Pedigree Research Articles

JOYS+: Mid-infrared detection of gas-phase SO2 emission in a low-mass protostar

Context. Thanks to the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), our ability to observe the star formation process in the infrared has greatly improved. Due to its unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution and sensitivity in the mid-infrared, JWST/MIRI can see through highly extincted protostellar envelopes and probe the warm inner regions. An abundant molecule in these warm inner regions is SO2, which is a common tracer of both outflow and accretion shocks as well as hot core chemistry. Aims. This paper presents the first mid-infrared detection of gaseous SO2 emission in an embedded low-mass protostellar system rich in complex molecules and aims to determine the physical origin of the SO2 emission. Methods. JWST/MIRI observations taken with the Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) of the low-mass protostellar binary NGC 1333 IRAS 2A in the JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS+) program are presented. The observations reveal emission from the SO2 v3 asymmetric stretching mode at 7.35 µm. Using simple slab models and assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), we derived the rotational temperature and total number of SO2 molecules. We then compared the results to those derived from high-angular-resolution SO2 data on the same scales (~50–100 au) obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Results. The SO2 emission from the v3 band is predominantly located on ~50–100 au scales around the mid-infrared continuum peak of the main component of the binary, IRAS 2A1. A rotational temperature of 92 ± 8 K is derived from the v3 lines. This is in good agreement with the rotational temperature derived from pure rotational lines in the vibrational ground state (i.e., v = 0) with ALMA (104 ± 5 K), which are extended over similar scales. However, the emission of the v3 lines in the MIRI-MRS spectrum is not in LTE given that the total number of molecules predicted by a LTE model is found to be a factor of 2 × 104 higher than what is derived for the v = 0 state from the ALMA data. This difference can be explained by a vibrational temperature that is ~100 K higher than the derived rotational temperature of the v = 0 state: Tvib ~ 200 K versus Trot = 104 ± 5 K. The brightness temperature derived from the continuum around the v3 band (~7.35 µm) of SO2 is ~180 K, which confirms that the v3 = 1 level is not collisionally populated but rather infrared-pumped by scattered radiation. This is also consistent with the non-detection of the v2 bending mode at 18–20 µm. The similar rotational temperature derived from the MIRI-MRS and ALMA data implies that they are in fact tracing the same molecular gas. The inferred abundance of SO2 , determined using the LTE fit to the lines of the vibrational ground state in the ALMA data, is 1.0 ± 0.3 × 10−8 with respect to H2, which is on the lower side compared to interstellar and cometary ices (10−8−10−7). Conclusions. Given the rotational temperature, the extent of the emission (~100 au in radius), and the narrow line widths in the ALMA data (~3.5 km s−1), the SO2 in IRAS 2A likely originates from ice sublimation in the central hot core around the protostar rather than from an accretion shock at the disk–envelope boundary. Furthermore, this paper shows the importance of radiative pumping and of combining JWST observations with those from millimeter interferometers such as ALMA to probe the physics on disk scales and to infer molecular abundances.

Ciclosporin oral solution in cats: a retrospective survey of compliance with treatment and adverse effects.

The aim of the study was to assess long-term ciclosporin oral solution compliance in cats treated for feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS). A survey was sent by email to 114 owners who had administered ciclosporin oral solution to their cats for FASS. In total, 42 owners completed the survey. The population was composed of 30 domestic shorthair cats and 12 pure breeds. There were 20 males and 22 females, and the median age was 5.5 years. Ciclosporin oral solution was administered directly into the mouth in 32/42 (76%) and with food/other in 10/42 (24%) cats. The administration was considered easy in 18/42 (43%) cats, difficult in 23/42 (55%) and impossible in 1/42 (2%). Treatment was stopped in 25/42 (60%) cats. The causes were as follows: administration difficulty (nine cats, 21%); complete resolution (four cats, 10%); treatment failure (four cats, 10%); price (two cats, 4%); and other causes (two deaths, two neoplasia, one adverse effect and one lack of compliance). Adverse effects involving clinical signs were reported in 25 (60%) cats: ptyalism (8/42); dysorexia/anorexia (6/42); vomiting (4/42); diarrhoea (4/42); gingival hyperplasia (1/42); and a combination of vomiting, diarrhoea and ptyalism (2/42). In addition, altered behaviour was reported in 27/42 (64%) cats: hiding in seven cats; scared of owner in 10 cats; modification of sleeping or playing activity in six cats; inappropriate urination/defecation in two cats; aggression in one cat; and all of the above in one cat. In total, 24 (57%) cats had adverse effects involving both clinical signs and altered behaviour, and only six cats had either adverse clinical signs or behavioural changes. This survey showed that behavioural changes appear to be underestimated in the cats treated with ciclosporin oral solution and this could cause treatment failure due to lack of compliance. Larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

