pharmacology. This article documents a summary of the discussion. For B. Pharm. course, a balance between industry-oriented pharmacology and clinical pharmacy has been recommended. Redundant animal experiments should be replaced with the simulation experiments or those which are feasible in the light of stringent regulations of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). It is recommended that the M. Pharm curriculum should focus on preclinical research with the inclusion of molecular biology and experiments on gene expression, proteomics, pharmacogenomics, cell culture and tissue culture. In general, at all levels, exposure of students to hospitals and clinicians is needed. Pharm. D., syllabus too should lay lesser emphasis on experimental pharmacology. Present experiments in the D. Pharm. course have no relevance to the program objectives and hence, only experiments through demonstrations or simulated preparations or interactive videos maybe undertaken. Regulatory bodies as well as universities should design a comprehensive syllabus and plan an effective pedagogy to prepare graduates who are competent and capable of bringing positive changes in the community and healthcare in India.