Pedigree Research Articles

The GRAVITY young stellar object survey

Context. T Tauri stars are known to be the cradle of planet formation. Most exoplanets discovered to date lie at the very inner part of the circumstellar disk (<1 au). The innermost scale of young stellar objects is therefore a compelling region to be addressed, and long-baseline interferometry is a key technique to unveil their mysteries. Aims. We aim to spatially and spectrally resolve the innermost scale (≤1 au) of the young stellar system CI Tau to constrain the inner disk properties and better understand the magnetospheric accretion phenomenon. Methods. The high sensitivity offered by the combination of the four 8-m class telescopes of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) allied with the high spectral resolution (R ~ 4000) of the K-band beam combiner GRAVITY offers a unique capability to probe the sub-au scale of the CI Tau system, tracing both dust (continuum) and gas (Brγ line) emission regions. We developed a physically motivated geometrical model to fit the interferometric observables – visibilities and closure phases (CP) – and constrained the physical properties of the inner dusty disk. The continuum-corrected pure line visibilities have been used to estimate the size of the Hydrogen I Brγ emitting region. Results. From the K-band continuum study, we report a highly inclined (i ~ 70°) resolved inner dusty disk, with an inner edge located at a distance of 21 ± 2 R★ from the central star, which is significantly larger than the dust sublimation radius (Rsub = 4.3 to 8.6 R★). The inner disk appears misaligned compared to the outer disk observed by ALMA and the non-zero closure phase indicates the presence of an asymmetry that could be reproduced with an azimuthally modulated ring with a brighter south-west side. From the differential visibilities across the Brγ line, we resolved the line-emitting region, and measured a size of 4.8- 1.0+ 0.8 R★. Conclusions. The extended inner disk edge compared to the dust sublimation radius is consistent with the claim of an inner planet, CI Tau b, orbiting close in. The inner-outer disk misalignment may be induced by gravitational torques or magnetic warping. The size of the Brγ emitting region is consistent with the magnetospheric accretion process. Assuming it corresponds to the magnetospheric radius, it is significantly smaller than the co-rotation radius (Rcor= 8.8 ± 1.3 R★), which suggests an unstable accretion regime that is consistent with CI Tau being a burster.

Screening of Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Landraces for Drought Tolerance at Early Stages Using PEG 6000

Despite being one of the most important staple food consumed by more than half of the world population, the development of red rice still lacks behind the regular white rice. In Madura, most farmers still use their local landraces with red pericarp. Since most of the growing season is dependent on rainfall, those landraces are expected to provide some useful genes related to drought tolerance. This research aimed to select drought-tolerant accessions candidates of red rice derived from pure lines selection at early stages using PEG 6000. A randomized complete block design was used with two factors and three replications, the first factor was red rice genotype and the second factor was two levels of PEG 6000 concentration (0% and 25%). The results showed that there were different responses in all genotypes used in terms of their responses to PEG 6000 screening. Seedling length, seminal root length, shoot length, seminal root dry weight, and shoot dry weight were reduced by the application of PEG 6000 compared to non-PEG 6000 media. Two genotypes had a better response to PEG 6000 treatment compared to check tolerant (Salumpikit), and these are expected to become a valuable resources for further breeding activities.

Effect of rice leaf stage on tolerance to benzobicyclon in a drill‐seeded production system

AbstractBenzobicyclon is a new postflood‐applied herbicide that was registered for use in U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) in 2021 by Gowan Company. Therefore, research was conducted to evaluate tolerance of commonly grown rice cultivars to benzobicyclon. In 2018 and 2019, field experiments were conducted near Stuttgart, AR to evaluate the influence of growth stage on rice tolerance to benzobicyclon, and to evaluate pure line and hybrid rice tolerance to benzobicyclon following repeated use of acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides. In one of two years, rice growth stage (leaf number) at application impacted tolerance to benzobicyclon. In 2018, the two‐leaf application of benzobicyclon was generally more injurious to the rice cultivars, ‘CL153’, ‘Diamond’, ‘PVL01’, and ‘CLXL745’ than when applied at four‐leaf or tillering growth stages. In the second year, all rice cultivars, except ‘Rondo’, were not injured by benzobicyclon applied at any growth stage. In both years, benzobicyclon applied to indica rice cultivar Rondo elicited ≥97% crop injury, regardless of application timing. Findings from these experiments suggest that rice cultivar tolerance can vary across environments and that smaller‐sized rice could be more prone to injury than when applications occur at a typical timing for a postflood‐applied herbicide. In general, four‐leaf and tillering rice will exhibit sufficient tolerance to benzobicyclon. It is especially not recommended to apply benzobicyclon on rice cultivars that have a predominant indica‐type genealogical background. Benzobicyclon following repeated applications of acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to the pure line cultivar CL153 and the hybrid cultivar CLXL745 did not pose increased risk for injury to rice.

