Purple Area Research Articles

Luminescence and energy transfer of a color tunable Tb3+ and Eu3+ co-doped Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 phosphor

The Mg0.5-x-yTi2(PO4)3:xTb3+, yEu3+ phosphors were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The photoluminescence excitation spectra and the luminescence emission spectra of Tb3+/Eu3+ single doped and co-doped Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 phosphors have been measured. The energy transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+ was proved by emission spectra, excitation spectra and decay curves. The emission colors of Mg0.5-x-yTi2(PO4)3:xTb3+, yEu3+ phosphors under 380nm excitation are located at purple areas, purplish areas, pink areas and reddish orange areas. The results of color coordinates show that the color-tunable luminescence can be realized by adjusting the concentrations of Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions. The experiment presents that single-component Mg0.5-x-yTi2(PO4)3:xTb3+, yEu3+ phosphors are promising for application in the luminescence.

Quercetin 3–glucoside and Quercetin 3–rhamnoside Found in the Reddish–purple Blotch Areas of Rhododendron simsii Planch. Flowers

Quercetin 3–glucoside and Quercetin 3–rhamnoside Found in the Reddish–purple Blotch Areas of Rhododendron simsii Planch. Flowers

Research Method and Spectral Analysis of Ancient Polychromatic Silicate Artifacts

The spectral properties, chemical compositions and phases of materials constituting the surface of 5 ancient polychromatic silicate artifacts have been analyzed non-invasively with self-built multispectral imaging system, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and laser Raman spectrometer (LRS). Based on spectral response in multispectral images, materials constituting the surface of 5 samples can be divided into different areas, and most of blue, green, purple areas with fluorescence behavior are also mapped. The results of XRF indicate that the chemical compositions of areas are different, but the major compositions of them are SiO(2), PbO, BaO. 5 samples mainly belong to PbO-BaO silicates. The coloring agents of all areas with fluorescence behavior are Cu ions. A variety of mineral phases including vitreous phase, Chinese blue, Chinese purple, quartz, hematite, lead carbonate, amorphous carbon and so on, are also identified by LRS. Chinese blue and Chinese purple can emit infrared radiation when excited by visible LED. The result of LRS is verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Combining the multispectral imaging area-measurement technique used to research paintings, and XRF, LRS which are usually used to analyze chemical composition of silicate artifacts, the present research proposes a more efficient and non-invasive research method to analyze ancient polychromatic silicate artifacts. Spectral characteristic and chemical composition of the sample are connected when spectral images, X-ray fluorescence spectra and Laser Raman spectra are combined. It has great significance for increasing efficiency of analysis, enhancing the overall understanding of silicate artifacts and decreasing risk of damage.

Plaque with pearly raised borders on the forearm

A 29-year-old male presented with an annular plaque on his arm for 7 months. Physical examination revealed 6 mm annular plaque with raised borders and a shiny stellatepurple center (Fig. 1). Dermoscopic evaluation revealed a ring of white spiked structurless areas at the periphery; an intense structurless steel purple area was observed at the center of the lesion (Fig. 2). Hystopathological examination showed a band-like infiltrate of lymphocytes, pigment incontinence, saw tooth rete ridges, hypergranulosis and hypekeratosis (Figs. 3 and 4). Clinical Image

TAT-Mediated Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Delivery to the Dermis Improves Wound Healing of Deep Skin Tissue in Rat.

BackgroundThe definition of deep tissue injury was derived from multiple clinical cases as “A purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear”. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) significantly improves wound healing under diabetic conditions. However, to date, the therapeutic application of aFGF has been limited, due to its low delivery efficiency and short half-life.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing an animal model of magnet-induced pressure ulcers, transactivator of transcription protein (TAT)-aFGF was evaluated for transdermal delivery and wound healing. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were also performed to determine the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD68, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TGF-β-receptor II (TGF- βRII) in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. We found that that mice treated with TAT-aFGF had higher accumulation of aFGF in both dermis and subcutaneous tissues compared with mice treated with aFGF alone. In the remodeling phase, TAT-aFGF treatment decreased the expression of α-SMA to normal levels, thereby facilitating normal wound healing processes and abrogating hypertrophic scarring. In human dermal fibroblasts, TAT-aFGF reversed the suppressive effect of TNF-α on α-SMA expression and restored TGF-βRII and TGF-β1 expression.Conclusions/SignificanceOur results demonstrate that TAT-aFGF has a favorable therapeutic effect on the healing of subcutaneous deep tissue injury.

