Purification Of Solutions Research Articles

Efficient Defluorination: Application of Calcium Sulfate Precipitation Method in Zinc Sulfate Solution.

In the process of zinc hydrometallurgy, the content of fluorine in zinc sulfate solution directly affects the stripping of the zinc plate, which easily leads to the deterioration of working conditions. It not only has a serious impact on the entire zinc hydrometallurgical system but also causes huge economic losses. Especially in the process of zinc secondary resource utilization, the concentration of fluoride ions in the electrolyte exceeds the control standard of smelting enterprises, which has become a long-term technical challenge in the smelting industry. So far, no efficient and economical solution has been developed to effectively remove fluoride from a zinc sulfate solution with a high fluorine content. In view of this background, this study focuses on the application of the precipitation method, which stands out for its wide adaptability, simple operation, and cost advantages. The thermodynamic analysis of the purification and defluorination process of zinc sulfate solution was carried out, and the effects of different experimental conditions on the purification and defluorination of zinc sulfate solution were systematically explored. The results showed that when the solution was acidic, only a fluorite precipitated phase was formed in the system. In order to make the system only form a fluorite precipitated phase, the pH of the solution should be controlled below 7. Under the conditions of the molar ratio of Ca/F2 is 1, the reaction time is 45 min, the solution pH is 4.5, the reaction temperature is 24 °C, and the stirring speed of 900 r min -1, the fluorine removal rate can reach 83.19%, and the zinc loss rate is about 2%.

On the cementation purification of zinc solutions

The article focuses on researching the technology of cementation purification of zinc sulfate solutions from impurities that adversely affect the electrolysis of zinc. The purpose of this work is to explore new approaches for deep cementation purification of solutions, aimed at reducing the consumption of zinc dust and activating additives (antimony and copper compounds) in the technological process, while improving the quality of the purified solution by decreasing the content of cobalt, nickel, and cadmium in the solution supplied for zinc electrolysis. In this study, a new technology for the cementation purification of industrial solutions was developed, which includes the following stages of impurity removal using zinc dust: preliminary purification stage to remove copper to a concentration of 90–110 mg/L; co-precipitation of copper, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel with the addition of antimony trioxide; deep purification of the solutions from all impurities remaining after the first stage. The purification process was conducted under the following conditions: the preliminary deposition took place at a temperature of 50 °C, with a duration of 30 min and a zinc dust consumption of 0.2–0.4 g/L; the first purification stage occurred at a temperature of 80 °C, for a duration of 1 h, with a zinc dust consumption of 2–3 g/L, and an antimony dosage of 3–6 mg/L; the second purification stage was carried out at a temperature of 75–80 °C, for a duration of 1 h, with a zinc dust consumption of 2–3 g/L, and dosages of copper sulfate and antimony at 50 mg/L and 2–3 mg/L, respectively.

The Synthesis of Crystalline, Mono-Phase Copper and Zinc Arsenates (III)

This research is part of a continuing effort to synthesize copper and zinc arsenates(III) to use as a zinc dust activator in zinc sulphate solution purification. In this paper, the feasibility of synthesizing crystalline, mono-phase zinc and copper arsenates(III) were investigated. Copper and zinc arsenates(III) were prepared by adding their sulphate solutions into arsenious solution obtained by dissolving As2O3 in NaOH aqueous solution. The structure and crystal lattice of the products and amount of the elements in precipitations were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(AAS), respectively. Based on the results of XRD in the conditions of NaOH concentration = 1 mol/L, n(OH–)/n(As) = 1:1, n(Cu)/n(As) = 1:2, reaction temperature 90°C and reaction time 8h, a mono-phase crystalline copper arsenate(III) with the chemical composition of Cu(AsO2)2 and tetragonal crystal lattice was synthesized. In these conditions, the yields of arsenic and copper precipitation from the solution were 93.81% and 97.68%, respectively. Based on the XRD results in the conditions of NaOH concentration = 1 L, n(OH–)/n(As) = 1:1, n(Zn)/n(As) = 1:2, reaction temperature 80°C, reaction time 2h and washing pH = 6, a mono-phase crystalline zinc arsenate (III) with the chemical composition of Zn(AsO2)2 and monoclinic crystal lattice was synthesized. In these conditions, the yields of arsenic and zinc extraction from the solution were 77.70% and 46.37%, respectively.