Genetic diversity among and within tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces grown in Southern Italy

Landraces can be defined as locally adapted cultivated forms of domesticated plant species that have distinctive traits resulting from both environmental adaptation and farmer selection. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), they are important for preserving genetic diversity and as a potential source of adaptive traits that are not found in contemporary commercial varieties. In this work, we analyzed the genetic variability within and between 16 tomato landraces originating in Southern Italy, a secondary center of diversity. We used the highly discriminant (GATA)4 DNA fingerprinting to assess genetic homogeneity, relationship, differentiation, and structure, as well as to infer the occurrence of possible contaminant or admixed genotypes. Within-landrace variability was found in a third of the landraces. The population structure (without using predefined groups) indicated in different instances, a correspondence between fruit type and landraces’ clusters. The results of multivariate and Bayesian analyses showed a low frequency of possible admixed or contaminant genotypes. Moreover, the quantification of intra-landrace variability allowed to estimate the potential loss of diversity in storing tomato landraces as pure lines. Finally, issues related to possible contamination of the germplasm also imply that more thorough assessment of variability is required not only to store genuine diversity but also to exploit tomato landraces in breeding programs.

In vivo Fertility Assessment of Frozen Thawed Pantja Buck Semen

Background: Pantja is a medium sized, dual purpose Tarai goat breed of Uttarakhand and adjacent area of Uttar Pradesh. Due to the lack of pure breeding buck and uncontrolled cross breeding, population of this breed is reducing continuously. Therefore, for preservation and dissemination of this pure breed, cryopreservation of semen and artificial insemination by using frozen thawed semen can play a crucial role. Methods: Semen samples were collected from four sexually matured Pantja bucks and after preliminary evaluation extended in tris egg yolk based extender. Post thaw semen was examined for microscopical and certain biochemical evaluation. A total 12 does were inseminated and pregnancy diagnosis was conducted at 45 days onwards by ultrasonography. Result: Post thaw seminal attributes were significantly (P£0.01) reduced in comparision to freshly diluted semen. Total six does (50.00%) were pregnant and five (83.33%) of them gave birth to healthy kids. Among these five, three does (60.00%) gave birth to single and two does (40.00%) gave birth to twins.

Multibreed genomic prediction using summary statistics and a breed-origin-of-alleles approach

Because of an increasing interest in crossbreeding between dairy breeds in dairy cattle herds, farmers are requesting breeding values for crossbred animals. However, genomically enhanced breeding values are difficult to predict in crossbred populations because the genetic make-up of crossbred individuals is unlikely to follow the same pattern as for purebreds. Furthermore, sharing genotype and phenotype information between breed populations are not always possible, which means that genetic merit (GM) for crossbred animals may be predicted without the information needed from some pure breeds, resulting in low prediction accuracy. This simulation study investigated the consequences of using summary statistics from single-breed genomic predictions for some or all pure breeds in two- and three-breed rotational crosses, rather than their raw data. A genomic prediction model taking into account the breed-origin of alleles (BOA) was considered. Because of a high genomic correlation between the breeds simulated (0.62–0.87), the prediction accuracies using the BOA approach were similar to a joint model, assuming homogeneous SNP effects for these breeds. Having a reference population with summary statistics available from all pure breeds and full phenotype and genotype information from crossbreds yielded almost as high prediction accuracies (0.720–0.768) as having a reference population with full information from all pure breeds and crossbreds (0.753–0.789). Lacking information from the pure breeds yielded much lower prediction accuracies (0.590–0.676). Furthermore, including crossbred animals in a combined reference population also benefitted prediction accuracies in the purebred animals, especially for the smallest breed population.

Retrospective study of lameness in beef cattle in northeastern Sardinia, Italy.