MOLAB® meets Persia: Non-invasive study of a sixteenth-century illuminated manuscript

Using the MOLAB® non-invasive analytical mobile laboratory, we studied a finely illuminated sixteenth-century Persian manuscript at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, UK, in collaboration with its Department of Manuscripts and Printed Books. Three miniatures belonging to the manuscript, but ascribable to different periods, were analyzed in order to identify similarities and differences in the painting materials and techniques used by Safavid artists over a period of 150 years. The use of multiple analytical techniques indicated a common palette characterizing the three decorative schemes, along with some differences mainly regarding the pigment mixture used to obtain brown hues in the first scheme, as well as the presence of different mixtures in green and dark purple areas in the third scheme.

Non-fluoric brightly colored glass cover with reduced temperature of burning

The work featured research of influence of MnO 2 on properties of frits and covers . It is established that even small quantity of output enamel MnO 2 (0,1-0,4 mole %) introduced in composition instead of Fe 2 O 3 facilitates improvement of fusibility and colorlessness of frit and improvement of optical and color characteristics of bright glass covers of red color . Optimal concentration of researched oxide MnO 2 (0,2 mole %) in composition of enamel coatings is established . The brightly colored glass covers of red color with preset color characteristics are obtained : brightness (18-23 %), color pureness (45-55 %) and color tone (640-660 nm ). Optical and color parameters of enamel coatings burnt under production conditions are somewhat lower . Thus , for example , color tone is mixed into purple area of visible spectrum that is not desirable . This can be explained by the durable burning of coatings and too high temperature of burning for this type of enamels reaching up to 850-860 oС in some areas of furnace . That is , developed coatings require decrease of temperature and time of burning . Principal possibility of obtainment of non-fluoric brightly colored enamel coatings of red color by introduction of alloying additives Fe 2 O 3 and MnO 2 in determined concentrations in composition of researched enamel (per 0,2 mole %) is established as a result of research. The developed enamel glass covers with specified color parameters are more fusible and meet the requirements to external enamel coatings and can be recommended for testing under production conditions with low-temperature short-term mode of burning.

Comparing bacterial community composition of healthy and dark spot-affected Siderastrea siderea in Florida and the Caribbean.

Coral disease is one of the major causes of reef degradation. Dark Spot Syndrome (DSS) was described in the early 1990's as brown or purple amorphous areas of tissue on a coral and has since become one of the most prevalent diseases reported on Caribbean reefs. It has been identified in a number of coral species, but there is debate as to whether it is in fact the same disease in different corals. Further, it is questioned whether these macroscopic signs are in fact diagnostic of an infectious disease at all. The most commonly affected species in the Caribbean is the massive starlet coral Siderastrea siderea. We sampled this species in two locations, Dry Tortugas National Park and Virgin Islands National Park. Tissue biopsies were collected from both healthy colonies and those with dark spot lesions. Microbial-community DNA was extracted from coral samples (mucus, tissue, and skeleton), amplified using bacterial-specific primers, and applied to PhyloChip G3 microarrays to examine the bacterial diversity associated with this coral. Samples were also screened for the presence of a fungal ribotype that has recently been implicated as a causative agent of DSS in another coral species, but the amplifications were unsuccessful. S. siderea samples did not cluster consistently based on health state (i.e., normal versus dark spot). Various bacteria, including Cyanobacteria and Vibrios, were observed to have increased relative abundance in the discolored tissue, but the patterns were not consistent across all DSS samples. Overall, our findings do not support the hypothesis that DSS in S. siderea is linked to a bacterial pathogen or pathogens. This dataset provides the most comprehensive overview to date of the bacterial community associated with the scleractinian coral S. siderea.

