Social Security Purposes Research Articles

THE ISSUES OF THE SCIENTIFIC SYSTEM OF PSYCHO-LEGAL STUDIES

The purpose of the given article is to define the place and importance of psychological science in increasing the effectiveness of theoretical and practical activity directed at normative regulation of social relationships. In particular, the article reviews modern directions of psycho-legal studies, defines the areas of cooperation between psychology and legal studies, identifies the important themes/problem issues, as well as the promising directions in this kind of cooperation. The article also aims to highlight the productivity of a full utilization of the potential of these two areas (psychology and law), as well as of the productivity of multidisciplinary approach, stimulate cooperation between these two areas for the purpose of social security, stability and progress, strengthening legality and law and order, as well as the fight against crime and protection of human rights.

Study on the Level of Responsiveness in the State Management of Social Insurance for Current Participants in Vietnam

Social insurance is a major policy of the Party and the State, an important social policy, the main pillar of the social security system, contributing to progress and ensuring justice, maintaining socio-political stability and socio-economic development on a national scale. Social insurance policies are organized, implemented and operated by the State for the purpose of social security and not for profit in order to stabilize the long-term life of people and employees. Therefore, expanding the target and increasing the number of people participating in Social Insurance will be inevitable, requiring steps and roadmaps suitable to the socio-economic development of the locality. Develop the social insurance system in sync with the development of social services, better meeting the needs of the people; create favorable conditions for people to participate in and enjoy Social Insurance benefits. Under the leadership of the Party and the State, mechanisms, policies and laws on Social Insurance are increasingly complete and synchronous in the direction of increasing the rights and interests of participants; contribute to better ensuring people's material and spiritual life in the face of events and risks, helping to ensure social security. Therefore, the response of Social Insurance is in the direction of expanding, increasing rights and benefits, creating attractiveness to attract people to participate; perfecting State management regulations and professional, modern, effective, open and transparent organizational implementation system is an urgent task in the new situation. Keywords: Response, Social Insurance Participants, Social insurance, Management, Vietnam

Text-to-Sketch Synthesis via Adversarial Network

In the past, sketches were a standard technique used for recognizing offenders and have remained a valuable tool for law enforcement and social security purposes. However, relying on eyewitness observations can lead to discrepancies in the depictions of the sketch, depending on the experience and skills of the sketch artist. With the emergence of modern technologies such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), generating images using verbal and textual cues is now possible, resulting in more accurate sketch depictions. In this study, we propose an adversarial network that generates human facial sketches using such cues provided by an observer. Additionally, we have introduced an Inverse Gamma Correction Technique to improve the training and enhance the quality of the generated sketches. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we conducted experiments and analyzed the results using the inception score and Frechet Inception Distance metrics. Our proposed method achieved an overall inception score of 1.438 ± 0.049 and a Frechet Inception Distance of 65.29, outperforming other state-of-the-art techniques.

Guiding principles for social security policy: Outcomes from a bottom‐up approach

AbstractCovid‐19 has highlighted the inadequacy of UK social security but also the lack of consensus among progressive actors about what would be a better system. One way forward is to focus on the principles that should underpin social security. We present outcomes from a project in which principles were considered by a panel of Expert by Experience benefit claimants. We argue that while scholars often engage in descriptively identifying social security principles in existing policy, the bottom‐up approach presented here offers a way of generating normative principles to guide an improved future system. We identify key contributions of this bottom‐up approach relating to: the critical importance of principles as a guide to the fundamental purpose of social security, and policy making; the relationship between the treatment of claimants and benefit levels as co‐dependent; and how a bottom‐up process can produce results that engage with and contribute holistically to the debate.