Lameness is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting dairy and beef cattle, resulting in decreased animal performance, decreased animal welfare, and substantial economic loss. In extensive beef cattle farming, the risk factors for this multifactorial disease are largely unexplored. This study aims to conduct a preliminary epidemiological survey of risk factors in beef cattle in extensive breeding, evaluate the farmer's perception of lameness, and determine the recurrence frequency of the pathologies under investigation in treated animals. The study was conducted in Sardinia, Italy. The population of the study consisted of 14379 cattle from 230 farms. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed to collect all the necessary data. A strong association was found between breed and the occurrence and recurrence of lameness (p < 0.0001). In addition, the Country of origin of both bulls and cows was found to be correlated with the incidence of lameness (p < 0.0001 and 0.0001, respectively). Farmers who indicated on the questionnaire that lameness was not important on their farm had more animals with recurrences (p < 0.0001) than other farmers. The veterinarian's treatment choice differed significantly by farmer concern (p = 0.007) and was associated with less disease recurrence (p < 0.0001), resulting in greater farmer satisfaction (p < 0.007). Pure cow breed, French bull origin, and farmer's age were detected as significant predictors of lameness issues, with pure cow breed and French bull origin having the strongest associations (p = 0.009). Even though the results of this study are preliminary, they indicate that breed selection is crucial in extensive beef farms to reduce lameness prevalence. In addition, it would be reasonable to train breeders to prevent and diagnose lameness early in order to collaborate with veterinarians to prevent recurrence.

Analysis of growth performance and carcass and meat quality of different crossbreeds of Cherry Valley duck

ABSTRACT 1. Duck breeding and production are facing great opportunities in China, as the market for small-sized high-quality duck is rapidly expanding. Therefore, breeding the most suitable genetic stock has become an important goal. 2. This study assessed body and carcass weight, slaughter rate and meat quality of offspring of three cross combinations; Cherry Valley duck (CV♂) × Small-sized Pekin duck (PK♀), CV♂×Taiwan white duck (TW♀), CV♂×Putian white duck (PT♀) and the corresponding pure lines at 56 d of age. These 420 ducks were raised in seven separate groups (10 pens/group, 3♂+3♀/pen). 3. Body and carcass weights were significantly lower in the three cross combinations than CV ducks (P = 0.042 and P = 0.012). Abdominal fat was lowest in CV♂×PK♀, whereas the breast and the leg muscle weights were significantly higher in CV♂×PK♀ compared to CV♂×TW♀ and CV♂×PT♀ (P = 0.018 and P = 0.023). No difference was observed in the visceral tissues among the three cross combinations or compared to CV ducks. 4. The performance indicators suggested that CV♂×PK♀, CV♂×TW♀ and CV♂×PT♀ cross combinations are best suited for segmented duck meat, featured duck meat and whole-duck processing, respectively.

Protection of Cu from Oxidation by Ta Capping Layer

X-ray reflectometry (XRR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements (core levels and valence bands) were made of Cu thin films that were prepared and coated by capping Ta layers with different thicknesses (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 Å), and are presented. The XRR and XPS Ta 4f-spectra revealed a complete oxidation of the protective layer up to a thickness of 10 Å. From the thickness of the capping layer of 15 Å, a pure Ta-metal line appeared in the XPS Ta 4f-spectrum, the contribution of which increased up to 30 Å. The XPS Cu 2p-spectra of the underlying copper layer revealed the oxidation with the formation of CuO up to a thickness of the Ta-layer of 10 Å. Starting from a thickness of 15 Å, the complete protection of the Cu layer against oxidation was ensured during exposure to the ambient atmosphere.

Regenerative plantlets with improved agronomic characteristics caused by anther culture of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

As the primary means of plant-induced haploid, anther culture is of great significance in quickly obtaining pure lines and significantly shortening the potato breeding cycle. Nevertheless, the methods of anther culture of tetraploid potato were still not well established. In this study, 16 potato cultivars (lines) were used for anther culture in vitro. The corresponding relation between the different development stages of microspores and the external morphology of buds was investigated. A highly-efficient anther culture system of tetraploid potatoes was established. It was shown in the results that the combined use of 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 1.0 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1.0 mg/L Kinetin (KT) was the ideal choice of hormone pairing for anther callus. Ten of the 16 potato cultivars examined could be induced callus with their respective anthers, and the induction rate ranged from 4.44% to 22.67% using this hormone combination. According to the outcome from the orthogonal design experiments of four kinds of appendages, we found that the medium with sucrose (40 g/L), AgNO3 (30 mg/L), activated carbon (3 g/L), potato extract (200 g/L) had a promotive induction effect on the anther callus. In contrast, adding 1 mg/L Zeatin (ZT) effectively facilitated callus differentiation. Finally, 201 anther culture plantlets were differentiated from 10 potato cultivars. Among these, Qingshu 168 and Ningshu 15 had higher efficiency than anther culture. After identification by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 10 haploid plantlets (5%), 177 tetraploids (88%), and 14 octoploids (7%) were obtained. Some premium anther-cultured plantlets were further selected by morphological and agronomic comparison. Our findings provide important guidance for potato ploidy breeding.

