Pure Line Selection Research Articles

Tahap Awal Seleksi Galur Murni Ercis (Pisum sativum L.) Populasi Lokal Boyolali dan Temanggung Berdasarkan Karakteristik Fisik Biji

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a nutritious and high-value vegetable. Plant cultivation and the selection of superior cultivars are two ways to increase pea production. One technique of plant breeding for improved varieties is to get some genotipes from local populations. The genetic potential of the pure line selection based on the physical features of the seeds is indicated agronomic and morphological variability. The purpose of this study is to investigate agronomic characteristics and heritability of pea lines developed based on physical seed selection in local population. This research used randomized block desig) consist 22 lines based on seed characteristics selection, which are 12 local lines from Boyolali and 10 local lines from Temanggung as a treatment and repeated three times. Research has been carried out on January 2019 to April 2019 and located at Abdulrachman Saleh Air Force Base Agricultural Experimental Green House, Malang. Agronomics characters that have medium variability are flowering day, length from stem to first pod, length of leaf, length between first and second pods, length of tendrils, length of stem, number of branches, number of bracts, number of seeds per plant, weight of dry pods, weight of dry seeds per pod, length of dry seeds, width of dry seeds, and weight of dry seeds per plant. The high heritability are found inflowering day, day to harvesting dry pods, and length of nodes.

Registration of ‘Charro’ pinto bean

Abstract‘Charro’ pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐341, PI 695318), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2020 as a high‐yielding, upright, full‐season cultivar with excellent canning quality. Charro was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Charro yielded 3,230 kg ha−1 at 17 locations in mid‐Michigan, flowered in 46 d, and matured in 97 d on average. Plants averaged 52 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.6 and seed weight of 41.2 g per 100 seed. Charro combines high yield potential and erect architecture with full‐season maturity in a pinto seed type. Charro has resistance to lodging and high pod placement within the plant structure, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow‐row production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance of white mold, a disease that is intensified under narrow‐row production systems. Charro exhibits the top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Charro produces seed that meets industry standards for export and packaging, and canning quality was rated excellent for the pinto bean seed class.

Registration of ‘Eiger’ great northern bean

Abstract‘Eiger’ great northern bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐339, PI 695269), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2020 as a high‐yielding, upright, full‐season cultivar with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality. Eiger was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Eiger yielded 3,166 kg ha−1 across 15 locations in mid‐Michigan, flowered in 44 d, and matured in 98 d on average. Plants averaged 54 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.3 and seed weight of 38.7 g per 100 seed. Eiger combines high yield potential and erect architecture with full‐season maturity in a great northern seed type. Eiger has resistance to lodging and high pod placement within the plant structure, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow‐row production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance of white mold, a disease that is intensified in narrow rows. Eiger is resistant to races 73 and 109 of anthracnose present in Michigan and produces a top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Eiger produces seed that meets industry standards for export and packaging, and canning quality was rated acceptable for the great northern bean seed class.

Registration of ‘Yellowstone’ yellow bean

Abstract‘Yellowstone’ yellow bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐340, PI 695270), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2020 as a determinate, virus‐resistant cultivar with highly desirable vibrant dry seed coat color. Yellowstone was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F3 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Yellowstone yielded 2,902 kg ha−1, flowered in 41 d, and matured in 94 d on average. Plants averaged 47 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.8 and seed weight of 46 g per 100 seed. Yellowstone is well adapted to growing conditions in Michigan and produces seed with an intense yellow seed coat color under local conditions. Yellowstone is resistant to lodging, which also contributes to the avoidance of white mold. Yellowstone exhibits the top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus conditioned by the I gene. Yellowstone produces seed that exceeds industry standards for export and packaging, and canning quality was rated acceptable for the yellow bean seed class.

Registration of ‘Adams’ black bean

Abstract‘Adams’ black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐338, PI 695268), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2020 as a high‐yielding, upright, full‐season cultivar with anthracnose resistance and acceptable canning quality. Adams was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 2 yr of field trials at 27 locations, Adams yielded 3,501 kg ha−1, flowered in 45 d, and matured in 96 d on average. Plants averaged 51 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.3 and seed weight of 20.9 g per 100 seed. Adams has resistance to lodging, with high pod placement within the plant structure, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow‐row production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance of white mold. Adams is resistant to races 73 and 109 of anthracnose present in Michigan and produces a top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Adams produces seed that meets industry standards for export and packaging and was rated acceptable in canned bean color in the black bean seed class. The name Adams was chosen to honor Professor M. Wayne Adams, former bean breeder, for his significant contributions in archetype breeding and establishing the black bean breeding program at Michigan State University.