Highly efficient purification of the process solution when producing lithium hydroxide by caustification

Relevance. The need to develop highly effective methods for purifying the process solution from impurity calcium and aluminum ions for the industrial production of lithium hydroxide at the Chemical Metallurgical Plant JSC in Krasnoyarsk. Aim. Development of methods for reducing the content of impurity calcium and aluminum ions in the process solution of lithium hydroxide after caustification to a concentration of 5–10 mg/l. Methods. Evaporation and crystallization, precipitation of colloidal sediments of aluminum and calcium with an ammonia buffer solution, chemical precipitation with 8-hydroxyquinoline. Results and conclusions. The effectiveness of the applied methods for purifying a process solution of lithium hydroxide from calcium and aluminum ions was shown: evaporation followed by crystallization, precipitation with an ammonia buffer solution, precipitation in the form of hydroxyquinolates. It was experimentally established that when using the evaporation method followed by crystallization, the degree of extraction of impurity aluminum ions Al3+ is achieved 29%; and calcium ions Ca2+ – 56%. When cleaning the process solution by precipitation of aluminum hydroxide colloid with an ammonia buffer solution, the degree of extraction for aluminum ions Al3+ was 96%; for calcium ions Ca2+ – 67%. The use of the chemical precipitation method with 8-hydroxyquinoline in an alkaline solution showed the degree of extraction of aluminum ions Al3+ 20%; and calcium ions Ca2+ – 76%. It was established that the method of evaporation and crystallization of the process solution does not require the use of special reagents. A method using an ammonia buffer solution to remove impurity calcium and aluminum ions shown to be simple and effective. For the first time, a method was proposed for cleaning the process solution after caustification using an aqueous-alkaline solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline, excluding the use of organic, flammable and toxic solvents.

Hemoglobin Purification Using His-Tag Affinity Chromatography With the Assistance of Ni Ions

In this study, an affinity adsorbent of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [(p(HEMA)] was developed to purify hemoglobin (Hb). Initially, cryogel membranes of p(HEMA) were prepared and their surfaces were modified with the dopamine monomer to create polydopamine (pda) modified p(HEMA) cryogel [pda(HEMA)] membranes. After the modification, the nickel (Ni) ions were immobilized on pda(HEMA ) for Hb purification in the aqueous solution. At pH 5, 23.5 mg/g Hb was adsorbed by the adsorbent and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was suitable for this adsorption process thanks to the R2 and q max values; moreover, the prepared adsorbent without notable decreases in its adsorption capacity

New Insight into Mercury Removal from Fish Meat Using a Single-Component Solution Containing cysteine.

A novel approach for reducing mercury content in fish meat during post-packaging storage is developed to extend the margin of their safe consumption. It involves employing a single-component aqueous medium containing cysteine, as the active agent responsible for displacing mercury from fish proteins and its stabilization in the medium without the need for pH adjustments. The mercury removal efficiency depends on the cysteine concentration and its ratio to fish muscle. Using 1.2wt% cysteine enables a reduction of mercury in canned Albacore tuna by 25-35%, depending on the fish product type and the exposure time of up to 2 weeks. The potential for the successful application of the developed method in active food packaging solutions is studied for the simultaneous or subsequent purification of the extraction solution through adsorption. Using thiolated silica could potentially enable the extraction process but it is shown that the presence of cysteine significantly hinders the adsorption.

Purification of Complex Solution of Zinc Sulfate from Copper Ions by Electrocementation Method

The aim of this work is the effective removal of copper from a complex deferrous zinc sulfate solution by electrochemical cementation using a membrane electrolyzer. As a result of the study, the parameters of the process of purification using the membrane electrolyzer were determined. The parameters obtained from the results of the studies showed that the copper content in the solution can be reduced to 0.002 g/dm3. At the same time, up to 99% of copper can be removed. Thus, after the electrochemical treatment, zinc sulfate solutions are sent to electrolysis, and copper obtained in the form of cathodic precipitates are sent to further processing.

Purification of a reactive dyes mixture solution by means of pre-hydrolysed coagulants in the standard tests and coagulating flow system

Reactive dyes, widely used in textiles, often leach into sewage due to incomplete bonding with fibers. Coagulation offers an effective solution, yet standard lab tests for coagulation efficiency lack realism and are significantly labour and time-consuming. To address this, a novel approach is proposed: optimizing coagulation through a prototype lab flow. This system automates solution flow, reagent dosing, coagulation, and sludge separation via sedimentation and filtration. Tests reveal effective coagulation of various reactive dyes with pre-polymerized Al coagulants, but limited efficacy with Fe(III) coagulant. The flow system demonstrates mostly better purification results than jar tests, achieving around 95% colour removal with Al coagulants. This study highlights the efficacy of coagulation and filtration in jar tests, offering a simplified yet efficient method for assessing coagulation performance.