F1 Hybrids in oil palm

F1 Hybrid production in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a reality. F1 Hybrids have the potential to provide massive increases in yield as demonstrated in a range of crops. Verdant has the intellectual property and “know-how” to produce haploids and double them to give doubled haploids. Doubled haploids are fertile and 100% homozygous (genetically pure lines), making them ideal as parents for F1 Hybrids. There has been no genetic modification. Verdant now has a collection of Dura and Pisifera doubled haploids that span the genetic diversity of oil palm from which parents can be selected based on genetic contrasts (using Diversity Array Technology). The first F1 Hybrid crosses (Dura x Pisifera) were made in 2019 and field progeny trial testing started in 2021. Performance in the field is being monitored by a range of physiological tests, but ultimately on palm product yield per hectare plus commercially significant secondary traits, such as disease tolerance, will determine selection. The intention is to start commercial F1 Hybrid seed production in 2029. A phenomics nursery has been set up to correlate seedling physiological traits with yield with the aim of developing early indicators for yield potential and to screen for variation between crosses for 1) Ganoderma tolerance, 2) nutrient uptake, and 3) drought tolerance. Genotyping is also being deployed to identify and select heterotic combinations that result in hybrid vigour.

Effects of Gender on Hematologic Parameters in Kangal Shepherd Dogs

Kangal Shepherd Dogs are highly valuable working dogs unique to Turkey, known for their robustness in withstanding harsh climatic conditions and possessing advanced herd protection and management abilities due to their genetic characteristics. Haematological values serve as crucial indicators of the physiological and physiopathological parameters in animals. A complete blood cell count (CBC) emerges as a powerful diagnostic tool when appropriately assessed. Given the establishment of pure breeds, it is essential to acknowledge that breedspecific hematologic values may exhibit variations influenced by factors such as gender, lifestyle, age, and geographical location. Therefore, understanding the physiological distinctions between genders becomes paramount. This study aims to assess the impact of gender on the complete blood count in Kangal Shepherd Dogs. Upon comparing hematologic parameters between female and male Kangal Shepherd Dogs, a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean platelet volume (MPV) value, which was higher in females than males (p < 0.05). While the mean red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), and haematocrit (HCT) values were higher in males, no statistically significant results were found (p > 0.05)

Genetic Components Derived Parameters and Heterosis in Okra under Saudi Arabia Conditions.

Four parental genotypes of okra were crossed in complete diallel design to study the direction and extent of relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for yield and its associated traits for utilization of existing genetic diversity to develop heterotic F1 hybrids in okra. The additive genetic component (D) was significant in all studied traits except average pod weight. Nonadditive (H1 and H2) components were found to be significant in all studied traits. However, the values of the dominant effect (H1) were smaller than the D components for no. of nodes/plant, no. of pods/plant, weight of medium pods, weight of large pods, and total fresh pod yield. The maximum significant MP heterosis in the desirable direction (149.9%) was recorded for the weight of large pods/plot. The maximum significant heterobeltiosis in the desirable direction (120.1%) was recorded for the weight of small pods/plot followed by total fresh pod yield (107.4%), the weight of large pods/plot (104.9%), weight of medium pods/plot (92.1%), average pod weight (51.8%), number of pods/plant (38.4%), and plant height (34.3%). It could be concluded that plant height, average pod weight, and the number of branches could be considered for the development of elite hybrids (heterosis breeding) or inbred lines (pure line selection) in succeeding generations. Therefore, these parameters can be considered for selecting genotypes to improve the pod yield of okra. The superior crosses identified through heterosis analysis were Egyptian Balady × Line 4.1.18 (30.8 ton/ha), Line 4.1.18 × Egyptian Balady (29.8 ton/ha), Dwarf Green Long Pod × Line 4.1.18 (28.3 ton/ha), and Egyptian Balady × Dwarf Green Long Pod (27.6 ton/ha) as these crosses had high performance as well as significant and higher estimates of heterobeltiosis for fruit yield per plant and yield attributing other characters.

