Policy Purposes Research Articles

Policy regime change and environmental bill submission in China: evidence from provincial panel data (1992–2016)

Environmental legislation is a key component of environmental governance. However, there is limited research on environmental law-making by legislators in non-Western countries in general and in authoritarian countries in particular. I develop a policy regime account of climate change legislation and use a rare source of data on environmental bills (N = 253,882) from Chinese deputies to narrow this knowledge gap. I discuss stakeholders, institutions, and discourse on policy purpose and examine three climate policy regimes in China for the period of 1992–2016. I argue that local leaders comply with the new version and related policy initiatives when a new leader comes to power in China, and deputies submit environmental bills in relation to the changing local policy priorities. Data analyses show the extent of environmental bill submissions and the changing roles of state intervention and citizen activism in environmental bill submissions in the three climate policy regimes in China.

Measuring Peripherality and Accessibility for Lithuanian Regional Policy

Regional policy is a very dynamic and broad concept. As we can see from Lithuanian regional policy, regions can be formed very flexibly, using different spatial areas (counties as well as municipalities). This is justified by the main purpose of regional policy – dealing with social and economic inequality. The aim of the Government is, therefore, to identify the remote territories and to divert certain assistance in time. The Government, however, uses short-handed instruments, namely economic indicators, for the revealing of problem areas in Lithuania. The article argues that this is not enough: peripherality and accessibility indicators could be calculated for Lithuanian regions. Calculations of data using the formulas presented quite clear picture and tendencies of territorial development. They proved the existence of poor development axes and good development nucleus. The trend towards institutional development of 6 potential regions in Lithuania could be envisaged.

Mapping functional areas in Spain using mobile positioning data

To be effective, territorial development policies must rely on information collected at a proper spatial scale. This commentary compares functional and administrative geographies. We go beyond metropolitan areas and map functional areas across the entire national territory of Spain. These functional areas are delineated using commuting flows based on mobile positioning data. The results obtained revealed the existence of a substantial number of functional areas that do not belong to one sole region. This indicates that there is a discrepancy between the socioeconomic reality and the administrative areas employed for territorial development policy purposes. Functional areas could be particularly useful to address policy challenges in issues like labor market functioning, transport planning, housing, or public service provision.

The ideal isochrone: Assessing the efficiency of transport systems

We propose the ideal (perfect, radial) isochrone and use it to develop indicators for the assessment of the spatio-temporal efficiency of transport systems for use in urban planning and business location decisions. The ideal isochrone is a circle in geographical space with a radius that results from unimpeded movement in all directions based on uniform, uninterrupted speed. In this way, concentric isochrones are centered at the beginning of a route and with radii corresponding to the time needed to overcome it. The ideal isochrone is a benchmark for real (actual) isochrones, associated with moving in realistic conditions using different transport modes. In this way, it is possible to determine the whole family of indicators based on comparisons of individual types of isochrones with respect to each other. The second part of the article illustrates this with relevant empirical examples. The proposed indicators and solutions may be used particularly in assessing the spatio-temporal efficiency of transport systems for various methods and forms of mobility both in the public and private sectors. Therefore, their use can be recommended for practical purposes of transport and spatial policy as well as public and commercial management, to assess current and future access to destinations. Better access means higher spatial equity in the urban planning sense and more customers and higher land value in the business sense.

A büntetőjog alkotmányos alapjai és gyakorlata, valamint a kisebbségi magyarság az 1918–1938 közötti Romániában

Pursuant to the First World War, Romania’s territory increased, and thus it inherited a complex social, economic, and legal environment different from that of the predecessor states. The Romanian state’s response to these challenges is to be found in the political goal of building a homogeneous nation-state. This political agenda has had an impact on all areas of law, not only on legislation but also on the application of the law. The use of essentially ethnically neutral legal instruments of criminal law for state policy purposes can also be seen as an element of exclusionary nationality policy. The Romanian state’s actions have thus not only failed to resolve existing internal tensions but have also made the relations between the majority and minorities, as well as the possibility of consolidation impossible for the past century.