Principal component analysis in pig breeds identification

Maintaining the purity of pig breeds is an essential task for their economic value. The traditional breed identification methods through coat colour are prone to error due to huge intra-breed variation. This paper uses principal component Analysis (PCA) to classify the pig breeds using their images. Individual images of five different pure breeds were captured from organized farms in India under both controlled and uncontrolled environments. Three different image sets were created, containing images in the controlled, uncontrolled, and mixed environment image sets. With 80:20 training to testing datasets, 93% accuracy was found in the proposed method of principal component analysis. Finally, two performance-based comparative analyses of our method were done with PCA-based methods and other renowned techniques used for animal breed identification, wherein our PCA method outperformed others in both comparative scenarios.

Improving hybrid rice parental lines for blast resistance by introgression of broad‐spectrum resistance genes Pi54 and Pi9 by marker‐assisted selection

AbstractHybrid rice technology offers a great promise to produce 15% to 20% more yield than pure line varieties. The success of hybrid rice hinges on developing superior parental lines. To improve the blast resistance of hybrid rice parental line RP5933‐1‐19‐2R, crosses were made with donors of two major blast resistance genes namely, Pi54 (Tetep) and Pi9 (IR71033–121‐15) and the resulting F1s were confirmed for their hybridity by using Pi54MAS and NMSMPi9‐1 genic markers. The confirmed F1s were intercrossed to obtain ICF1s and selected positive plants by markers were backcrossed to the recurrent parent, as well as selfed for advancing further to BC1F3 and ICF4 generations. The segregating plants were phenotyped for blast resistance at Uniform Blast Nursery. The identified complete restorers namely, RP 6619‐1, RP 6616‐26, RP 6619‐3 and RP 6619‐11 with Pi9 and Pi54 genes would serve as donors for broad spectrum blast resistance. This could ultimately lead to the development of new rice hybrids with improved resistance to blast disease, which is crucial for sustainable rice production and food security.

Determination of the Microspore Development Concerning Floral Morphology for Improving Drought Tolerant Citron Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) Rootstocks Via Androgenesis.

The negative effects of abiotic stress factors (especially drought and salinity) that arise due to global climate change are increasing in today’s agricultural production. To eliminate the negative effects of these stress factors, some cultural practices have been implemented such as the breeding of tolerant cultivars and rootstock, exogenous applications of PGPR, AMF, and chemical substances, etc. Contrary to exogenous applications, providing tolerance with breeding methods has an important role in efficient and sustainable agriculture. Androgenesis is a phenomenon for the induction and development of microspore-derived pure lines, as initial material for F1 cultivar breeding, in different vegetable crops. Success in microspore embryogenesis is considerably related to the culture of microspores at an appropriate developmental stage. There is no standard protocol for the anther culture in citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides). Thus, a relation between floral morphology (bud length and width, bud index, sepal position, petal color), and microspore development (microspore diameter, uninucleated and binucleated phases) was investigated in citron. The male flower buds were collected at different sizes and microspore development was observed in both light and fluorescence microscopy. A strong positive relationship was detected between flower bud morphology and the specific stages of microspore development. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report to indicate that the microspore developmental stage can be estimated by flower bud morphology, and applied in the anther/microspore culture of citron watermelon.

Panicle branching of nutritious rice based on good agricultural practices

Panicle branching is one of the characters that can distinguish one rice cultivar from another. Agricultural practices determined the performance of panicle branching. The trial aimed to study the differences among ten rice lines based on panicle branching characters cultivated based on good farming practices. Seven pure lines and three varieties were planted as genetic material in 4 replications. The trial was conducted in Bandung in 2020 at an altitude was 460 m asl. The characters observed were panicle length, main axis length, number of total grain per panicle, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, primary branch length, secondary branch length, and number of secondary branches primary branch. All the panicle branching characters showed different among genetical material planted. The longest panicle was found in IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8, but the longest main axis length was found in Inpari IR Nutrizinc, local variety and IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8. The genotype of IR 105734-B-64-1-1-SKI-1-SG-11 showed had the most grains number (223.28), and the genotype of IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8 was not different with IR 105734-B-64-1-1-SKI-1-SG-11. In the other characters, the genotype of IR 105730-B-79-1-4-SKI-1-8 was relatively showed a good performance, especially in primary branch length, secondary branch length, and number of secondary branches primary branch.