A cautionary tale of low-pass sequencing and imputation with respect to haplotype accuracy

BackgroundLow-pass whole-genome sequencing and imputation offer significant cost savings, enabling substantial increases in sample size and statistical power. This approach is particularly promising in livestock breeding, providing an affordable means of screening individuals for deleterious alleles or calculating genomic breeding values. Consequently, it may also be of value in companion animal genomics to support pedigree breeding. We sought to evaluate in dogs the impact of low coverage sequencing and reference-guided imputation on genotype concordance and association analyses.ResultsDNA isolated from saliva of 30 Labrador retrievers was sequenced at low (0.9X and 3.8X) and high (43.5X) coverage, and down-sampled from 43.5X to 9.6X and 17.4X. Genotype imputation was performed using a diverse reference panel (1021 dogs), and two subsets of the former panel (256 dogs each) where one had an excess of Labrador retrievers relative to other breeds. We observed little difference in imputed genotype concordance between reference panels. Association analyses for a locus acting as a disease proxy were performed using single-marker (GEMMA) and haplotype-based (XP-EHH) tests. GEMMA results were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97) between 43.5X and ≥ 3.8X depths of coverage, while for 0.9X the correlation was lower (r ≤ 0.8). XP-EHH results were less well correlated, with r ranging from 0.58 (0.9X) to 0.88 (17.4X). Across a random sample of 10,000 genomic regions averaging 17 kb in size, we observed a median of three haplotypes per dog across the sequencing depths, with 5% of the regions returning more than eight haplotypes. Inspection of one such region revealed genotype and phasing inconsistencies across sequencing depths.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that saliva-derived canine DNA is suitable for whole-genome sequencing, highlighting the feasibility of client-based sampling. Low-pass sequencing and imputation require caution as incorrect allele assignments result when the subject possesses alleles that are absent in the reference panel. Larger panels have the capacity for greater allelic diversity, which should reduce the potential for imputation error. Although low-pass sequencing can accurately impute allele dosage, we highlight issues with phasing accuracy that impact haplotype-based analyses. Consequently, if accurately phased genotypes are required for analyses, we advocate sequencing at high depth (> 20X).

Clinicopathological findings, treatment, and outcome in 60 cats with gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia.

Gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (GESF) in cats presents as mass(es) associated with the gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, and abdominal lymph nodes. To report the clinicopathological findings, treatment, and outcome of cats with GESF. Sixty client-owned cats diagnosed with GESF. Retrospective review of medical records of cats with histopathologically confirmed GESF. The median age was 5.4 years (interquartile range [IQR], 3.3-8.9.); 30% were Domestic Shorthairs and 12% were Domestic Longhair cats, with the most prevalent pedigree breeds being Ragdolls (25%), Exotic Shorthair (10%) and Persian (8%) cats. The median duration of clinical signs was 90 days (IQR, 17.5-247.0); the most common clinical signs were weight loss (60%), hyporexia/anorexia (55%), chronic vomiting (37%), lethargy (35%) and chronic diarrhea (27%). Masses were located in the small intestine (32%), stomach (27%), ileocolic junction (15%), colon (10%), lymph node (8%) and mesentery (8%) and 15% of cats had >1 mass. Eosinophilia was present in 50% and hypoalbuminemia in 28% of cats. The mass was removed surgically in 37% of cases. Most cats (98%) were treated with corticosteroids. Survival was not statistically different between cats treated with surgical resection and cats treated with medical therapy alone, 88% of the cats were still alive at the time of writing. GESF is an important differential diagnosis for abdominal masses in cats, and has a much better prognosis than previously reported.