Relative poverty in female disability grant recipients in South Africa

It is a well-established fact that adequate social security measures are used as a tool to allow persons a measure of financial security and support in the event of certain contingencies. Historically, disability has been one of the "core" contingencies, which is covered by social security schemes. The purpose of social security in providing for this contingency is to compensate for income lost or reduced as a result of disability. The fact that more women in South Africa have disabilities than men leads to the conclusion that women with disabilities are more negatively affected by poverty than men with disabilities. This in turn makes a woman with a disability more likely to be dependent on the disability grant than a man with a disability. The link between gender, disability and poverty will be discussed to illustrate the socio-economic position of female disability grant recipients in comparison to male disability grant recipients. This article will address the relative poverty of female disability grant recipients and make recommendations to address this relative poverty.

Szociális biztonsági koordináció és munkaerőmozgás –az Alpenrind-eset és az Osztrák Legfelsőbb Közigazgatási Bíróság ítélete

The Alpenrind case bears importance from two aspects. Firstly, the case concerned Hungarian posting undertakings, secondly, the judgement of the European Court of Justice settled core legal questions related to posting. The European Court of Justice has confirmed that the A1 form certifying the posting for social security purposes should be considered valid until it is withdrawn by the issuing authority and may be issued retrospectively and retroactively. The declaratory nature of the certificate was thus asserted. The European Court of Justice has also endorsed that fraud could be an exception to this main rule. In the light of this, the Austrian Supreme Administrative Court, acting in the main proceedings, adjudicated that the situation of the posted Hungarian workers was lawfully certified by A1 forms issued by the Hungarian authorities and that there was no fraud, the difference of opinion arose from a different interpretation of the concept of replacement.&nbsp

The conditions for foreigners to work in Turkey without being subject to social insurance

Purpose- The status of persons residing in a foreign country and working in Turkey for a temporary period will be examined in terms of social insurance law. Methodology- Law numbered 5510 and the circulars of Social Security Institution will be assessed in the light of Court of Cassation’s judgment and doctrine. Findings- The fact that element of temporariness is limited to 3-month period in the regulations constitutes a burden beyond the measure that exceeds the purpose of social security in long-term assignments despite its temporary nature in practice. Conclusion- Persons who continue to be insured in the country of which they are citizens should not be adapted to the Turkish social insurance system irrelevant of the length of temporary assignment period.

Entrapment and institutional collusion: Domestic violence police reports and the ‘couple rule’ in social security law

In Australia’s heavily targeted social welfare apparatus, couples are assessed jointly for their eligibility for social security payment. Specific guidelines for deciding if a social security recipient is a member of a couple are provided by the ‘couple rule’ in section 4(3) of the Social Security Act 1991 (Cth). A plethora of information is used by the Department to decide if a social security recipient is a member of a couple for social security purposes. Of particular concern is the use of domestic violence police reports as evidence of a couple relationship. This article argues that the current use of police domestic violence reports in ‘couple rule’ decisions is problematic. This is because it effectively entraps women in violent relationships, provides a financial barrier to leaving and is used by perpetrators to further control their victims.

Wykonawcy wspólnie realizujący zamówienie publiczne a art. 8 ust. 2a ustawy z dnia 13 października 1998 r. o systemie ubezpieczeń społecznych

CONTRACTORS JOINTLY IMPLEMENTING A PUBLIC CONTRACT AND ARTICLE 8 SEC. 2A OF THE ACT OF 13TH OF OCTOBER 1998 ON THE SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMArticle 8 para. 2a of the Act on the social insurance system includes the so-called extended employee defi nition. For social security purposes, it is also a person who has entered into a civil law contract with his own employer or with another entity, but performs this contract for his own employer. This provision creates signifi cant practical problems, including the problems on the basis of public procurements. One of the problematic questions is employing of the same people by several contractors, who perform the public procurement together as a consortium. The question then arises whether the work performed on the basis of a civil law contract concluded with one of such contractors, next to the employment contract concluded with another contractor, constitutes the title of social insurance according to the mentioned provision. In the article the Author presents potential confi gurations of such employment and tries to answer the question, in which of those confi gurations is the Article 8 para. 2a of the Act on the social insurance system applicable. According to Author, its automatic application in all of those situations is unacceptable.