Egyptian renal data system (ERDS) 2020

A patient registry is the collection of uniform data (clinical and others) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease or therapy (target disease or therapy) and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. Our aim is to establish a renal database for hemodialysis patients (as a first step) that would help in providing the optimal health care to improve quality of life and prolong survival. Egyptian renal data system (ERDS) was established out of the firm belief that delivering a clear picture of the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of hemodialysis-related problems in Egypt is the needed action to identify the real magnitude of the problem. ERDS is the Egyptian national registry of nephrology patients. It was founded and is run by the Egyptian Society of Nephrology and Transplantation (ESNT), the only official Egyptian Non-Governmental Organization representing nephrologists and officially managing some issues of the nephrology specialty in Egypt. ERDS until now registers data about patients with End stage kidney disease (ESKD) on chronic hemodialysis, but the plan is to include more patient groups in the future. Two types of data were collected; data about the dialysis units as a whole and data specific to each patient. Data entered by all units were exported from the digital system as a.csv file that can be opened by Microsoft Excel. Data analysis was carried out by Microsoft Excel functions and Microsoft Power Business Intelligence. Results were represented by different sectors.

СУТНІСТЬ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ В УМОВАХ РОЗВИТКУ СУЧАСНОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The article considers the conceptual foundations of the essence of information security of Ukraine from the standpoint of various researchers. The analysis of scientific sources revealed that information security in general and at the elemental level is characterized by scientific, systematic and has many aspects. It is proved that ensuring information security of Ukraine is a defining direction of state policy, on which the existence of the state, its national security, socio-economic development and the corresponding place in the world community will depend. Objectives of the state policy of Ukraine in the field of information security: protection of information sovereignty of the state in modern conditions of globalization; ensuring information adequacy for decision-making by state bodies, enterprises and citizens; realization of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, society and the state to information. Emphasis is placed on the main tasks of the state information policy and the purpose of the state policy in the field of information security of Ukraine is to manage real and potential threats in order to create the necessary conditions to meet the information needs of man and citizen and national interests. The study of the essence of information security of Ukraine is associated with the formation of a quality information security system that will meet modern requirements and urgent needs of Ukraine. The shortcomings of the state information policy of Ukraine in modern conditions are revealed, which are connected with the lack of effective state policy, insufficient development of the national information and communication infrastructure. It is established that the state policy in the field of information security can be presented as a set of national goals, interests and values, strategies and tactics developed and implemented by public authorities to regulate and improve information processes in all spheres of society and state. Today, in order to develop an effective system of information security in Ukraine, there is a need for a thorough study of the works of scientists and researchers on this topic.

РОЛЬ ФІСКАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В СИСТЕМІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ

In the article, theoretical provisions of the fiscal policy role by supporting the functioning of the system of the economy state regulation are analyzed. Within research, special attention is paid to the description of the essence of the fiscal policy. It is proposed to consider this type of policy as apurposeful activity of the bodies of state authorities in the formation and use of financial resources to fulfill their own responsibilities by them. It is established that the defined type of the policy plays one of the key roles in the economic policy implementation, and fiscal tools compile the basis of theregulatory impact of the bodies of state authorities and local self-regulation on economic behavior of economic entities.  The purpose of the fiscal policy, its tasks, and functions are considered. Functions, in first turn, include the following ones: stabilizing, budget, distributing, regulatory, control. As well, principles of the fiscal policy are specified.To deepen the understanding of the fiscal policy nature within the article, the analysis of its individual types is carried out. They include as follows: automatic and discretion fiscal policies, their content is considered. Moreover, the essence of the restrictive and stimulating policies are researched, peculiarities of their application in various conditions of economic development of the country are determined.Serious attention is paid to the description of the fiscal policy role in the implementation of the national economic policy and its meaning to provide effective functioning of the state regulation system of the national economy development. In particular, the main components of the structure of theeconomic policy are researched and it is established that the fiscal policy plays one of the key roles in line with the monetary and regulatory policies by providing economic development of the countries, formation of the conditions namely for stable functioning of economic entities in long-termperspective, mechanisms of the influence of the bodies of state authorities and local self-regulation on the development of economic systems of various types within the national economy.

