Purpose Of Russia Research Articles

Pharmaceutical evaluation of applicability of bentonite clays appointments in ointments for veterinary purpose

Bentonite clays, especially those with a high content of montmorillonite, are widely used in the oil refining, winemaking, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. Such a wide and multidirectional use is primarily due to their unique physicochemical properties. The presence of these properties in bentonites arouses interest in them in pharmacy as excipients (emulsifiers, stabilizers, structure formers, etc.) as part of various dosage forms. However, despite the direct mention in the current State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the possibility of using bentonites as excipients, a substance officially permitted for these purposes in Russia is not registered and is not produced. In this regard, the urgent task was to conduct a preliminary pharmaceutical assessment of bentonite from a domestic field for the potential possibility of using it in veterinary pharmacy. The study was carried out on a modified sodium form of bentonite, processed to a homogeneous fine powder in comparison with the original alkaline earth form. The assessment was carried out according to indicators for pharmacopoeia analysis: description, authenticity, pH of an aqueous suspension, weight loss on drying, the content of arsenic, iron, calcium, carbonate chlorides, the presence of coarse particles, microbiological purity, swelling, gelling, emulsifying ability and stability emulsions. The evaluation of the emulsifying ability, emulsion stabilization, gelling properties and a number of pharmacopoeia indicators of good quality demonstrated the potential possibility of using domestically deposited bentonite in veterinary pharmacy (using the example of the Kantemirovskoye deposit in the Voronezh region) as excipients in the composition of dosage forms for veterinary use, in particular, heterogeneous ointments. In this regard, the sodium modification of bentonite seems to be more promising for further in-depth study.

Analyze Russia's Foreign Relations with Three Main Theories of International Relations

With the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia's foreign relations and diplomatic strategy have become the focus of academic research. However, previous studies on Russian diplomatic relations tend to start from a single theoretical perspective. Although this approach is detailed and in-depth enough, countries do not develop diplomatic strategies from a single perspective, so it is difficult to fully explain Russia's diplomatic motives from a single perspective. This paper will analyze Russia's foreign relations, and speculate the deep needs and diplomatic logic of The Russian authorities in the Russia-Ukraine crisis from the three mainstream theories. The analysis method this paper adopted was literature review, and all papers cited were from CNKI and Google Scholar. Through the analysis and comparison, it is obvious that Russia mainly maintains the neorealist diplomatic strategy in the conflict with Ukraine. Russia aims to maintain the neutral status of Ukraine and promote the establishment of an alliance to compete with the US-led NATO countries. From the perspective of the three major theories, this paper comprehensively analyzes Russia's foreign relations, which is conducive to providing a new analytical perspective for the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine. It can rationally view the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and have a deeper understanding of the role and purpose of Russia in the conflict, so as to provide help for the settlement of the conflict.

Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Central Arctic Ocean: Is It Possible Nowadays?

Russia was the first Arctic coastal state to make an official submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) in 2001. The purpose of Russia’s submission was the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles in the Arctic Ocean in accordance with UNCLOS Article 76. The area claimed by Russia is a large portion of the seabed extending even to the exclusive economic zones of Denmark and Canada. However, Russia’s actions regarding delineation in the Arctic Ocean have led to criticism from several Russian experts in the field of international law. This paper is a response to a series of articles by Ivan Zhudro and Alexander Vylegzhanin. It argues against their assertion that Russia and the other Arctic states could have established the outer limits of their continental shelf in the absence of CLCS recommendations through the delimitation procedure in accordance with UNCLOS Article 83. The article rejects the argument that during the delimitation the Arctic states could have used meridian lines (sectors) to exclude the existence of an international seabed area in the Central Arctic Ocean. The author challenges the position that the result of delineation under UNCLOS Article 76 would not be fair since the US has not ratified UNCLOS.