Employee Provident Fund Organization (EPFO): Towards consumer centricity

The Employee Provident Fund Organization (EPFO), established by the Government of India is one of the World's Largest Social Security Organizations. The purpose of EPFO is to ensure social security for Industrial workers and their dependents. EPFO maintains more than 15 crore accounts of its members. Traditionally EPFO had been functioning as a legacy organization, administered and managed by Indian bureaucracy. Operational processes were riddled with over emphasis on rules and regulations, but were weak on transparency, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency. The 120 EPFO offices established all over the country operated in silos. Consequently, the very purpose of social security and welfare of the industrial employees suffered, while all other stake holders enjoyed significant controlling power. Recent interventions at EPFO were focused on process reengineering and ICT enablement to make EPFO more customer-centric. The case documents the transformation of EPFO from a bureaucratic, opaque organization to a customer centric, stakeholder friendly, transparent and accountable organization through IT enabled operations.

Objectivity applied to embodied subjects in health care and social security medicine: definition of a comprehensive concept of cognitive objectivity and criteria for its application

BackgroundThe article defines a comprehensive concept of cognitive objectivity (CCCO) applied to embodied subjects in health care. The aims of this study were: (1) to specify some necessary conditions for the definition of a CCCO that will allow objective descriptions and assessments in health care, (2) to formulate criteria for application of such a CCCO, and (3) to investigate the usefulness of the criteria in work disability assessments in medical certificates from health care provided for social security purposes.MethodsThe study design was based on a philosophical conceptual analysis of objectivity and subjectivity, the phenomenological notions ‘embodied subject’, ‘life-world’, ‘phenomenological object’ and ‘empathy’, and an interpretation of certificates as texts. The study material consisted of 18 disability assessments from a total collection of 86 medical certificates provided for social security purposes, written in a Norwegian hospital-based mental health clinic.ResultsFour necessary conditions identified for defining a CCCO were: (A) acknowledging the patient’s social context and life-world, (B) perceiving patients as cognitive objects providing a variety of meaningful data (clinical, psychometric, and behavioural data – i.e. activities and actions, meaningful expressions and self-reflection), (C) interpreting data in context, and (D) using general epistemological principles. The criteria corresponding to these conditions were: (a) describing the patient’s social context and recognizing the patient’s perspective, (b) taking into consideration a variety of quantitative and qualitative data drawn from the clinician’s perceptions of the patient as embodied subject, (c) being aware of the need to interpret the data in context, and (d) applying epistemological principles (professional expertise, dialogical intersubjectivity, impartiality, accuracy and correctness). Genuine communication is presupposed. These criteria were tested in the work disability assessments of medical certificates. The criteria were useful for understanding both how objectivity fails during work disability assessments and how it can be improved in the writing of certificates.ConclusionThe article specifies four necessary conditions for the definition of a CCCO in health care and social security medicine and the corresponding criteria for its application. Analysis of the objectivity of work disability assessments in medical certificates for social security confirmed the usefulness of the criteria.

CONTRIBUIÇÕES PREVIDENCIÁRIAS ORIUNDAS DO CONTRATO DE TRABALHO COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL: TEORIA DO DIÁLOGO DAS FONTES COMO INSTRUMENTO PARA SUA EFETIVAÇÃO

Há uma dicotomia entre o direito do trabalho e o previdenciário provocado por uma interpretação literal do parágrafo 3º, artigo 55 da Lei nº 8.213/91 realizada pelo INSS que não aceita de forma automática os efeitos das decisões trabalhistas para fins previdenciários. Criando, desta forma, um antagonismo entre os subsistemas de justiça especializada que tem potencial de gerar lacuna no ordenamento jurídico, obstaculizando o trabalhador segurado o exercício de seu direito fundamental à previdência social. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida a luz de uma abordagem analítica afim de identificar as lacunas provocadas por esse antagonismo normativo, e para promover a heterointegração dos subsistemas, foi proposta a teoria do Diálogo das fontes, sendo esta a relevância social desta pesquisa.