Ultrastructural evidence of a fungus-sponge association in the Ligurian Sea: a case study of Clathrina coriacea (Porifera: Calcarea)

Consecutive underwater observations carried out in shallow waters of Pontetto (Ligurian Sea) from June to the end of November 2013 revealed the presence of purple areas on the white surface of the asconoid calcareous sponge Clathina coriacea. Histological and ultrastructural investigations performed on the purple areas of the sponge showed the occurrence of a network of hyphae of an indeterminate fungus permeating the sponge tissues and presumably responsible for the unusual colour of the sponge. The hyphae, varying in size and morphology according to their location in the sponge body, are visible on the outermost sponge surface and, after crossing the mesohyl, penetrate inwards into the choanodermal layer, being mainly located along the apical border of the choanocytes. The occurrence of undamaged flagella and microvillar fringes, which are the organelles characterising the choanocyte cells, is consistent with a normal functionality of the sponge tissues, notwithstanding the presence of the fungal hyphae. The fungus develops only in summer because it disappears concomitantly with the approach of autumn. This feature is coherent with the consideration that the sponge acts as a suitable substrate for the developing fungus, which, in turn, does not interfere with the sponge filter-feeding activity.

The Book of Kells: A non-invasive MOLAB investigation by complementary spectroscopic techniques

This paper highlights the efficacy of non-invasive portable spectroscopy for assessing the execution technique and constituent materials in one of the most important medieval manuscripts, the Book of Kells. An aimed campaign of in situ measurements by the MObile LABoratory (MOLAB) has analyzed its elemental composition and vibrational and electronic molecular properties. The ample analytical toolbox has afforded complementary diagnostic information of the pigment palette permitting the characterization of both inorganic and organic materials as pigments and dyes in the white, purple, blue, red, orange, green and black areas. In particular, the novel widespread use of calcinated gypsum (anhydrite) as both a white pigment and in correlation to the organic dyes in this manuscript has been noted. The non-invasive identification of the organic dye orchil is significant considering its rare non invasive detection in medieval manuscripts. Finally the occurrence of particular alterations of the organic black areas giving rise to calcium carboxylate and calcium oxalate has been specifically highlighted. Importantly, this work elaborates complex aspects of the employed painting materials which have given rise to numerous significant points of interest for a more elaborate understanding of this Irish treasure.

Study on SOC Forecast Model in Regions of Hilly Purple Soil by Water Erosion

The soil productive forces are mainly affected by soil erosion as soil nutrients and organic carbon are taken away. On the premise of analysis of the last 17 years’ data of rainfalls and vegetation coverage in Xiejiawan small watershed, the grey model was established to forecast and evaluate the losses of organic carbon caused by water erosion in the hilly area of purple soils. Moreover, according to comparison of four-dimensional, five-dimensional and six-dimensional model groups, we found that, six-dimensional GM (1,1) model was the best one, posterior-variance-test accuracy of which amounted to the first class, and maximum simulated relative error ,average simulated relative error and predicted relative error of which were respectively 43.26 % ,16.85% and -17.09%, besides, its simulation and prediction accuracy was also high. Furthermore, the accuracy of simulated forecast value was all satisfactory. So the SOC loss by water erosion in purple areas of Xiejiawan small watershed was simulated and predicted well by grey model, also the unique evolution patterns of changing organic carbon in purple soil by water erosion could be well described and explained by the grey model.

Syntaxin-1A Interacts with Distinct Domains within Nucleotide-binding Folds of Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 to Inhibit β-Cell ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels

The ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel regulates pancreatic β-cell function by linking metabolic status to electrical activity. Syntaxin-1A (Syn-1A), a SNARE protein mediating exocytotic fusion, binds and inhibits the K(ATP) channel via the nucleotide-binding folds (NBFs) of its sulfonylurea receptor-1 (SUR1) regulatory subunit. In this study, we elucidated the precise regions within the NBFs required for Syn-1A-mediated K(ATP) inhibition, using in vitro binding assays, whole cell patch clamp and FRET assay. Specifically, NBF1 and NBF2 were each divided into three subregions, Walker A (W(A)), signature sequence linker, and Walker B (W(B)), to make GST fusion proteins. In vitro binding assays revealed that Syn-1A associates with W(A) and W(B) regions of both NBFs. Patch clamp recordings on INS-1 and primary rat β-cells showed that Syn-1A-mediated channel inhibition was reversed by co-addition of NBF1-W(B) (not NBF1-W(A)), NBF2-W(A), and NBF2-W(B). The findings were corroborated by FRET studies showing that these truncates disrupted Syn-1A interactions with full-length SUR1. To further identify the binding sites, series single-site mutations were made in the Walker motifs of the NBFs. Only NBF1-W(A) (K719M) or NBF2-W(A) (K1385M) mutant no longer bound to Syn-1A; K1385M failed to disrupt Syn-1A-mediated inhibition of K(ATP) channels. These data suggest that NBF1-W(A) (Lys-719) and NBF2-W(A) (Lys-1385) are critical for Syn-1A-K(ATP) channel interaction. Taken together, Syn-1A intimately and functionally associates with the SUR1-NBF1/2 dimer via direct interactions with W(A) motifs and sites adjacent to W(B) motifs of NBF1 and NBF2 but transduces its inhibitory actions on K(ATP) channel activity via some but not all of these NBF domains.

Polarized iridescence of the multilayered elytra of the Japanese jewel beetle,Chrysochroa fulgidissima

The elytra of the Japanese jewel beetle Chrysochroa fulgidissima are metallic green with purple stripes. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy demonstrated that the elytral surface is approximately flat. The accordingly specular green and purple areas have, with normal illumination, 100-150 nm broad reflectance bands, peaking at about 530 and 700 nm. The bands shift progressively towards shorter wavelengths with increasing oblique illumination, and the reflection then becomes highly polarized. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the epicuticle of the green and purple areas consists of stacks of 16 and 12 layers, respectively. Assuming gradient refractive index values of the layers between 1.6 and 1.7 and applying the classical multilayer theory allowed modelling of the measured polarization- and angle-dependent reflectance spectra. The extreme polarized iridescence exhibited by the elytra of the jewel beetle may have a function in intraspecific recognition.

OC27.07: New horizons about the diagnosis of breast masses by SonoLiverR CAP imaging analysis software

Study the application of new SonoLiverR CAP pseudo-color imaging analysis software in the breast masses, and discuss the new method about differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumor. This group including 64 masses from November 2006 to May 2009 were examined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and SonoLiverR CAP pseudo-color imaging analysis which has been confirmed by surgery and pathology. We use ROC curve to assess its diagnostic performance. In 64 masses which studied by the new SonoLiverR CAP pseudo-color imaging analysis software, 37 masses with purple-red region which meant high-enhanced and 27 masses with purple-blue region which meant low-enhanced. 76.5% malignant masses were showed high-enhanced but only 26.9% in benign ones. Inflammation with necrosis of the breast were all high-enhanced. A great deal of those high-enhanced masses were malignant, and few were benign. The malignant masses of high-enhanced were irregular in whole, patching sometimes (84.6%); benign ones were speckle and streak (85.7%). Measurement of peak intensity about the percentage of high-enhanced purple areas in the whole tumor region: malignant (58.39 + 18.20)%, benign (32.78 + 16.30)%, (P < 0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.8235. SonoLiverR CAP imaging analysis software is different from previous analysis, the gray scale changes can be converted into color changes, the demonstration of dynamic vascular model which coded by pseudo-color is clearly, intuitive, simple and will reduce the pressure on doctors. Opened up a new vision about the diagnosis of breast masses.