Development of an automated system for the purification of alkanolamine solutions

The alkanolamine solutions used in natural gas purification processes are inevitably degraded over time. This occurs due to accumulation of reaction products from the reactions with carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, oxygen and other impurities present in the gas streams, as well as from thermal degradation. The degradation of solutions leads to the formation of thermostable compounds that not only reduce absorption efficiency, but also increase corrosive activity. Furthermore, part of the amine turns into a bound state and becomes ballast. The necessity of purification of alkanolamine solutions is becoming more and more urgent since the cost of maintaining efficient operation of gas treatment plants grows, and environmental safety requirements increase. Purification of solutions makes it possible to prolong their service life, reduce the cost of purchasing new reagents and reduce the negative impact on the equipment. In this work the method of anion-exchange technology of purification is used. Unlike vacuum distillation and electrodialysis, the considered technology does not require significant energy costs for generation and maintenance of vacuum, and heating of solutions, it can be easily integrated into the existing production process without any significant changes in the infrastructure. The described problem is relevant for Kazakhstan oil refineries, two of which use methyldiethanolamine, and one of which uses diethanolamine, and the existing practice of maintaining the operability of the systems is based on periodic replacement of part of the solution with pure amine. The development of automated systems for purification of such solutions makes it possible to significantly improve process control, minimise manual labour, and improve the overall economic efficiency of production.

Reverse Osmosis Concentrated Water Treatment Technology Research

With the national “double carbon” goal, energy saving and consumption reduction strategic plan to promote, more and more enterprises will be “zero discharge” of wastewater as the ultimate goal of industrial wastewater. Reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most common way of water treatment process, in the treatment of water treatment and pure water preparation at the same time, will be accompanied by a variety of inorganic and organic pollutants contained in the by-products of concentrated water, these difficult to deal with high salt, complex composition of the reverse osmosis concentration of water, not directly discharged without treatment, not only to make a lot of water in the concentration of water to be a waste of water resources, will be a large extent on the ocean, soil and other natural environments to cause irreversible damage. Reversible damage to the ocean, soil and other natural environments. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect the environment by finding an economical and efficient treatment method for RO concentrated water. For the regeneration of fresh water resources of RO concentrated water, there have been many international reports on the development of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) or near-zero liquid discharge technology, through the membrane technology to reverse osmosis concentrated water concentration, water recycling, reduce the volume of concentrated water, and then based on the thermal technology of concentrated water desalination, evaporation and crystallization process leads to the recovery of water, and at the same time, the process of solid by-products after dehydration, purification, can also produce a considerable amount of water. At the same time, the solid by-products produced in the process can be dehydrated and purified, which can also produce considerable economic value of commodities. Concentrated water concentration process around how to achieve low-cost RO concentrated water concentration process, in the disc tube reverse osmosis (DTRO), electrodialysis (ED), membrane distillation (MD) and forward osmosis (FO) and other new membrane concentration technology field carried out a wide range of research on the concentration of further concentrated water to provide more prospects for application. Solidification crystallization through reasonable crystallization control and solid-liquid separation technology, can achieve effective separation and purification of solutes, for various industries to provide solid products in line with the quality requirements, commonly used evaporation crystallization, cooling crystallization, solvent crystallization, ion exchange methods and other ways. Through the study of reverse osmosis concentrated water concentration treatment, crystallization and solidification of the two important links of the production process plan, summarize the practicality of various technologies and advantages and disadvantages, integration of existing technologies, research suitable for reverse osmosis concentrated water resources utilization of economic technology solutions, optimize the treatment process, and ultimately realize the application of engineering examples, is the direction of the efforts of researchers in recent years.