Foreign Threats to Ukraine’s Independence and the Challenge Posed to Polish National Security

The purpose of the article is to examine the Russian threat to Ukraine’s state sovereignty and its impact on Poland’s national security; to underline that Russia intends to take revenge for its defeat in the Cold War, to regain control over the former Soviet Union republics, to defeat the USA and EU, and to establish control in the territory of the Eurasian continent. The research hypothesis is that the main purpose of Russia’s foreign policy is the reconstruction of a neo-imperial state, Ukraine’s reintegration into the post-Soviet space, and ensuring Russia’s domination in the region. The research task was completed using the research methods of a detailed study of sources and literature and a critical analysis of the information available to the author. Conclusions: Russia is trying to take revenge for its defeat in the Cold War, to regain control over the former Soviet Union republics, to defeat the West, and to establish control over the Eurasian continent. Russia considers Ukraine and Poland as dangerous agents of Atlanticism. That is why the Russian Eurasian geopolitical project aims for the Ukrainian and Polish states to be neutralized in a radical way. To this end, Russia has started a “hybrid war” against Ukraine. Poland and the Baltic countries will be the next targets of Russian aggression. It is profitable for Russian neo-imperialism to destroy trust and the strategic partnership between Poland and Ukraine, and to act in accordance with the divide-and-conquer algorithm. In such circumstances, Ukraine and Poland need to work out a new “Doctrine of restraining Russia’s aggression,” to pursue gradual and coordinated policy for the sake of the victory over Russian neo-imperialism and the dismantlement of the Russian imperial social system. The article describes the peculiarities of the modernization of the Russian imperial system at the present stage, analyzes the content of the Russian neo-imperialistic policy against Ukraine, Poland and the West, the reasons for the failure of Ukraine to neutralize Russian expansion, and also shows possible geopolitical consequences for the national security of Poland in the event of the successful implementation of Russia’s geopolitical strategy.

Developing Domestic Production of Wire for Various Purposes in Russia

The currently known wire-drawing techniques, including wire drawing in single-piece, roller, and radial-displacement broaching dies, are analyzed by proprietary methodologies. Wire drawing in single-piece dies is the main wire-drawing technique used for economic reasons. However, HQ and large-diameter dispersed (gradient) wires must be drawn by combined techniques, in which the wire-drawing sequence comprises the broaching in single-piece, roller, and radial-displacement dies. This article also covers process modes of producing large-diameter wires, in which combined drawing sequences can attain an even strain, structure, and size precision, as well as minimize wire production costs.

Composite Polymer Mesh For Masonry

With the development and introduction of technologies for the production of composite materials for construction purposes in Russia appeared composite flexible ties, anchors, fittings, etc. These materials and products are not fundamentally new and have previously been studied for use for reinforcing concrete or structural elements. However, for increasing the bearing capacity of stone structures as masonry meshes they were practically not used, while masonry mesh is one of the most demanded materials in construction. The article presents experimental studies of composite meshes of different types and performance technology used in masonry. Experimentally substantiated and normalized values of physical and mechanical characteristics of rods for composite polymer grids are obtained. The evaluation of efficiency of composite meshes in masonry is made, the values of crack forming and rupture loads are determined, the peculiarities of the stress-strain state of composite grids as flexible ties are revealed, the fields of application are formulated.