Gender, poverty and the development of the right to social security

AbstractThe international right to social security has been given limited attention as a vehicle for addressing women's poverty. This paper highlights some of the issues shaping women's poverty globally that require a more responsive right to social security. It discusses the nature and purpose of social security and examines the international law relating to this right, arguing that recent interpretations lack an adequate framework for ensuring women's interests are fully accommodated. The paper challenges the relationship between the right to social security and traditional conceptions of work that exclude women's labour. It also argues that the right must have application at the transnational level if it is to address the changing nature of women's work. Drawing on ideas of substantive equality, it proposes an approach to the development of the right from a gender perspective including a set of principles to be followed in applying the right.

Working Conditions of Microbus Drivers in Mexico City as a Risk Factor in Road Safety

There are approximately 45,000 legally registered microbus drivers in Mexico City. Being legally registered means that they fulfill in due time all the obligations and observe the regulations derived from their vehicle and their concession. However, for working and social security purposes they are informal operators and live in precarious conditions, as they are not in receipt of benefits and do not have a fixed salary or health insurance. This means that their job and the risks and demands involved in it are translated into long days of work, fatigue, professional illnesses and stressful conditions which lead to aggressive behaviors and constitute a risk factor in road safety. In 2012 alone, 4,712 accidents were recorded in this group. Thus, based on the premise that working and health conditions determine road safety, an exploratory descriptive study was conducted from a quantitative research approach. Such study consisted of 500 supervised interviews with drivers, to explore socioeconomic, work and health variables, including some aspects of road safety and driving styles. The exposure-effect ratio in road accidents was then analyzed. Among the main results of this research, a correlation of 0.77 was identified between road accidents and drivers working for over 8hours per day; 0.78 for drivers working more than 5 days per week; and 0.73 between the number of tickets and working days of more than 8hours. Road accidents are explained by these high percentages.

Usefulness of an ability-based health model in work ability assessments provided by psychiatrists and psychology specialists writing social security certificates

Purpose: To investigate whether adding descriptions of the health factors “ability,” “environment” and “intentions/goals” to the officially sanctioned biomedical disability model (BDM) would improve assessments of work ability for social security purposes. Method: The study was based on a theoretical design consisting of textual analysis and interpretation. Two further work ability models were defined: the mixed health model (MHM), which describes health factors without assessing a person’s abilities in context, and the ability-based health model (AHM), which assesses abilities in a concrete context of environment and intention. Eighty-six social security certificates, written by psychiatrists and psychology specialists in a Norwegian hospital-based mental health clinic, were analysed in relation to the three work ability/disability models. Results: In certificates based on the BDM, a general pattern was found of “gradual work training”. The MHM added health factors, but without linking them together in a concrete way. With the AHM, work ability was assessed in terms of a concrete unified evaluation of the claimant’s abilities, environments and intentions/goals. Conclusion: Applying the AHM in work ability assessments, in comparison with the BDM and the MHM, is useful because this foregrounds claimants’ abilities in a context of concrete goals and work-related opportunities, as a unity.Implications for RehabilitationA concept of health should include ability, environment and intentions/goals as components.When all three of these components are described in concrete terms in a work ability assessment, an integrated picture of the individual’s abilities in the context of his/her particular intentions/goals and work opportunities comes to the fore.This kind of assessment makes it possible to meet the individual’s needs for individual follow-up in a work environment.

Ministerial Tax Issues: On Wingo and a Prayer

Special tax provisions apply to individuals who qualify as “ministers.” For example, they are allowed to exclude certain housing allowances from gross income and are exempt from federal tax withholdings. Most ministers are classified as employees, yet courts have also held some of them to be independent contractors. Minister-employees have a dual tax status. They are considered employees for income reporting, fringe benefit, and expense deducting purposes but are treated as self-employed persons for social security purposes. Because of their intricacies and material financial impact, special provisions that apply to ministers demand thorough legal analysis and careful tax planning. This article analyzes several key tax issues that confront ministers and provides a variety of tax planning ideas.