Selection of elite ‘‘Maradol’’ papaya plants for the production of quality seeds

The cultivar Red Maradol native of Cuba, has morphological and agronomic features superior to local cultivars and adapted to soils and climates of Venezuela; that is why it is grown in a greater proportion and has been widely accepted by farmers, traders and consumers. However, the lack of availability and high cost of imported seeds limit its expansion in the country. The aim of this work was to select andromonoecious plants from different sources and locations, based on morphological and agronomic characteristics, and produce good quality seeds by self-pollinations. The characteristics for selection were based on those of the cultivar, such as: beginning of flowering between 3 and 4 months after transplant to the field, height of flowering less than or equal to 80 cm, beginning of fruiting before 4 months, height of plants less than 2 m, among others features. Selected plants showed low percentage of sterility, 30 and 64 fruits.plant-1, fruit weights between 1.4 to 1.7 kg, and estimated yields between 42.5 and 98.50 kg.plant-1 yields. Regarding fruit quality, they were elongated and smooth, wide orange-red color pulp. These populations are considered the basis for the production of good quality seeds, to continue the process of selection of more productive pure lines and hybrids.

A new black bean with resistance to bean rust: Registration of ‘ND Twilight’

Abstract‘ND Twilight’ (Reg. no. CV‐332, PI 693268; PVP‐202000258) is a new black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed by the Dry Edible Bean Breeding Program at North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. ND Twilight was developed using a modified pedigree method (F1–F5), followed by pure line selection based on agronomic, disease, and quality traits, along with specific DNA markers. With ∼24% of the total dry bean production in the United States, black bean is the second most important market class after pinto. Accounting for ∼35% of the total production, North Dakota is the largest producer of dry bean in the United States. However, both biotic and abiotic stresses are the main factors responsible for seed yield reductions. Between 2014 and 2019, ND Twilight was tested across more than 21 environments in North Dakota, where seed yield was significantly different from ‘Zorro’ and similar to ‘Eclipse’ and ‘Loreto’. ND Twilight is resistant to the most common race (20‐3) of the bean rust pathogen and Bean common mosaic virus. It also has intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight and to soybean cyst nematode (HG Type 0). ND Twilight has desirable upright architecture (Type IIa). Under North Dakota conditions, ND Twilight shows an average plant height of 49 cm, has a 100‐seed weight of 19.7 g, and matures in ∼99 d. Canning quality was rated as acceptable. Other traits of agronomic and economic importance are within acceptable commercial ranges.

An Overview of Current Knowledge on in vitro Babesia Cultivation for Production of Live Attenuated Vaccines for Bovine Babesiosis in Mexico.

The instrumentation of the in vitro culture system has allowed researchers to learn more about the metabolic and growth behavior of Babesia spp. The various applications for in vitro cultivation of Babesia include obtaining attenuated strains for vaccination or pre-munition, the selection of pure lines with different degrees of virulence, studies on biological cloning, ultrastructure, antigen production for diagnostics, drug sensitivity assessments, and different aspects of parasite biology. Although there are different types of vaccines that have been tested against bovine babesiosis, so far, the only procedure that has offered favorable results in terms of protection and safety has been the use of live attenuated vaccines. In countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Israel, this type of vaccine has been produced and used. The alternative to live vaccines other than splenectomized calf-derived biological material, has been the in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. The development of in vitro culture of Babesia spp. strains in a defined medium has been the basis for the initiation of a source of parasites and exoantigens for a variety of studies on the biochemistry and immunology of babesiosis. The use of live immunogens from attenuated strains derived from in vitro culture is highlighted, which has been proposed as an alternative to control bovine babesiosis. In several studies performed in Mexico, this type of immunogen applied to susceptible cattle has shown the induction of protection against the experimental heterologous strain challenge with both, Babesia-infected blood and animal exposure to confrontations on tick vector-infested farms. The combination of transfection technologies and the in vitro culture system as integrated methodologies would eventually give rise to the generation of genetically modified live vaccines. However, a greater challenge faced now by researchers is the large-scale cultivation of Babesia parasites for mass production and vaccine distribution.