MEANNESS:LEGAL CONSEQUENCES

The family as a whole is an object of State family policy. The Family Code of the Russian Federation does not provide a legal definition of the family and its composition. The emergence of family rights and obligations are caused by such legal facts as: the state of marriage, some kinship relations and others. The state family policy is an integral part of the social policy of the Russian Federation and represents an integral system of principles, assessments and measures of an organizational, economic, legal, scientific, informational, personnel nature aimed at improving the conditions and raising the standard of living of the family. The purpose of the state family policy is to provide the state with the necessary conditions for the family to realize its functions and improve the quality of family life. Family relations between its members (family relations) are among those where the application of legal norms is significantly limited. The relations between its individual members are mainly of a personal-trusting nature and are based mainly not on the law, but on moral imperatives. The State, if possible, does not interfere in the personal relations of citizens, limiting itself to establishing only such mandatory norms that are necessary to strengthen the family, to exercise and protect the rights and legitimate interests of its members. Family law is one of the most important branches of law, as it regulates a fairly wide range of issues. Most people are participants in family legal relations, so the state takes care that all disputes in this area are quickly resolved. Conflicts between spouses related to the division of property during divorce are among the most common. Most often they arise due to the misconduct of one of the participants in such unions, it is worth figuring out why this is happening. The problem of distinguishing the concepts of «contract» and «family» is very relevant at the moment. It should be understood that the rights and obligations arising from the union between a man and a woman are not based on the desire to benefit, to become the rightholder of something, they are based on trust, mutual understanding and love.

Research and Innovation of Ethnic Policy Based on Marxist Ethnic Theory

Marxism believes that all nationalities, big or small, should be equal. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China 100 years ago, in various historical periods of revolution, construction and Reform in China, the Communist Party of China has formulated a series of effective ethnic policies to solve China's ethnic problems by combining Marxist Ethnic Theory with the specific reality of China's ethnic and ethnic issues. This paper analyzes the ethnic policy of Marxist ethnic theory through the practice of the CPC's ethnic policy in Tibet and Xinjiang.Tibet and Xinjiang are two autonomous regions of ethnic minorities in China. The introduction of Marxist Ethnic Theory and policies into regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet and Xinjiang is not only a great initiative, but also an important measure taken according to the specific conditions of Tibet and Xinjiang. Ethnic equality is the basic premise and the fundamental principle of China's ethnic policy; National unity is the basic means and the general principle of China's national policy; Regional ethnic autonomy is not only the basic policy of China's ethnic policy, but also the fundamental system to solve China's ethnic problems; National Development and prosperity is the basic purpose of China's national policy and the fundamental way to solve China's national problems.

On the issue of the formation of the financial and legal policy of the state in the conditions of digitalization

Within the framework of this article, the problem of the formation of the financial and legal policy of the state in the conditions of digitalization of various aspects of public life, and in particular, the economic sphere, is considered. Financial and legal policy is proposed to be understood as a multidimensional complex phenomenon that simultaneously relates to several spheres of life of modern society. The idea is expressed that the social purpose of financial and legal policy consists primarily in the implementation of the financial function of the state through a purposeful systemic impact on the sphere of financial relations.

Can Government Incentive on Remittance Encourages Remitters in Bangladesh? A Policy Study

The government's recent two percent remittance incentive has attracted the attention of remitters and policymakers in Bangladesh. The purpose of this inward remittance incentive policy is to encourage remitters to send money in a legal manner. This will minimize illegal money transfers from overseas, and the government will be able to grow the reserve. The goal of this research is to investigate if the policy has had any recent impact on remitters and if there has been any change in money flow from overseas to Bangladesh through legal channels. We investigated using Bangladesh Bank remittance data and discovered a significant increase in the Bangladesh remittance flow in FY 2020-2021. In correlation matrix analysis using Pearson product correlation matrix this study has found Bangladesh's reserve and remittances are more closely linked than those of Bhutan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, following Nepal and India. However, the Pearson product correlation value for Pakistan and Sri Lanka was determined to be statistically insignificant.