Complementary pensions in the European Union

In some countries of the European Union (EU) complementary pension schemes represent a major part of pension provision, whereas in others they play a relatively marginal role. An important factor is whether the social security scheme provides earnings‐related benefits and whether the ceiling on eligible earnings for social security purposes leaves room for there to be a demand for supplementary pensions arrangements, in particular for the higher paid. Pressures on the financing of social security, especially with the expected ageing of the population in the first 30 years of the next century, are encouraging many countries to develop complementary provision, and a number of new pension laws have been passed in recent years. However, important though the growth of complementary provision is, it should not be forgotten that investment markets are also likely to be affected by the ageing of the population. There are increasing pressures for greater investment freedom for complementary pension schemes, but little progress has been made by the EU in harmonisation of the regulatory regimes for complementary pensions. If mobility of labour between the countries of the EU is to become a reality, progress needs to be made soon on these pensions issues.

GPs must continue to provide some non-core services NHS trusts could save (pounds sterling)150m by improving supplies management Level of provision for long term care must be defined GMC advises doctors on intimate examinations GMC wants to improve reporting of conduct cases Open information is a closed book

# GPs must continue to provide some non-core services {#article-title-2} General practitioners must continue to provide some non-core services until there have been national negotiations to change their terms and conditions of service. Failure to do so would put doctors in breach of their terms of service. The General Medical Services Committee's document, Core Services: Taking the Initiative, which was sent out to all general practitioners this week, identifies the services which should be provided by every doctor or practice (26 October, p1032). Among the non-core services there are some which general practitioners are still obliged to provide under their terms of service. The GMSC hopes to negotiate with the government to remove this obligation so that in the future these services may be contracted for separately and paid for outside intended average net remuneration. They hope to make the following changes: removing the requirement to provide certificates for social security purposes; allowing a charge for all travel immunisations; abolishing the requirement to offer annual health checks to the over 75s; and removing the training of general practitioner registrars, intrapartum care, minor surgery, child health surveillance, and dispensing (other than of personally administered items) from core services and average intended net remuneration. The medical care of highly dependent patients living in the community, often in nursing or residential homes, is another non-core service. The chairman of the GMSC, Dr Ian Bogle, said: “In the past these patients would have been in long stay hospital beds and so would have had resident doctors and specialised nursing care …

Human Capital Transfers: Implications for Equity in Social Security Systems

How social security should be financed over the next 50-75 years is a subject of continuing public debate. A major issue in this debate is whether to continue to finance the system fully with the present or a modified payroll tax, or to shift part of the financing to other revenue sources. Also at issue is the extent to which retirees' benefits should be tied to their ? the social security taxes paid by themsel? ves and their employers.1 As this discussion has progressed over the years, numerous proposals for improving or reforming social security have been developed and advocated. These proposals stem from two different conceptions of the role and goals of social security.2 One view is that social security is or should be an income transfer system in which the distribution of bene? fits and taxes are evaluated independently. According to this view, the purpose of social security is to maintain a minimum or socially accept? able standard of living for the aged population. Therefore, the distribu? tion of benefits should not be tied strictly to a person's lifetime social security contributions, but should instead be based on criteria that assure a desired level of income support. And, it is usually argued, taxes to support the system should conform to ability-to-pay principles. Financing social security with a regressive payroll tax thus conflicts with equity principles that should govern income redistribution programs. The other view of social security is that it should be a benefits received program. This approach would assign income redistribution functions to government welfare programs and link retirement benefits closely, if not strictly, to individual contributions (taxes). That is, indi? viduals who are able to do so would pay their own way, and the needy would be relieved of social security contributions during working years and supported by a poverty relief program in old age. Social security would thus be separated from welfare. Missing from the reform proposals derived from these views of social

Implications for social security policy-making of research in mortality.

"The main purpose of this article is to outline the relationship between mortality research and policy-making in social security. Reasons are first discussed as to why more information is needed for social security purposes on how and why mortality varies over time periods and across population groups. There follows a synopsis of the correspondence between the type of policy question asked and the kind of research required to answer it. The paper concludes with a discussion of the incorporation of mortality research into policy models." The geographic focus is on the United States.