Intraspecific Hybridization between Non-spiny and Spiny Brinjal for Developing Non-Spiny Brinjal without Deletion of Spiny Brinjal Qualities

An objective to develop Non-spiny brinjal without deletion of quality characters of spiny brinjal for consumers preference and also avoid hitting of spines to harvesters. Spiny brinjal (VRM-1Mullukathiri) is a pure line selection from Elavambadi village of Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. Spines are present in the leaf, stem and calyx of the fruit. VRM-1Mullukathiri is high yielding (30-35 t/ha-1) and most suitable for North-Eastern Zone of Tamil Nadu. From this cross of Non-spiny x spiny cross combination, the VMB-012-008 was identified for big size fruit with green colour fruits.

Registration of ‘Coho’ light red kidney bean

Abstract‘Coho’ light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐330, PI 692133), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2019 as an upright, full‐season cultivar that possesses acceptable canning quality and partial resistance to common bacterial blight and root rots. Coho was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Coho yielded 3,644 kg ha−1, flowered in 39 d, and matured in 99 d on average. Plants averaged 50 cm in height, with lodging resistance score of 1.1 and seed weight of 53.8 g 100 seed−1. Coho is resistant to race 73 of anthracnose and produced a top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Coho produces seed that meets industry standards for dry seed packaging and was rated satisfactory in overall canned bean quality in the light red kidney bean seed class.

Analyzing the genetic relatedness of pigeonpea varieties released over last 58 years in India

The genetic base of 150 pigeonpea varieties released in India during1960 to 2018 was examined. Of these, 89, 57, three, and one variety were developed by pedigree selection, pureline selection, mutation and population improvement, respectively. Examination of pedigree records of 89 pigeonpea varieties developed through pedigree breeding method between 1971 and 2018 traced back to 113 ancestors. The highest mean genetic contribution was recorded for the genotype T 190 (0.051) accompanied by UPAS 120 (0.049) and ICP 8863 (0.043). The ancestor T 190 appeared with highest frequency of 21, directly as one of the parent (male/female) in four varieties and indirectly in the development of 17 varieties. Similarly, the ancestors UPAS 120 and ICP 8863 were more frequently used (in nine varieties) as direct parents followed by T 21 and C 11 (in five varieties). The variety PRG 176 involved the highest number (9) of ancestors during the course of its development followed by the variety VBN (Rg) 3 with eight ancestors. Results indicated that 51.69% (46 of the 89 varieties) of released varieties were developed through bi-parental crossing whereas 48.31% involved multiple parents. The frequent use of a limited number of ancestors has caused the narrow genetic base of released pigeonpea varieties. We recommend large-scale deployment of novel germplasm resources for generating broad-base breeding populations. This will help to obtain improved pigeonpea cultivars with high grain yield, biotic tolerance and climate adaptation.

Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand

Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand

Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand

Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand

Rice breeding in India: A journey from phenotype based pure-line selection to genomics assisted breeding

Rice breeding in India has undergone several transformations through decades to sustain food security of the country. The consumer demands and dynamics of biotic and abiotic stresses have changed substantially in India since the green revolution era. Adoption of modern technologies along with the application of practical knowledge of conventional breeding techniques has played and will continue to play key role in improving the genetic gain. In this article, we reviewed the progress made so far in rice breeding in India in a global perspective and outlined the journey from phenotype based pure-line selection to genomics assisted breeding in last seven decades.

Pure line selection in a heterogeneous soybean cultivar

Abstract Although cultivars of autogamous plants are homogeneous genotypes, they may show natural variability due to mechanical mixing, natural hybridization, and mutation. The aim of the present study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and to identify and select superior genotypes that associate good performance in traits of interest from a heterogeneous population derived from the cultivar BRS Favorita RR. The evaluation experiments were carried out in two crop years and five cities of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a lattice design, using progenies and the control ‘BRS Favorita RR’. Plant height, first pod height, days to full maturity, lodging score, and grain yield were evaluated. For estimation of the variance components, analysis of deviance was performed by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. The results show that there is difference among treatments and that it is possible to select progenies that outperform the control for all traits evaluated.