Purification of local upland rice seeds based on morphological characteristics

This research is directed to overcome the problem of upland rice seeds that are no longer pure, because they have been mixed with other types of rice seeds, which can result in a decrease in the quality or nature of superior upland rice which is already favorable by the community. Seed purification is needed to restore the purity of the seeds of superior local upland rice lines. Another target of this research is to produce basic seeds of pure local upland rice lines (without mixture), which are needed for further breeding programs, or for the purpose of releasing varieties, as well as for production purposes for consumption. This study aims to select and detect the same/uniform morphological characteristics of local upland rice in each seed lot and to find out which seed lots show high uniformity. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 20 seed lots as treatment and each seed lot was made into a so-called “grid” (replication) of 3 grids. This research was conducted at the Field Laboratory, Experimental Garden II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. Observational data were analyzed with variance and qualitative characters were converted to binary data and analyzed by the NTSYS program. If there is a significant effect, then proceed with the Scott Knott group test (α = 0.05). The results showed a very significant effect on the variables of flowering age, productive tillers and flag leaf angle, and no significant effect on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, harvest age, panicle length, flag leaf area, total grain per panicle and percentage of grain. per panicle.

Marker-assisted Selection to Combine Alleles for Four Disease Resistance Genes of Tomato Collocated on Chromosome 11

Bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are responsible for widespread yield losses, especially in humid growing environments. Chromosome 11 of tomato contains genes that modulate resistance to several prominent tomato pathogens, including bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp., gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium spp., Fusarium wilt caused by race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) caused by begomoviruses. Major resistance loci are quantitative trait locus 11 (QTL-11) and Xv3/Rx4 for bacterial spot, Sm for gray leaf spot, I2 for Fusarium wilt, and Ty-2 for TYLCV. Marker-assisted selection was used to select for rare recombination events that combined these resistance loci into a linked cassette that can be inherited together in future crosses. A pedigree breeding strategy was used with marker-assisted selection and used to identify a novel coupling of Xv3/Rx4 and Ty-2. Recombination between the two genes was estimated as 0.056 cM, demonstrating that effective combinations of resistance can be established using publicly available germplasm. Progeny from the recombinant plants were screened using inoculated seedling trials to confirm resistance. The recombinants identified maintained resistance levels similar to the resistant controls. Trial results suggest that the trait markers on chromosome 11 are tightly linked to the respective resistance loci and are effective for selecting plants with resistance to the target diseases.

Tubulin Polyglutamylation by TTLL1 and TTLL7 Regulate Glutamate Concentration in the Mice Brain.

As an important neurotransmitter, glutamate acts in over 90% of excitatory synapses in the human brain. Its metabolic pathway is complicated, and the glutamate pool in neurons has not been fully elucidated. Tubulin polyglutamylation in the brain is mainly mediated by two tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) proteins, TTLL1 and TTLL7, which have been indicated to be important for neuronal polarity. In this study, we constructed pure lines of Ttll1 and Ttll7 knockout mice. Ttll knockout mice showed several abnormal behaviors. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) analyses of these brains showed increases in glutamate, suggesting that tubulin polyglutamylation by these TTLLs acts as a pool of glutamate in neurons and modulates some other amino acids related to glutamate.

Towards the Development of a Finger Millet (Elesine Coracana L. Gaertn) Breeding Programme in Zambia