Diversity of barley accessions from the Asian part of Russia in greenbug resistance

Background. The use of barley cultivars resistant to greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) is an effective, economical and ecology-friendly way to control the dangerous phytophage. The insect is able to overcome the resistance of the host plant, which necessitates a relentless search for new genes to ensure reliable protection of barley fields from the pest.Materials and methods. Resistance to the Krasnodar greenbug population was assessed in 345 barley accessions from the Asian part of Russia. Besides, resistance to S. graminum was studied in cv. ‘Post’ (carrier of the Rsg1 gene), a pure line derived from cv. ‘Onokhoisky’ (k-16626, Buryatia) heterogeneous for this trait, and landraces from Mongolia (k-3885, k-3904, and k-4080). Juvenile plants were infested with aphids in the laboratory, and when a susceptible control died, the damage to experimental barley accessions was assessed using a scoring scale. Genetic control of greenbug resistance in the line derived from cv. ‘Onokhoisky’ was studied using the insect’s test clones and an analysis of the segregation in F2 hybrids from crossing the resistant line with cv. ‘Belogorsky’ susceptible to the aphid, when the plants were infested with the Krasnodar population of the phytophage and with clones of S. graminum.Results and conclusions. We identified 7 accessions heterogeneous for aphid resistance. Among them, plants with a high level of greenbug resistance were found in three landraces from Tuva (k-14714, k-14718, and k-14733). Resistance was also clearly expressed in the line derived from cv. ‘Onokhoisky’. This cultivar is protected by a dominant allele that differs from the previously identified Rsg1, as well as from the alleles found in Mongolian landraces k-3904, k-4080, and k-3885. ‘Onokhoisky’ also has genes with low expressivity, which manifest themselves when the main gene for resistance to S. graminum appears ineffective.

Breeding chili pepper for simultaneous improvement in leaf curl virus and anthracnose disease tolerance and commercially important traits

ABSTRACT In a large portion of the tropics, there is a demand for the development of hybrid chilies (Capsicum annuum L.) with high pungency, antioxidant vitamins, and tolerance to chili leaf curl virus, and anthracnose. Six genetically diverse parents were crossed in half-diallel fashion to develop 15 F1 hybrids to assess the level of heterosis, combining ability and gene action for 17 quantitative traits. The inheritance of most traits was apparently controlled by non-additive gene action. “Bidhan Chili 4” recorded the maximum, significant, GCA effects in a desired direction for PDIs of leaf curl virus and anthracnose along with commercially important traits. The maximum extent of heterobeltiosis was for oleoresin content followed by ascorbic acid and capsaicin contents, PDIs of chili leaf curl virus and anthracnose, and fruit yield per plant. The hybrids “Bidhan Chili 4 × Chili 38-Ragi” and “Pant C 1 × Bidhan Chili 4” could be isolated on the basis of their average performance, heterosis manifested in them, and SCA effects. Such hybrids could make a difference by meeting the horticultural requirements, high yield, disease tolerance and pungency, of commercial chili growing zones in the tropics. Hybrid vigor is available for commercial production of chili hybrids. A different approach from hybrid vigor is to isolate pure lines from segregating generations of potential heterotic F1s to increase fruit yield, quality attributes, and resistance to the chili leaf curl virus and anthracnose disease.

Current Prospects of Husbandry and Breeding Practices of Chicken Populations Rearing in Rural Communities: For Sustainable Improvement Interventions

This study aimed to investigate the present scenario of chicken husbandry and breeding practices in the rural districts of Sidama Region, southern Ethiopia. Four districts, namely Hula, Shebedino, Aleta Chuko, and Boricha were purposefully selected based on their chicken production potential and agroecological distinctiveness. The study data were collected from 161 chicken‐keeping households through interviews, on‐farm follow‐ups, group discussions, and field observations. Descriptive statistics and indexed ranking procedures were applied to summarize the data using SAS software. The chicken farming system was predominantly free‐scavenging, followed by slowly growing semi‐intensive and few intensive farming systems. The majority of rural farmers were keeping chickens primarily to support family income and for home use. A decreasing flock size of indigenous chickens and an increasing trend of improved chicken distribution and rearing were observed. It has been noted that farmers have a good experience of selecting hatching eggs, breeding cocks, and hens. In highland districts, pure breeding is common, while in midland and lowland districts, crossbreeding is more common due to the high distribution of exotic breeds. In all study districts, chickens mainly rely on scavenging with minimal feed supplementation and sit on simple perches fixed in family houses and kitchens. More than 65% of farmers use various traditional medications that were known by farmers to cure sick chickens. Furthermore, the study identified seasonal feed shortages, disease outbreaks, unplanned breeding, limited management knowledge, predators, and drought as major bottlenecks to chicken production. Thus, these findings could raise guiding information to improve small‐scale chicken husbandry and breeding practices, which help poor rural families, and the major bottlenecks to ensure sustainable poultry farming were identified. Moreover, the high mortality of chickens observed during peak dry and wet seasons in the Boricha and Hula districts, respectively, calls for further research on the adaptation potentials of chickens in their respective ecologies.