Sustainable Production: Integrating Medicinal Plants with Fish Farming in Aquaponics—A Mini Review

Aquaponics, defined as a sustainable technology combining aquaculture and hydroponics, integrates plant and fish production into one system. Aquaponics technology offers several major advantages over conventional methods of raising fish and/or plants. In this system, plants act as a natural biological filter, purifying the water so that the same amount can be used repeatedly. Fish, on the other hand, are a natural source of nutrients. This contributes to the aquaponics system’s substantial economic potential, thanks to its use of virtually free nutrients, dramatically reduced water consumption, and the elimination of filter systems, making this system innovative and sustainable. On the other hand, the use of medicinal plants for the needs of the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries is often associated with a decrease in their natural reserves. Utilizing aquaponics for the production of medicinal plants could reduce the pressure on these natural reserves. As a result, aquaponics has emerged as one of the most environmentally friendly methods of cultivating plant species. The concept of aquaponics, which evolved from traditional hydroponic systems, has gained worldwide recognition through the effective use of symbiosis. It refers to the coexistence and interaction of different organisms, facilitating their growth and life cycle processes. Unlike hydroponics, which requires the purification of nutrient solutions due to plant waste, aquaponics takes advantage of the natural cycle of waste and nutrient exchange between plants and fish. Fish waste serves as organic fertilizer for the plants, while the plants help purify the water for the fish. This symbiotic relationship not only reduces the environmental impact associated with aquaculture wastewater but also provides a sustainable method of food production. The integrated system reduces infrastructure costs, conserves water, and minimizes the potential for environmental pollution. Furthermore, it provides an opportunity for increased profitability from both crop and fish production. Cultivation of medicinal plants within aquaponic systems can be carried out year-round, offering a continuous supply of valuable pharmacological resources. This review examines suitable medicinal plants for aquaponic cultivation and evaluates their pharmacological benefits to humans.

Combined extraction of manganese during water purification of technogenic solutions

A method for demanganization of technogenic aqueous solutions is presented. This method involves electrocoagulation purification of aqueous systems from high metal contents and extraction of manganese (II) ions by carbon sorbent adsorption. A coagulation technology based on electrogenerated aluminum hydroxide was used. According to diffraction analysis, such a hydroxide exhibits an amorphous porous hydrogel structure with a developed sorbing surface. The micellar structure of the as-generated aluminum hydroxide, which was attributed to a modification of gibbsite, is represented by the following colloidal particle: {[m Al(OH)3] nAl(OH)2+ (n-x) OH-}x+ xOH-. The associative process of sorption on gibbsite occurs by dispersion interaction, which is governed by the force of electrostatic attraction of instantaneous and induced dipoles of electrically neutral sorbent molecules and the [Mn (OH2)2(OH)2]0 manganese hydroxo-aquo complex. The adsorption limiting value of manganese ions amounted to 4.9 mmol/g at 298 K and pH 5.8, with the adsorption equilibrium constant reaching 1.36 . 104. The electricity consumption corresponded to 12.0 А.h at an optimal electrocoagulation duration of 15 min and a current density of 1.6 мА/сm2. The final purification of aqueous solutions using carbon sorbents was conducted in a slightly alkaline medium at pH 7.5. The manganese sorption value reached 1.68 mmol/g. Therefore, the resource-saving effect of processing of technogenic hydro-mineral solution is manifested in a significant reduction of heavy metal salts and in obtaining of demanded mixed coagulants of aluminum and iron sulfates from water purification wastes. Another positive effect of electrochemical water purification consist in water disinfection and its improved ogranoleptic parameters.

Concentration of heavy metal ions from aqueous media under dynamic conditions using a composite sorbent based on chitosan and silica

Objectives. The study set out to investigate the sorption, toxicological, and regeneration properties of a composite sorbent based on chitosan hydrogel and unsuspended silicon dioxide (chitosan–colloidal silica), which manifest themselves under dynamic conditions of purification of aqueous solutions, as a means of removing heavy metal ions.Methods. The total dynamic exchange capacity of a chitosan–colloidal silica composite sorbent was evaluated under dynamic sorption conditions by passing solutions containing Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) ions having a concentration of 240–251 mg/L through a fixed sorption bed. The method for determining acute toxicity using daphnia (Daphnia magna Straus) is based on the direct calculation of the mortality of daphnia exposed to toxic substances contained in the test aqueous extract in comparison with a reference culture in samples that do not contain toxic substances. The regeneration ability of the sorbent was assessed by counting the number of sorption–desorption cycles using 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaHCO3 eluents, as well as aqueous solutions of H2O2 (1 and 3%).Results. The effectiveness of the chitosan–colloidal silica composite sorbent in the process of dynamic purification of aqueous media to remove Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions was established. After determining the times of ion breakthrough and saturation of the developed sorbent, its dynamic exchange capacity was calculated by processing the kinetic curves of sorption of heavy metal ions under dynamic conditions. The results of regeneration of the sorbent were presented in the context of the possibility of its reuse. It is shown that the sorbent can withstand up to five sorption–desorption cycles while maintaining a level copper cation extraction above 90%.Conclusions. Analysis of the kinetic curves demonstrated that the driving force behind the removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by means of the obtained sorbent is the external diffusion mass transfer of ions from the mobile phase of the solution. Biotesting of samples showed that the developed chitosan-based sorbent does not have acute toxicity.