Conflict Adaptation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Small Paradigm Twist, Large Scientific Leap

Conflict Adaptation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Small Paradigm Twist, Large Scientific Leap

Autofluorescence imaging videoendoscopy in the diagnosis of chronic atrophic fundal gastritis

Diagnosis of chronic atrophic fundal gastritis (CAFG) is important to understand the pathogenesis of gastric diseases and assess the risk of gastric cancer. Autofluorescence imaging videoendoscopy (AFI) may enable the detection of mucosal features not apparent by conventional white-light endoscopy. The purpose of this study was to estimate the diagnostic ability of AFI in CAFG. A total of 77 patients were enrolled. Images of the gastric body in AFI and white-light mode were taken to assess the extent of gastritis, and biopsies were taken from green (n = 119) and purple (n = 146) mucosa in AFI images. The diagnostic accuracy of green mucosa for CAFG was investigated according to the Sydney system. In per-patient analysis, the accuracy of green mucosa in patients with activity, inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was 64, 93, 88 and 81%, respectively. In per-biopsy analysis, the accuracy for activity, inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was 55, 62, 76 and 76%, respectively. Green areas in the gastric body exhibited more inflammation (p < 0.001), atrophy (p < 0.001) and intestinal metaplasia (p < 0.001), whereas purple areas rarely contained atrophy or intestinal metaplasia. The kappa statistics for inter- and intra-observer agreement of AFI on assessing the extent of CAFG were 0.66 and 0.47, while those for white-light endoscopy were 0.56 and 0.39. AFI could diagnose the extent of CAFG as a green area in the gastric body, with higher reproducibility compared with white-light endoscopy. Therefore, AFI may be a useful adjunct to endoscopy to identify patients at high risk of developing gastric cancer.

Cover Picture: J. Biophoton. 1‐2/2009

AbstractLeft panel: Photomicrograph, at 40× magnification, of a 1 × 1 mm stained section of axillary lymph node from a sentinel lymph node recession. The pink areas are due to the capsule, and the dark purple areas to lymphocytes. Right panel: Overlay of areas identified to contain abnormal tissue from a breast cancer metastasis via spectral imaging. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

What Can We See in the Different Lights?

In the study “Usefulness of Autofluorescence Imaging for the Estimating the Extent of Gastric Neoplastic Lesions: a Prospective Multicenter Study” by Lee et al, the authors investigated autofluorescence imaging (AFI) videoendoscopy system for the diagnosis of tumor extent of gastric neoplasms. They suggested that this new imaging system would be beneficial for determinating tumor boundary of gastric epithelial neoplasia before endoscopic resection in selected patients. In this commentary, I would like to add some explanations about the principle of autofluorescence endoscopy and our interpretation of AFI images in the stomach. I believe that the basic knowledge on AFI mechanisms would facilitate the readers in understanding the findings of this new technology. AFI illuminates blue excitation light (390-470 nm) and green light (540-560 nm) that are sequentially provided from a light source instead of ordinary white light through an endoscope to the mucosa. Since the vital organs including the digestive tracts contain certain biomolecules that act as endogeneous fluorophores, they emit natural tissue fluorescence i.e., autofluorescence by the excitation light. The autofluorescence is too weak to be detected by naked eyes of a human being. However, AFI captures it with a high sensitivity charged coupled device (CCD) at the tip of the endoscope and processes real-time pseudocolor images by computation on a video screen. Although the fluorophres exist in both mucosa and submucosa, collagen in the submucosa discharges strong autofluorescence in the green region light. AFI represents difference of autofluorescence property, which is mainly determined by intensity, as color difference, so areas with strong autofluorescence appear bright green and areas with weak autofluorescence appear purple or greenish purple in the images. In the AFI images, normal mucosa in the digestive tract looks green, whereas that in the gastric fundus looks purple. The reason why the gastric body shows unique color is probably because thick fundic mucosa, that has proper gastric function such as acid secretion, reduces autofluorescence from the submucosa. In patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis, the fundic mucosa becomes thin, and thus the atrophic mucosa looks green similar to the intestinal mucosa. 1 For a tumor in the digestive tract, it basically appears as a purple area in the green mucosa by AFI because autofluoresce is reduced at tumor. Most of the gastric tumors show similar pattern to tumors in other digestive tract, but some of the tumors look different, green in the AFI images. Our data suggested that tumor color in AFI images has the strongest association with morphology but not with histology. 2

Phosphorus retention capacity of agricultural headwater ditch sediments under alkaline condition in purple soils area, China