МІСЦЕ ГРОШОВО-КРЕДИТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ У ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННІ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The research identifies the role of monetary policy in ensuring financial security in martial law. The economic essence of the term «monetary policy» and the defined main participant of this sector is given. It is noted that the National Bank of Ukraine is considered as the main state institution that complements the state power in the sphere of influence on the banking and non-banking capital of the society. The National Bank of Ukraine performs the main function of controlling the banking sector, which ensures the implementation of monetary policy, and therefore it can be assumed that the central bank is responsible for the monetary security of the state. The article highlights the main purpose of monetary policy in Ukraine. An analysis of the current state of monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine during 2018–2021. The dynamics of the US dollar and the euro against the Ukrainian national currency during 2015–2021 has been studied. It is proved that monetary policy is a catalyst for ensuring the financial security of our state and plays an important role in this process. The economic essence of the concept of «monetary security» is highlighted. The place of monetary security in the national security system has been determined. The basic conditions for ensuring monetary security are described. An analysis of the dynamics of monetary security of Ukraine during 2018–2021. In particular, the speed of circulation, inflation rate, volume of foreign currency deposits, monetary multiplier, and others were studied. The dynamics of the level of monetization and the level of dollarization of the economy of Ukraine for 2018–2021 has been studied. The main reasons for the process of dollarization of the economy in Ukraine are identified. The greatest threats to Ukraine’s monetary security were noted. The key tool used by the National Bank of Ukraine to ensure price stability, which will contribute to the growth of monetary security of the state. Measures that are appropriate to implement to address this situation in the context of economic and national security are proposed.

Guiding principles to maintain public trust in the use of mobile operator data for policy purposes – CORRIGENDUM

Guiding principles to maintain public trust in the use of mobile operator data for policy purposes – CORRIGENDUM

An analytical assessment of industrial sector innovative management in the context of digitalization

The accumulated potential in digitalization suggests the need to create a new paradigm for managing scientific-innovative and production-technological processes, which is reflected in the author’s article. In these conditions, there is the problem of developing a mechanism for innovative management of the industrial sector of the economy. The study aims to analyze statistical and analytical data of modern industrial sector management in the context of digitalization. By analytical, comparative, and statistical analysis of international innovation management approaches, according to the rating of the global innovation index 2020/2021 and business activity of technological leaders in Asia, North America, and Europe, the authors developed a methodological approach to improve the mechanism for implementing innovative management in industrial sector. The mechanism includes such core elements: state industrial policy—purposes of industrial development—decision on innovative management implementation—development of mechanism to implement innovative decision—expected short- and long-term results based on the traceability of innovation and the overall economic context from a global perspective. The study results can be applied for implementing innovative management in industrial sector and developing industrial policies.

The Eastern Mediterranean in UAE Foreign Policy: Goals and Principles

The Eastern Mediterranean in recent years has become an arena of growing activity of regional states causing tensions among them. The importance of this region from political and military point of view combined with its strategic value in the world energy markets underpins the growing involvement of the UAE, a non-regional actor that lately has become deeply engaged in the regional agenda. Due to the fact that the UAE has taken up a quite active foreign policy course outside of its traditional Gulf circle only recently - with the Eastern Mediterranean becoming a new area of Emirati activities - the volume and scope of Russian and foreign research on this topic is rather limited. The existing works that in some way cover issues of the UAE foreign policy do not reflect the increasing influence of this small Gulf state in the Middle East and North Africa and beyond. For this reason, there is a need for complex research on the matter. This paper is based on analysis of existing works on topics related to some aspects of Emirati foreign policy and tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, as well as analytical articles and statistics. The dramatically increased interest of the UAE in the Eastern Mediterranean is part of significant transformations in the monarchys foreign policy that have been taking place since early 2010s. These transformations manifest themselves in new goals and purposes of Emirati foreign policy, its expanding scale and new instruments for its implementation. Not only is the UAE policy in the Eastern Mediterranean consistent with its general goal of containing Turkey and fighting the threat of Islamism, but it is also a part of realizing Emirati global ambitions of becoming a leader in energy and logistics and ensuring its international status as an influential actor.

Hypernet Model of Media Communication: new qualities of risks for children

The technologically determined hyperbolic growth of communicative connectivity and the imperfection of administrative mechanisms of control over this process lead to an emergence of new phenomena and new risks, including risks in relation to the most vulnerable social group – children. The article proposes a new approach to describing the nature of the risks of the media space in relation to the health and development of children. Minimization of these risks is defined by the author as the goal of ensuring the information security of children. New qualities of risks are described on the basis of a hypernet model of media communication and developed on the basis of the hypernetwork brain theory. The author specifies the properties of hypernet education and their riskiness, mediated by the network morphology of connections, which implies the impossibility or ineffectiveness of the application of customary management practices. The vulnerability of the child group to these risks stem from the psychological immaturity. The importance of the phenomenalization of “media” and “information” is noted for the purposes of information policy and security – media security. The article reveals the tendencies of the media hypernetwork that increase the risks, especially the growth in the speed and volume of information transfer provided by technologies, which excludes the action of the well-known mechanisms for regulating the circulation of information and filtering content.