Purification of Mn-Electrolyte Solution from Leaching of Zn-MnO2 Spent Batteries Using Cementation Technique

Purification of Mn-Electrolyte Solution from Leaching of Zn-MnO2 Spent Batteries Using Cementation Technique

Distillation, an effective process for water purification

Purpose. We all agree on the principle that water is life. Noting that, obtaining drinking water that meets the World Health Organization standard is a difficult and sometimes expensive process. The main objective of this research work is separation of constituents from a mixture of solution in the first instance and our tendency is water purification in the other side. Methods. Given that the purification of solutions represents a major challenge for them, based on basic knowledge of the chemistry of solutions. We have conducted some separation tests in the laboratory with the aim of eliminating harmful elements. For this reason, a comparative study was carried out on two different separation techniques in a water-ethanol solution of 10 ml. In the first one, a simple distillation test was carried out at a temperature above than 78.5 °C and at a low pressure from which only 0.6 ml of distillate (ethanol) was recovered (too low yield). However, in the second experimental protocol three assays were conducted using a distillation column with different volumes of water-ethanol mixture. The varieties of parameters and experimental protocols carried out with well-defined objectives and direct impacts on the results obtained. Results. Overall, we can say that the results obtained are clear and significant. In addition, the tests carried out made it possible to obtain satisfactory results in terms of yield and purification. Furthermore, the best results were obtained in the solution of 6 ml ethanol and 4 ml water with Distillate = 6 ml and Residue = 0 ml (maximum recovery of ethanol from the solution). This is the reason why distillation is the best technique for separation, purification and extraction from the solution mixture. Conclusions. From the assembled results we can conclude that the distillation is a one of the best separation methods commonly employed, simple distillation (with simple separation apparatus design), by principle and methodology, is applied only if the boiling points of the constituents are different, in the opposite case; fractional distillation process (devices with complex, precise and critical components) is highly recommended.

Адсорбционное извлечение аминов из водных растворов

Aquatic biological resources are an important part of the ecosystems of our planet, since they are involved in economic turnover as a source of food. The composition of water, including waste water from enterprises, has a direct impact on the state of aquatic biological resources. To extract and concentrate metals from solutions, hydrometallurgical processes are used – extraction and sorption. Their implementation is possible with the use of special substances – extractants and in a number of processes – sorption materials (Solvent Impregnated Resins (SIR’s) and Levextrel’s) with a mobile phase of the extractant, combining the properties of sorbents and extractants. Despite the advantages of the latter, such as high kinetic parameters, lack of swelling and high values of mechanical strength, they are characterized by the disadvantages of extraction methods – the entrainment of the extractant into the aqueous phase in dissolved and emulsion forms. Under static conditions, the possibility of purification of aqueous solutions containing primary or tertiary amine by adsorption on carbon materials (activated carbon NWC, carbon NWC-T modified with carbon nanotubes, CS-PTFE modified with polytetrafluoroethylene), as well as on styrene-divinylbenzene nonionic copolymer Porolas-T and a natural shell rock adsorbent was studied. The kinetics of adsorption of аmines Primene-JMT and TOA from aqueous solutions by these adsorbents has been studied by the method of a limited volume of solution. Of the known pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich models, the pseudo-second order model describes kinetic data more adequately (R2>0.99). The values of the distribution coefficients and the rate constants of adsorption of Primene-JMT and TOA are determined. A block diagram of adsorption purification of aqueous solutions from amines is proposed, the implementation of which will reduce the toxicity of waste solutions and return some of the expensive extractant to circulation.