Russia’s Awareness of Far East and Exploration of Arseniev: Based on Dersu Uzala

러시아가 자신의 극동지방에 대한 연구를 시작한지는 역사적으로 최근의 일이다. 우랄산맥을 넘어 16세기 말부터 동진을 시작한 러시아는 17세기 중반에 이미 태평양에 도착하였다. 그 중에서도 1860년 베이징 조약에 의해 획득한 연해주는 그들에게 완전한 미지의 땅이었고 그들에게 남은 것은 그 지역의 개발이었다. 연해주에 1859년부터 1882년 사이에 95개의 정착지가 건설되었고, 1905년에는 시베리아 횡단철도가 블라 디보스토크에서 첼랴빈스크까지 개통되었다. 이를 통해 러시아인들이 이주해왔고, 한국, 중국, 일본에서 건너 온 이민자들도 상당했다. 하지만 러시아인들이 시베리아에 발을 들여놓은 16세기 말엽에도 시베리아는 소위 말하는 ‘신세계’는 아니었다. 그 이전에도 시베리아에는 30여 민족이 25만 명 가량 살고 있었다. 블라디미르 아르세니예프는 군인으로서 많은 탐사 여행을 통하여 연해주의 지리와 자연 조사를 수행하였다. 이는 물론 극동지역 개발을 위한 러시아의 이해에 따른 것이었지만, 그는 러시아 지도의 ‘공백’들을 메꾸어 가는 과업을 수행하면서 그 지역 소수민족에 대한 매우 소중한 연구들을 해 나간다. 아르세니예프는 자신의 탐사여행의 결과물을 보고서 뿐만이 아니라 문학의 형태로도 출간하였다. 그 중 󰡔데르수 우잘라󰡕는 1906년과 1907년의 탐사 여행을 함께 한 동명의 나나이족 안내자를 주인공으로 한 작품으로 아르세니예프가 세계적으로 알려지게 된 계기가 되었다. 데르수 우잘라 에는 러시아의 대표자인 아르세니예프가 극동을 바라보는 관점들 그리고 식민지를 개척하는 20세기 초반 연해주의 모순들이 잘 표현되어있다. 또한 연해주 지역 소수민족들의 자연 속 삶의 원칙과 세계관을 문학적 언어로 잘 표현되어 있다. 데르수 우잘라 가 바로 근대화 과정 연해주를 이해하는 데에 중요한 고전이 되는 이유이다.Dersu Uzala is a very extraordinary work of famous Russian writer, Arseniev. In this novel, we can see the truth in terms of the genre and also in terms of the content of the work. A lyrical and delicate portrayal of the nature of Maritime Province, detailed descriptions of the region s flora, fauna, and geography; the adventure of expeditions which had filled empty spaces on Russian maps, the socio-economic situation of Maritime Province in the early 20th century; the simple life of ethnic minorities and their customs. All described things were dissolved in one place. The glorious literary figure of ‘Dersu Uzala’, the main character, also we can see the deep affection and understanding of Arseniev s Maritime Province. He is a civilized person who came for geographic exploration to an unknown area under the direction of Russian military authorities. This exploration would be used for regional management and military purposes in Russia in the future and is going to be the basis development which is carried out by Russia. Indeed, in the mid-1920s resources of the Far East, Russia began to develop, and Arseniev was recognized as a “very important expert”. In 1907, before the full-fledged development, Arseniev expressed concern about the change of the Maritime Province. “The pace of colonization in the Maritime Province is quite specific. I thought about the fate of this place.” But his travel with Dersu is gradually growing into a process of understanding Siberian ethnic minorities with recognition of their unique abilities. The viewpoint that sees Siberian minorities with their eyes full of Western confidence turn into a perspective that gradually understands their world view. The inhabitants of Taiga live in harmony with nature in accordance with the laws of nature. Arseniev understands, that in Taiga the human world and the world of nature coexists, the wisdom of Dersu in communion with nature is a result of all the difficulties encountered in nature. As Anna Reid says, “Their means of survival, which have been thoroughly adapted to their surroundings, are signs of respect for Siberia and trophies won by fighting Siberia.” And as Kim Cheol-kyun pointed out appropriately, Arseniev sees animism as a vision of the world as a problem of a ‘horizon’, in other words, a way of understanding and reproducing the world. Of course, his exploration of the Maritime Province was a plan to understand and reproduce this area with modern Western ‘horizon’. However, he finds another ‘horizon’ in the indigenous people living with nature and he knows that there is already mythical, meaningfully ‘territorialized’ space before he discovered. However, it is possible to recognize these new ‘horizons’ because of Arseniev’s efforts and affection of understanding about ethnic minorities.