PROSPECTS FOR THE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA

The article discusses the processes of improving the regional policy of Russia from the policy of equalizing the parameters of socio-economic processes of the regions to the policy of stimulating the implementation of competitive advantages of the regions. The territorial heterogeneity of the Republic of Tyva as an object of regulation is investigated. It is determined that the current division of the territory of the republic into four zones: Central, Western, Eastern and Southern, which differ in terms of output and parameters of social development, remains relevant and determines the differentiation of measures for regulating socio-economic processes. It is concluded that in the conditions of improving regional policy in the republic, it is necessary to develop and implement a conceptual document: a concept, strategy or action plan for regulating territorial development, which allows linking goals and resources, which is strategically important due to the border position of the region. In Tyva, it is necessary to form a purposeful policy of regulating territorial development. The purpose of the territorial policy is proposed to be defined as equalizing the access of residents of the republic to social services, the development of border territories to prevent the outflow of population through the adoption of a set of measures, including the activation of natural resource potential.

Modelling urban sprawl and assessing its costs in the planning process: A case study in Flanders, Belgium

In scientific literature there is a wide agreement on the negative consequences of urban sprawl for some decades. Quantifying these negative consequences of urban sprawl can be extremely helpful for local and regional decision making. Numerous methods have been developed to quantify urban sprawl and its consequences and land use models have been used to study possible effects in the future. The results of these studies, however, do not always find their way to policy makers because they are often too abstract for them. In order to bridge this science-policy gap, this study proposes a participatory approach to make existing methods and models more fit for policy purposes. The study focuses on three policy questions: (1) how to quantify urban sprawl in a way that is more intuitive for policy makers to use in their communication, (2) how to quantify the costs of infrastructure and mobility related to urban sprawl and (3) how will these costs evolve towards the future? Three urban growth scenarios were simulated using a land use model and the outputs of the model were translated to an urban sprawl typology and corresponding costs for infrastructure and mobility. This allows to evaluate potential monetary savings of alternative urban development patterns. The results show that costs for infrastructure and mobility are much higher for patterns dominated by dispersed buildings and ribbon development than in more dense types of urban development in Flanders. The scenarios show that gradually bringing back urban growth could lead to annual savings of 246–383 million euros in terms of reduced investments and maintenance costs for infrastructure and annual savings of 1156–1965 million euros in terms of costs for mobility. Quantifying the potential savings of alternative scenarios of urban growth offers planners and policy makers insight into practical consequences of strategic decisions for development plans that are critical to implement sustainable urban development.

Key questions on the outmoded Bernese policy on religion

This research highlighted the main purpose of a state policy on religion, which is to clarify the basic attitude of the state to religion, to grant individual and collective religious rights, to govern the relationship between state and religious communities, and to promote religious peace in a highly differentiated religious landscape. By presenting the Swiss Canton Bern as a case study, this research aimed to demonstrate that while the Bernese policy on religion for years did address the concerns of state, church and the religious needs of the majority of the population, it is today – as many other state policies on religion – outmoded, because it does not take into account the changing religious landscape. This policy includes and recognises only the declining traditional state churches, while it excludes and ignores growing churches and religious communities and the needs of their members. This research also intended to show that the Bernese policy does not pay enough attention to the positive and negative potential of religious communities. It furthers asymmetries between social groups and hinders the promotion of social cohesion. It also does not offer adequate answers to current concerns related to religion of the parliament, administration, public institutions and society. Considering the newest research and the insights from interviews with representatives of civil society, politics, government staff and academics, this research evinced clear responsibilities of a modern state in respect of religion, complex questions regarding state neutrality and equal treatment in terms of religion as well as current questions regarding the state’s commitment to promoting social coherence and religious peace. This research argues that the Bernese policy on religion should be revised.Contribution: This article contributes by presenting key questions on the outmoded Bernese policy on religion. These questions should not only guide the aims of politicians, researcher and the administration as they revise the policy, but also guide further research as part of my thesis. This article prepared the ground for further theological research, which will show that the adjustment of the Bernese policy on religion is also justified from Reformed perspective. Given the fact of the plural and secular religious landscape, theologically reconsidered principles regarding state policies on religion will pave the way to a creative and community-building unfolding of religion in general, and specifically regarding the free development of the Bernese Reformed Church.