A dynamic correction method for the optimal value settings of the solution purification process at multiple time scales

The solution purification process includes multiple continuous reactors. Setting the key technical indicators of each reactor through global optimization is the prerequisite for realizing the optimal operation of the entire process. Affected by fluctuations in inlet conditions, adjustments of operating parameters, and random disturbances, the operating status of the solution purification process will change accordingly, causing the optimal value settings based on global optimization to become no longer applicable. To ensure the applicability of the optimal value settings as the process changes and considering that the production data collected at different time scales contain different process information, this study proposes a dynamic correction method for the optimal value settings of the solution purification process at multiple time scales. First, considering the low-frequency testing data that can reflect the operation effect, the low-frequency correction is realized by combining mechanism knowledge and expert experience. Second, based on the characteristic that the high-frequency detection data can reflect the changing operating status in time, a supervised self-organizing map method is proposed to classify the changing trends in the operating status. Finally, an integrated, spatiotemporal, just-in-time learning method (with multiple changing trends in the operating status) is proposed to realize high-frequency correction. The experimental results show that the proposed method can dynamically correct the optimal value settings and reduce resource consumption while ensuring product quality.

A comprehensive setting method for the optimal setpoint of controlled variables in the zinc smelting solution purification process under multi-variation inlet status

The zinc smelting solution purification process regulates the oxidation-reduction reactions (characterized by the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)) by controlling the amount of zinc powder added to remove the impurity ions. In order to ensure the optimal operation of the process, the target key technical indicators should be converted into the optimal setpoint of controlled variables (that is, ORP). Based on the mechanism knowledge, fuzzy rules, and preference-guided predictive optimization, a comprehensive setting method for the optimal setpoint of controlled variables under multi-variation inlet status is proposed. It includes a hybrid trend detection method for inlet status, a mechanism model under multiple operating modes, and a fuzzy correction method and a preference-guided predictive optimization method to deal with slight and violent fluctuations in the inlet status, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain the optimal setpoint of controlled variables and reduce zinc powder consumption by approximately 3.6%.

On the Unique Morphology and Elastic Properties of Multi-Jet Electrospun Cashew Gum-Based Fiber Mats.

This study investigates the unique morphology and mechanical properties of multi-jet electrospun cashew gum (CG) when combined with high-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) and glycerol. Cashew gum (CG) is a low-cost, non-toxic heteropolysaccharide derived from Anacardium occidentale trees. Initially, the electrospinnability of aqueous solutions of cashew gum alone or in combination with PEO was evaluated. It was found that cashew gum alone was not suitable for electrospinning; thus, adding a small quantity of PEO was needed to create the necessary molecular entanglements for fiber formation. By using a single emitter with a CG:PEO ratio of 85:15, straight and smooth fibers with some defects were obtained. However, additional purification of the cashew gum solution was needed to produce more stable and defect-free straight and smooth fibers. Additionally, the inclusion of glycerol as a plasticizer was required to overcome material fragility. Interestingly, when the optimized formulation was electrospun using multiple simultaneous emitters, thicker aligned fiber bundles were achieved. Furthermore, the resulting oriented fiber mats exhibited unexpectedly high elongation at break under ambient conditions. These findings underscore the potential of this bio-polysaccharide-based formulation for non-direct water contact applications that demand elastic properties.

Analysis and substantiation of trends in the development of electromembrane methods in the purification of industrial solutions

The paper considers the trends in the development of technological design of electromembrane separation methods, a dynamically developing technology characterized by high efficiency, ease of operation and maintenance. To date, research on the technology of electromembrane separation is carried out both to optimize and improve the characteristics of standard elements, and to develop and implement new materials and processes. Four main vectors of development of electromembrane separation technologies have been identified. New approaches and techniques for the electromembrane separation of industrial solutions, including the widespread introduction of mathematical modeling to describe processes occurring in apparatuses, on anion-exchange or cation-exchange membranes, and changes in current density in the apparatus. The improvement or development of new electromembrane devices and devices, the result is an increase in the area of contact, which is proposed to be achieved either by changing the shape, number of membranes or their porosity and roughness. The development of new types of membranes and materials for their manufacture, which change the structure and physico-chemical properties of membranes, includes the introduction of various components into the composition of membranes (carbon quantum dots, metal oxide nanoparticles, etc.), physico-chemical effects on the membrane, changing it at the stage of formation. The integration of membrane separation and electrochemistry has led to the development of electrically conductive membranes, which include carbon nanomaterials with excellent electrical conductivity and stability. The purpose of research in this area is to reduce membrane contamination. Membranes with electrochemical action can decompose small organic pollutants in a timely manner, the mechanisms of action on which are absent with conventional membrane separation.