Mutations in the GDF8 Gene in Double-Muscled Cattle: Mechanisms of Action and Relevance for Livestock Production

Myostatin (MSTN) has the function of limiting muscle growth, keeping satellite cells quiescent and acting on cell development, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration and apoptosis. The mutation in the GDF8 gene proved to be advantageous as it presents some important attributes for the production of beef cattle, such as: gains in feed conversion and meat quality, making the meat leaner and more tender, resulting in intense selection for use in crossing programs in Brazil and around the world. We carried out a literature review on the mutation in the GDF8 gene in different breeds of Double Muscled cattle. We evaluated the frequency of polymorphisms present in research and observed that Indel c. 818 and MSTN-F94L were the markers most used in research. The MSTN-F94L polymorphism influenced musculature in the Jersey-Limousin backcross population. Furthermore, the polymorphism is strongly associated with the additive effect on birth weight, weaning weight and yearling weight, in addition to increasing the ease of direct birth in pure or mixed breeds. GDF8 gene polymorphisms can be used to improve performance traits in beef cattle. However, the influence of these markers needs to be determined in each herd.

Improving the efficiency of seed production of heterotic cucumber hybrids in protected soil

Increasing the efficiency of seed production of heterotic cucumber hybrids is the most important task of protected soil vegetable growing. In recent years, modern heterotic cucumber hybrids have almost completely replaced conventional varieties due to higher economically valuable traits. The article presents experimental data on the study of biological and morphological features of cucumber baselines for the production of heterotic hybrids, as well as new agrotechnological methods of growing seedlings, which reduce the economic costs of obtaining pure cucumber lines. As a result of studying the initial maternal lines, it was found that for the development of the aboveground and underground parts of the plant, it is necessary to use ℓ-80 and ℓ-154 to successfully obtain seeds. To get more male flowers when growing seedlings of maternal lines, it is necessary to sow 2 seeds in each pot at a distance of 2-3 cm. In the course of research, a unique method for obtaining male flowers has been developed by changing the density of the standing of the mother cucumber plants (application for patent of the Russian Federation No. 2023131502 dated 11/28/2023).

A new instrumentation for simultaneous terahertz and mid-infrared spectroscopy in corrosive gaseous mixtures.

The correct interpretation of infrared (IR) observations of planetary atmospheres requires an accurate knowledge of temperature and partial and global pressures. Precise laboratory measurements of absorption intensities and line profiles, in the 200-350K temperature range, are, therefore, critical. However, for gases only existing in complex chemical equilibria, such as nitrous or hypobromous acids, it is not possible to rely on absolute pressure measurements to measure absolute integrated optical absorption cross sections or IR line intensities. To overcome this difficulty, a novel dual-beam terahertz (THz)/mid-IR experimental setup has been developed, relying on the simultaneous use of two instruments. The setup involves a newly constructed temperature-controlled (200-350K) cross-shaped absorption cell made of inert materials. The cell is traversed by the mid-IR beam from a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer using along a White-cell optical configuration providing absorption path lengths from 2.8 to 42m and by a THz radiation beam (82.5GHz to 1.1THz), probing simultaneously the same gaseous sample. The THz channel records pure rotational lines of molecules for which the dipole moment was previously measured with high precision using Stark spectroscopy. This allows for a determination of the partial pressure in the gaseous mixture and enables absolute line intensities to be retrieved for the mid-IR range. This new instrument opens a new possibility for the retrieval of spectroscopic parameters for unstable molecules of atmospheric interest. The design and performance of the equipment are presented and illustrated by an example of simultaneous THz and mid-IR measurement on nitrous acid (HONO) equilibrium.

Collagen properties of Indonesian local sheepskin isolated using acid and enzymatic methods.