Phosphorus (P) retention by headwater ditch sediments adsorption plays a pivotal ecological role in P buffering in freshwater ecosystems. Previous studies focused on headwater ditch sediment adsorption and its P retention capacity in acid conditions, but little information is available for headwater ditches under alkaline condition. In this study, adsorption behavior of phosphorus was investigated in headwater ditch sediments under alkaline condition using a batch equilibrium technique, thus determining phosphorus retention capacity of headwater ditch sediments collected at 11 sites at base-flow on 2 March 2006 in purple soils area of China. Results showed that headwater ditch sediments had elevated phosphorus sorption maximum ( S max) values (122.72–293.23 mg P kg −1) and P binding energy ( K) values (1.64–8.65 L mg −1), while they had low equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC 0) (0.001–0.108 mg L −1) and degree of phosphorus saturation (DSP) (1.93–10.19%). Analysis of EPC 0 and soluble P concentration indicated that sediments acted as a sink for P across all headwater ditches. Therefore, there were high intrinsic P retention capacities of headwater ditch sediments. Positive correlations of both K and S max with oxalate-extractable Fe ( r of 0.93 and 0.81, p < 0.05) and total carbon (TC) ( r of 0.89 and 0.74, p < 0.05) were found, thus suggesting that organic matter and amorphous or poorly crystalline Fe would play dominant roles in P adsorption in the headwater ditch sediments under alkaline condition. Since neither S max nor K were correlated with CCE (CaCO 3) ( r of 0.15 and −0.06, p > 0.05), the high-energy sorptive surfaces of Fe oxides were more important than CaCO 3 in P sorption of sediment under alkaline condition. At the same time, these poor correlations between CCE and K and S max imply a non-linear relationship between P retention and the content of carbonate. The negative correlations of both K and S max with pH ( r of–0.73, and–0.58, p < 0.05) revealed that an increase in pH would not improve sediment retention capacity under alkaline conditions.

La pollution atmosphérique et le risque de maladie thrombo-embolique

The Boeing Landing Suitability Index (BLSI) is a computer algorithm designed at Bowling Green State University for The Boeing Company for the purpose of mapping candidate aircraft operating sites of different “runway” lengths in natural terrain from LANDSAT TM data. Four LANDSAT TM frames (each 115 miles × 115 miles in area) from parts of California, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Louisiana (with annual rainfalls averaging approximately 3.5, 7, 17, and 53 in., respectively, though the Louisiana frame was collected during a drought year that had 28 in. of annual rainfall) were entered as inputs to the BLSI algorithm, which identified pixels in each of the frames that were sufficiently flat, treeless, and absent of surface water to land an aircraft on them, present weather conditions permitting, and perform off-loading, on-loading, and take-off operations. Adjustments were made to the algorithm for differences in annual rainfall. Although no attempt was made before these field trips to force BLSI to map surface firmness, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was measured in the field on-site and off-site with dynamic cone penetrometers by a contractor for the Air Force Research Lab (Tyndall AFB in Florida) for several of these candidate aircraft operating sites. We found that all of the sites selected by BLSI that were visited in the field were suitably flat for landing and had no surface water or trees on them (except for one small tree that was younger than the LANDSAT frame employed for that region). Fortunately, most of these candidate aircraft operating sites found by BLSI had firmer ground than their immediate surroundings, as measured from the dynamic cone penetrometers. Our field observations support the hypothesis that BLSI is primarily mapping very subtle, local topographic highs. Such a subtle topographic high, which may rise only few feet from the middle to the edge of a candidate aircraft operating site, usually has a hard pan beneath it, owing to its relatively better drainage, compared with its immediate surrounds. This may account for its greater firmness, compared to its surrounds. Because the slopes are so small and the feature is slightly convex upward, there are no gullies on candidate aircraft operating sites. This causes the subtle topographic highs to be very flat and without rocks, unlike higher-sloped regions, where water in gullies tend to wash rocks. This seems the most reasonable explanation for why a pixel size as gross as 28.5 m (LANDSAT TM bands 1–5 and 7) is adequate to map such features. BLSI displayed as a continuous-toned image has potential for mapping areas of highest trafficability for wheeled vehicles, with lower BLSI values (shown as purple or blue areas) having the greatest trafficability.