РОСІЙСЬКА ПОЛІТИКА ГЕНОЦИДУ: ОБ’ЄКТИ, ІНТЕРЕСИ, СТРАТЕГІЯ

The article deals with the analysis of Russia’s politics towards other nations, which can be classified as genocide politics. A consistent and purposeful strategy is being followed to capture the territorial, resource and cultural heritage of Veliky Novgorod and Ukraine. In both cases, actions, which were brought to the autochthonous population, was classified as genocide by UN documents. These actions were occurred more than once and were carried out against the Slovenes in the XV-XVII centuries, and against the Ukrainians — in the XVI-XXI. The purpose of Russia is to enhance its geopolitical and civilizational status, by means of violence and appropriation, by objects — of any ethnic group, which hinder its imperial ambitions. The scientific search was conducted by the methods of historical reconstruction, political analysis and demographic approaches. The historical reconstruction avoids the one-sided, distorted interpretation of the events of the past, and uses all existing completeness of actual material to restore the true course of events. The methods of political analysis relate, first of all, to the definition of the role and importance of administrative decisions in determining the strategic priorities of state development. Demographic approaches allow us to see the historical dynamics of changes in the quantity of a particular ethnic group, including the possibility of detecting negative fluctuating factors in this process. It has been demonstrated that the ethno-cultural community, known as the «Russian people», fulfil the criteria that Lev Gumilev proposed to define as «bizarre ethnicities» that parasitize on someone else’s resource — both human and natural. That is why the fate of the conquered land and its inhabitants-autochthonous interests them only from the consumer point of view. The negative consequences for the subjugated side are obvious: humanity is doomed to extinction or either depreciation, and the natural environment to systematic degradation and irreversible changes. It is easy to be convinced by remembering the unhappy history — not life, but animal life — hundreds of people in Russia, their disapperance and extinction, and the acquisition — by those, who survive — humiliating status of «small» nations of Siberia, the Far East and the North. However, the invader himself is defeated in the strategic perspective, because constant parasitism discourage any stimulus for his own socio-economic evolution. It is summarized that the strategic priority in Moscow’s politics towards the true creators and heirs of the heritage of ancient Russia was and will always be the practice of genocide — the systematic and consistent destruction of Slovenes and Ukrainians. These actions were performed to capture the territorial, resource and cultural achievements of these nations with their complete destruction or degradation (of surviving remains), elimination of their identities. These actions are completely fall under the description of the genocide definiton in UN documents as actions which are intended to destroy a particular ethnic group. The current hybrid war, implemented by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, is a manifestation and continuation of its centuries-old strategy against Ukrainian nation in order to deprive them of their physical and civilizational existence.

РОСІЙСЬКА ПОЛІТИКА ГЕНОЦИДУ: ОБ’ЄКТИ, ІНТЕРЕСИ, СТРАТЕГІЯ

The article deals with the analysis of Russia’s politics towards other nations, which can be classified as genocide politics. A consistent and purposeful strategy is being followed to capture the territorial, resource and cultural heritage of Veliky Novgorod and Ukraine. In both cases, actions, which were brought to the autochthonous population, was classified as genocide by UN documents. These actions were occurred more than once and were carried out against the Slovenes in the XV-XVII centuries, and against the Ukrainians — in the XVI-XXI. The purpose of Russia is to enhance its geopolitical and civilizational status, by means of violence and appropriation, by objects — of any ethnic group, which hinder its imperial ambitions. The scientific search was conducted by the methods of historical reconstruction, political analysis and demographic approaches. The historical reconstruction avoids the one-sided, distorted interpretation of the events of the past, and uses all existing completeness of actual material to restore the true course of events. The methods of political analysis relate, first of all, to the definition of the role and importance of administrative decisions in determining the strategic priorities of state development. Demographic approaches allow us to see the historical dynamics of changes in the quantity of a particular ethnic group, including the possibility of detecting negative fluctuating factors in this process. It has been demonstrated that the ethno-cultural community, known as the «Russian people», fulfil the criteria that Lev Gumilev proposed to define as «bizarre ethnicities» that parasitize on someone else’s resource — both human and natural. That is why the fate of the conquered land and its inhabitants-autochthonous interests them only from the consumer point of view. The negative consequences for the subjugated side are obvious: humanity is doomed to extinction or either depreciation, and the natural environment to systematic degradation and irreversible changes. It is easy to be convinced by remembering the unhappy history — not life, but animal life — hundreds of people in Russia, their disapperance and extinction, and the acquisition — by those, who survive — humiliating status of «small» nations of Siberia, the Far East and the North. However, the invader himself is defeated in the strategic perspective, because constant parasitism discourage any stimulus for his own socio-economic evolution. It is summarized that the strategic priority in Moscow’s politics towards the true creators and heirs of the heritage of ancient Russia was and will always be the practice of genocide — the systematic and consistent destruction of Slovenes and Ukrainians. These actions were performed to capture the territorial, resource and cultural achievements of these nations with their complete destruction or degradation (of surviving remains), elimination of their identities. These actions are completely fall under the description of the genocide definiton in UN documents as actions which are intended to destroy a particular ethnic group. The current hybrid war, implemented by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, is a manifestation and continuation of its centuries-old strategy against Ukrainian nation in order to deprive them of their physical and civilizational existence.