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] is one of the potential cereals that can be used to mitigate climate resilience among the smallholder farmers who are the major growers. It has the capacity to adapt to extreme environmental conditions as well as grow under a wide range of wider agroecology, an advantage to other cereals, which can be capitalized in breeding. However, the breeding of finger millet in Zambia is constrained by the lack of knowledge on the genetic information, compared to other small grains cereal crops. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the diversity of mutant lines in the sixth generation. A pure line selection from a landrace finger millet variety Mutubila was sourced from the Sorghum and Millet Breeding Program of the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) in 2013. The seed was divided into four lots of 1 kg and subjected to gamma-ray mutagenic treatment at 0 (control), 100, 150 and 200 at the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR) in Lusaka in 2014. An equal amount of Irradiated seed (First mutation generation) from each dose was planted in Mpulungu during the off-season of 2013 in plots of 50m x 50m spacing 30cm intra row and 30cm inter rows. The second generation showed 99% plant survival with 0, 70% plant survival with 100, 10% plant survival with 150 and 0% plant survival with 200. Therefore, the subsequent segregating generations from 100 were used for selection. The mutant lines were selected from generations that were exposed to different culling rates as generations increased, after repeated selection 40 mutant lines were selected planted with six checks using an Alpha Lattice design with two replications and eight blocks, 48 genotypes were evaluated for agronomic performance. Results revealed that the mutant lines were diverse in the number of productive tillers per plant, main ear length that ranged from 3 to 15 and 4.4cenmetre to 14.5cenmtre respectively, while the number of fingers per gearhead and grain yield ranged from 3 to 17 and 0.58, to 2.5kilogram per hectare respectively. Productive number of tillers, Finger length, strawweight, and number of fingers were strongly and positively correlated to grain yield (R2 &gt; 0.67). There were X clusters, the highest number of sub-clusters was (11) in cluster I. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters V and IV, V and VII, V and IX and VII and XI, indicating wider divergence among these clusters. The minimum inter-cluster distance was between II and III, VIII and X, I and VIII. Distant clusters indicated that the genotype present in one cluster differed completely from the one in the other clusters and thus could be used for generating superior genotypes. The study showed that selecting yield components as the mutants is advanced results in divergent lines, which can be recombined to breed high-yielding and disease-tolerant finger millet. We conclude, therefore, that mutation breeding for Finger Millet can be used to generate diversity, and divergent lines can be recombined to develop improved genotypes for commercialisation.

EVALUATION OF MEAT AND EGG PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSSBRED LOCAL QUAIL

This research was carried out to determine the effect of crossing between the three lines of Kurdish quail on some productive traits depending on plumage color, in order to obtain a genetic combination that is distinguished in productive performance and superior in its performance on pure lines, and to demonstrate 80 quail chicks one-day old for each color (W,D and B)were reared in 8 replication box until reached 42 day was recorded growth performance after that from each replication 2 birds were slaughtered to determined carcass traits. The mating 1males and 3 females to crossing of three line was performed, namely White (W), Brown (B), and Desert (D) including six crosses of W×D, D×W, W×B, B×W, B×D and D×B and three replications for each cross. Birds raised in specific cage with dimensions of 45 x 30 x 30 cm, the egg productive and reproductive traits of the parents and the first generation were measured among 20 week of egg production period. The experiment was designed according to the design of the Factorial Experiment Design to study the effect of the cross, sex and the interaction between them. The study's findings revealed that crosses outperformed regardless over pure line of the effect on the average body weight, weight gain and mortality significantly (P≤0.001) at 42 days, also significant differences were found between pure lines and crosses for carcass traits and the best percentage of dressing, breast and thigh were in females. and for all egg production traits significant differences (P≤0.001) were found in parents and first generation. Crossing significantly affected on Heterosis that highest and positive Heterosis had in the traits daily weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage and egg weight (1.7, 26.2, 4.4, 1.2) respectively.

Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the Western Siberian Hereford cattle population

Breeding and pedigree work aimed at increasing the intensity of growth of young animals and improving herds, ultimately consists in the accumulation of highly productive animals, and in the future - related groups and lines. It is carried out mainly through the use of bulls-improvers, which have passed the two-stage evaluation. The results of the complex characterization of the animals of the Siberian selection of Hereford breed from the breeding farms of the Novosibirsk region are presented. It has been established that in the leading pedigree breeding units the stud bulls of the Maer-Vern 88480, Baldwins Leda 10r, Baz Gold Sol 2v268279, Yarlyk 413 of Siberian reproduction and imported Hellington 88 910 of Finnish selection, Red Note 28 722 279, Kingly 1 Hyrrow 2 976 500 345 and Highflight Wetmore 377 231 of Canadian origin are used in the breeding work with regard to small number of other lines. The productivity limit for the period of economic use in calves ranges from 2.5 to 9.4 lactations, live weight from 507 to 569 kg, milk yield from 189 to 204 kg, height at hips from 125 to 131 cm and the reproduction score from 8.2 to 9.3. On these farms, leader bulls were bred on the basis of heterogeneous and improving selection of parental pairs, which are included in the repair group of stud bulls. The live weight at 15 months is 458-616 kg and corresponds to the class of elite-record. The average daily gain of live weight during the test period from 8 - to 15 months of age is within 1052-1381 g.