This study aimed to investigate the physical properties of Indonesian local sheep skin collagen extracted by acid and enzymatic methods. Collagen was isolated from Pure Breed Garut Sheep (Ovis aries sp.) skin, 1.5 years old. The skins were obtained from a local slaughterhouse in Cirebon, Indonesia. The solvents used were CH3COOH and three different enzymes: neutrase, alcalase, and bromelain. The highest yields of extracted collagen were bromelain-soluble collagen (BSC), which reached 37.07%. The range of Ph values for all samples started from 4.01 to 4.76. The viscosity values (cP) of acid-soluble collagen (ASC), neutrase-soluble collagen (NSC), alcalase-soluble collagen (LSC), and BSC were 3.42, 3.90, 3.45, and 3.12, respectively. Regarding SDS-PAGE analyses, Garut sheepskin collagen is categorized as collagen type I, which has a molecular weight of about 140.99 to 148.74 kDa for α1 and around 110 to 111.86 kDa for α2. The results of FTIR and DSC analyses for all samples show the same motif with commercial collagen motifs based on the literature. Garut sheep skin has the potential to be an alternative raw material source for producing collagen. Collagen extracted using a combination of CH3COOH and bromelain enzyme showed the most desirable results in almost every characteristic.

Comparative Evaluation of Table Egg Quality of Local and Pure Breed Laying Hens in Response to Storage Period Length

Comparative Evaluation of Table Egg Quality of Local and Pure Breed Laying Hens in Response to Storage Period Length

Effect of Genotype and Holding Duration on Some Post-Hatch Traits of Day-Old Broiler Pure Line Chicks

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of varying holding durations on some post-hatching characteristics of broiler pure line chicks with different selection backgrounds. Fifty d-old chicks from each of 3 dam (A1, A2, A3) and 1 sire (B1) ANADOLU-T broiler pure lines were used. Ten chicks of each genotype were treated with holding durations of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48-h after hatching. At the end of each holding duration, individual chick weight (g), weight loss (g, %), chick length (mm), wing feather length (mm), rectal temperature (°C), yolk sac weight and percentage (g, %) and yolk-free body mass (g) were determined. Hatching egg weights were similar in A1 (60.9 g), A2 (60.9 g) and B1 (61.1 g) lines, but higher than A3 (59.2 g) (P

An Introduction to Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Current Status and Perspectives.

Plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures (PCTOC) have been used as experimental systems in basic research, allowing gene function demonstration through gene overexpression or repression and investigating the processes involved in embryogenesis and organogenesis or those related to the potential production of secondary metabolites, among others. On the other hand, PCTOC has also been applied at the commercial level for the vegetative multiplication (micropropagation) of diverse plant species, mainly ornamentals but also horticultural crops such as potato or fruit and tree species, and to produce high-quality disease-free plants. Moreover, PCTOC protocols are important auxiliary systems in crop breeding crops to generate pure lines (homozygous) to produce hybrids for the obtention of polyploid plants with higher yields or better performance. PCTOC has been utilized to preserve and conserve the germplasm of different crops or threatened species. Plant genetic improvement through genetic engineering and genome editing has been only possible thanks to the establishment of efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocols. Different companies currently focus on commercializing plant secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities using in vitro PCTOC. The impact of omics on PCTOC is discussed.

CUMHURİYET SONRASI 1950 KUŞAĞI İLE ÇAĞDAŞLAŞAN TÜRK GRAFİK MİZAHI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: TURHAN SELÇUK ÖRNEĞİ

Considering the development of graphic humor in our country, it is seen that it is modernized parallel to the industrial and social developments after the Republic. Especially with İhap Hulusi Görey, the increase in graphic design productions before the state and the establishment of the Poster Workshop, the narrative of the graphic language also affected the art of caricature. In this process, graphic art productions became visible in the country's history. Modern cartoon lines, which began to appear with the works of Cemal Nadir Güler, Necmi Rıza Ayça, Kozma Togo, and Ratip Tahir, attracted attention in the world with Saul Steinberg's modern graphic humor style in the 1950s, and Turhan Selçuk, along with many cartoonists, began to give examples in our country. The word "Graphic Humor," which refers to the graphic values in his lines and the lines that gain meaning with the story of pure lines free from writing, has started to be used more frequently for his works. The artist, whose recognition significantly increased with the comic book "Abdülcanbaz," is one of the rare illustrators who can be recognized by his lines, even if he doesn't sign the works he produces in his style. The artist, whose recognition significantly increased with the comic book "Abdülcanbaz" is one of the rare illustrators that can be recognized by his lines, even if he doesn't sign the works he produces in his style. In addition, the artist, also known internationally, has made a name for himself among the press cartoonists with his lines interpreting social and political determinations. This study uses the systematic data scanning method to examine the artistic life of Turhan Selçuk, Türkiye's pioneering graphic humor artist, as the graphic representative of contemporary lines.