Rusijos geoenergetika ir Baltijos šalių atsakas: integracijos ir bendradarbiavimo iniciatyvų reikšmė

[straipsnis, santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
 Praėjus 27-eriems nepriklausomybės metams ir 13-ai narystės Europos Sąjungoje metų, elektros energijos srityje Baltijos šalys vis dar veikia iš Maskvos valdomoje sinchroninėje IPS/UPS zonoje, o iki 2014 m. pabaigos buvo visiškai priklausomos ir nuo Rusijoje priimamų sprendimų dėl gamtinių dujų tiekimo ir jų kainos. Vis dėlto priklausymas tai pačiai elektros energetikos sistemai ir Kaliningrado aprūpinimo per Lietuvą veiksnys teisinio abipusiškumo ir pasitikėjimo tarp Baltijos šalių ir Rusijos nesukūrė. Atvirkščiai, Rusijos politika sąlygojo konkrečius neigiamus padarinius Baltijos valstybėms: didesnes didmenines gamtinių dujų kainas, politinių, techninių bei kitų priežasčių sąlygotus energijos tiekimo sutrikimus, politinį šantažą ir pan. Kita vertus, pastarojo meto Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos pažanga, siekiant energetinės nepriklausomybės, nuteikia optimistiškai – Baltijos šalys, regis, atrado Rusijos spaudimui pasipriešinti tinkamas priemones.

ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ «ВИКОНАННЯ УКРАЇНОЮ МІНСЬКИХ ДОМОВЛЕНОСТЕЙ»

The article is devoted to the issue of the violation of the Minsk agreements achieved in the result of the Minsk process by Russia and latter’s interpretation of the agreements as imposing the obligations of fulfilment exclusively on Ukraine. The article dwells on the attempts of the Russian high-rank officials and the representatives of doctrine to accuse Ukraine of non-fulfilling of this document. The author points to specific steps Ukraine has made to implement the provisions of the Minsk agreements (e.g. Ukraine has adopted the Law “On temporarily Order of Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts of Ukraine (PDDLO)”) and rebuttals Russia’s weak arguments about Ukraine’s failure to maintain the truce. Generally, the analysis of the Minsk agreements implementation shows that the purpose of Russia is to de jure turn the conflict into an internal Ukrainian problem; influence decisions of Ukraine both in its internal and foreign policy by means of puppet “DPR” and “LPR”, preferably granting the latter the veto power; destabilize political and social situation in Ukraine, undermine its economy and defence capacity with the help of the above formations. The author arrives at the conclusion that the de-escalation is nominal because of Russia’s failure to cease the illegal actions.

Language for Specific Purposes: Methodological Problems, Trends and Perspectives

Teaching foreign languages for specific purposes in Russia is a rather new developing direction in methodology, but mostly it means teaching at nonlingual high schools. Though it doesn’t reflect the overall variety of purposes to learn a foreign language. The article considers possible kinds of goals depending on educational establishments, age of learners, learning styles and other factors. The author assumes that the main factor is a set of target tasks, which could and must be solved in studied language, so some ways of subcategorization LSP are discussed according to various factors. For providing of effective LSP teaching the author suggests direction of LSP teacher training forms and their content.

Zmiana przeznaczenia gruntów rolnych na cele nierolnicze w Rosji i Polsce

The purpose of this article is to analyse the changes in agricultural land use for nonagricultural purposes in Russia and Poland. In the beginning the definition of agricultural land was given, which is in force in Poland and Russia. We analysed existing procedures related to land use change in both countries. It also provides specific cases and the rules by which in Russian Federation it is possible to change the destination of lands, as well as describes the administrative procedure which precedes an administrative decision in this matter. The article also lists cases in which Poland on agricultural land use for non-agricultural purposes DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/ASP.FC/2014.13.4.55

The main principles of atmospheric diffusion modelling for regulatory purposes in Russia

This paper discusses the main principles of atmospheric diffusion modelling for regulatory purposes in Russia. They include the choice of air quality criteria, the development of universal models to calculate on a single base the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants from different types of source under unfavourable meteorological and topographical conditions, as well as experimental verification of the main theoretical results, and the development of practical recommendations for using the methods. Some results of the application of these principles to air pollution modelling in Russia are presented.

Russian Names for some Grass and Bamboo Species

An attempt is made to throw light upon the lexicology and etymology of some common species of grass and bamboo that are widely grown for forage and other agricultural purposes in Russia. The main species studied are Lolium or ryegrass, Bromus or brome grass, Festuca or fescue, Poa or meadow grass, Phleum or timothy grass, Agrostis or bent grass, Alopecurus or foxtail, or Calamagrostis or small reed, Phalaris or canary grass, Hierochloë or holy grass, Euchlaena (Zea) mexicana or teosinte, Phragmites or reed, Stipa or needle grass, Phyllostachys, and Bambusa or bamboo. The conclusion is drawn that Russian popular plant nomenclature is very different from the botanical binomial nomenclature used by plant scientists. A marked characteristic of the popular nomenclature is that the same name can be applied to different plants, sometimes simply because they resemble one another. For example, can denote both timothy (Phleum pratense) and marsh foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus). The scientific nomenclature, by contrast, aims at having one term for each species, usually just translating the Latin binomial into Russian, as in (Poa pratensis).

Global pollution monitoring of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides using skipjack tuna as a bioindicator.

Concentrations of organochlorines (OCs) representing persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), were determined in the liver of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from the offshore waters of various regions in the world (offshore waters around Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Seychelles, and Brazil, and the Japan Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the North Pacific Ocean). OCs were detected in livers of all of the skipjack tuna collected from the locations surveyed, supporting the thesis that there is widespread contamination of persistent OCs in the marine environment. Within a location, no significant relationship between growth-stage (body length and weight) and OC concentrations (lipid weight basis) was observed, and the OC residue levels were rather uniform among the individuals. Interestingly, the distribution of OC concentrations in skipjack tuna was similar to those in surface seawaters from which they were taken. These results suggest that OC concentrations in skipjack tuna could reflect the pollution levels in seawater from which they are collected and that this species is a suitable bioindicator for monitoring the global distribution of OCs in offshore waters and the open ocean. Concentrations of PCBs and CHLs in skipjack tuna were higher in offshore waters around Japan (up to 1100 and 250 ng/g lipid wt, respectively), suggesting the presence of sources of PCBs and CHLs in Japan. High concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were observed in samples from the Japan Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the Bay of Bengal (up to 1300 and 22 ng/g lipid wt, respectively). This result suggests recent use of technical DDT and HCH for agricultural and/or public health purposes in Russia, China, India, and some other developing Asian countries. Relatively high concentrations of PCBs, CHLs, HCHs, and HCB were also observed in samples collected from some locations in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, indicating the expansion of OC contamination on a global scale. Considering these facts, continuous studies monitoring these compounds in offshore waters and the open seas, using skipjack tuna as a bioindicator, are needed to further understand the future trend of contamination.

On the use of artificial insemination for zootechnical purposes in Russia

One of the greatest problems of Russia's present economic policy is the restoration and development of farming, and in particular, cattlefarming. The war and revolution have, together with other things, destroyed enormous numbers of cattle, horses, pigs, etc., and thoroughly undermined the meat industry, as well as the sources of supply of working animals. A decrease of 50% below the former numbers of horses is the common state of things. The preservation of cattle-farms and studs is seldom met with, and the number of stock-producing animals is at least ten times less than formerly. The terrible drought threatens to bring into this sphere of national wealth even greater destruction. At the same time there can be no doubt that without the restoration and maintenance on a definite level of stud and cattle-farming, Russia cannot return to full economic activity. The present-day state of things demands that every effort be made, every possibility found and utilised, for increasing the number of domestic animals and for improving the methods of breeding and the breeds themselves.