Genetic analysis of fatty acids, oil and protein percent in maize (zea mays l.) Using partial diallel mating design

In this study, the hybridizations were done using partial diallel mating design in spring season 2020 at Qlyasan location to complete the procedure of this experiment, which conducted during spring season 2021 at two different locations in Sulaimani Governorate, Qlyasan and Kanipanka Using randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication. Eight pure lines of maize and their partial cross-hybrids were used by adopting a sample of three crosses for each line (MGW 16, NADH 102, NADH 704, NADH 706, NADH 52, ZY 52, NADH 905, MSI 4279). All genotypes (8 parents + 12 F1s hybrids) were prepared to chemical analysis for estimating oil%, protein% and fatty acids (Palmitic, Stearic, Linolic, Oleic, Linolenic and Oil). The results summarized as follow: The analysis of variance revealed that the mean square due to crosses and gca was highly significant for all studied traits, while for sca it was highly significant for most traits at both locations. The mean square due to the parents were highly significant for most studied traits. The cross NADH 52 × MSI 4279 and parent MSI 4279 showed gave highest means values for all traits. positive heterosis% for all traits was observed. The cross NADH 52 × MSI 4279 showed the highest heterosis% for all traits at both locations. The contribution of additive and non-additive gene effect was important in the inheritance of these traits at Qlyasan location, while at the Kani panka location the contribution of additive gene effect was more than non-additive gene effect for all traits. Highly significant correlation was recorded between each pair of fatty acids at both locations, but kernel yield recorded significant correlation with linolic and oleic acids at Kanipanka location only.

CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS SHEEP HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN WESTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY REGION, ETHIOPIA

The survey was conducted before the ignition of the war in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia (before October 2020). The objective of the survey was to characterize the husbandry practices of three indigenous sheep populations. A total of 253 households were randomly involved in the face-to-face interview. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software was used for data analysis. Illiterates (34 %) and respondents, who attended lower primary school (44 %), were the major categories of the respondents. A mean (± SD) flock size of 7.91 ± 11.4 Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) of indigenous sheep of the three genotypes were kept under extensive husbandry practices, however, the indigenous sheep population (55 %) trend was at a decreasing state in the last ten years. There was lower mean flock size in Arado (11.72 ± 8.0) than in Begait (85.07 ± 90.1) and Rutanna (223.08 ± 170.5) sheep. The decreasing state of communal grazing area (97 %) resulted in seasonal feed scarcity (96 %) in the last five years. Hence, feed supplementation was in 74 % of the respondents done in the dry season. Animals of most respondents (71 %) go to water source to drink water. It was noted that most animals drank water once a day (63 %) in the dry season. It was also noted that sheep fattening (4 %) was a neglected activity. There were sheep production challenges (100 %) and opportunities (72 %). Diseases (86 %) and external parasites (80 %) were major constraints in sheep production. However, lack of veterinary service (78 % no service) centre was a critical challenge. Practices of own ram-ewe mating (68 %), own flock born rams (51 %), uncontrolled mating (66 %), pure breeding (86 %) and use of rams outside of their flocks (79 %) were practiced in the indigenous sheep populations. Unknown ram-to-ewe ratio (26.9 %) and a ratio of one-ram-to-all-ewes in a flock (29.6 %) were practiced. Ram castration (35 %) was practiced to improve carcass quality (32 %). Feed development, shift to modern husbandry practices, access to veterinary services, indigenous sheep conservation through utilization, control of inbreeding, ram-to-ewe ratio, fattening and castration should be of future attention of farmers and stakeholders.