Integrating marker-assisted selection and doubled haploidy for rapid introgression of semi-dwarfing and blast resistance genes into a Basmati rice variety ‘Ranbir Basmati’

Ranbir Basmati, an early maturing pure line selection of traditional Basmati 370, is widely cultivated Basmati variety in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The variety is tall statured, prone to lodging and highly susceptible to rice blast. The present study was carried out for genetic improvement of Ranbir Basmati for semi dwarf stature and resistance to blast by introgressing semi-dwarfing gene, sd1, and blast resistance gene, Pi9 from an improved Basmati rice variety, Pusa Basmati 1637 (PB 1637).The selfed progenies of two superior BC2F1 recombinants of the cross Ranbir Basmati/PB 1637 showing maximum recovery of recurrent parent genome and phenome were analyzed with gene-based markers to select plants homozygous for both Pi9 and sd1. These plants were processed via anther culture to produce homozygous doubled haploid (DH) lines. All the anther culture derived DH plants were short-statured compared to Ranbir Basmati and exhibited high level of resistance to blast. The analysis of yield and its component traits revealed the presence of superior transgressive segregants for various traits namely, effective tillers, grains per panicle and yield per plant. Combined use of marker-assisted selection and anther culture ensured speedy conversion of Ranbir Basmati into semi-dwarf genotypes with in-built resistance to rice blast. The study demonstrated the utility of anther culture as an adjunct to marker-assisted backcross breeding schemes for instant elimination of the residual background heterozygosity of the selected recombinants.

QTL Mapping for Red Blotches in Malaysia Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.).

Body color is an interesting economic trait in fish. Red tilapia with red blotches may decrease its commercial values. Conventional selection of pure red color lines is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. To accelerate selection of pure lines through marker-assisted selection, in this study, double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) technology was applied to genotype a full-sib mapping family of Malaysia red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) (N = 192). Genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus (QTL)-controlling red blotches were mapped onto two chromosomes (chrLG5 and chrLG15) explaining 9.7% and 8.2% of phenotypic variances by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage-based QTL mapping. Six SNPs from the chromosome chrLG5 (four), chrLG15 (one), and unplaced supercontig GL831288-1 (one) were significantly associated to the red blotch trait in GWAS analysis. We developed nine microsatellite markers and validated significant correlations between genotypes and blotch data (p < 0.05). Our study laid a foundation for exploring a genetic mechanism of body colors and carrying out genetic improvement for color quality in tilapia.

Breeding the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens for trace metal phytoextraction: first results of a pure-line selection

To initiate the creation of phytoextraction cultivars, plants were selected from 60 populations of N. caerulescens for their high shoot biomass or Cd, Ni, and Zn concentrations. They were self-pollinated, and the selection and fixation were continued for three generations in greenhouse conditions. Selected plants showed a potential to produce 5–10 t dry matter ha−1, which is required to decontaminate soils which have been moderately contaminated with Cd. However, the high biomass genotypes could not be fixed, probably both because of their complexity and to the sensitivity of this trait to environmental conditions, and plant density in particular. The selection led to an improvement to the Cd and Zn accumulation capacities of the plants, yet caused a decrease in their Ni accumulation. This is most likely due to a decline in Ni availability in soil, rather than to a deleterious effect of inbreeding. Metal accumulation appeared to be more heritable than biomass production and fixation for the former trait should be quicker than for the latter. The accumulation capacities of the selected plants permitted offtakes representing around 25% of the soil Cd in a single cropping. This potential has to be confirmed in field conditions.

Genetic Variation and Agronomic Characters of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) Lines Results of Pure Line Selection from Sukabumi Lanras

Bambara groundnut is a legume plant that has several advantages, including droughttolerance, has ability to grow on infertile land and high nutrient content. The production ofbambara groundnut is still low, so it is necessary to obtain high yielding bambara groundnut line.The experiment was conducted to evaluate the genetical variation and agronomic characters of 30bambara groundnut lines. This experiment was carried out in experimental field of SEAMEOBIOTROP Tajur Bogor (± 280 m above sea level), on Februari-June 2018. Plant materials used inthis research were 30 bambara groundnut lines derived from pure line selection of Sukabumilandrace and unselected Sukabumi landrace uses as control. The experiment was arranged in arandomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that there werevariations among several agronomic characters of bambara groundnut lines. Several lines showedsuperior characters. R59.30, A90.8, A41.4, A56.10, A43.5, A103.5, A41.4, A55.8, R59.31 andA28.10 lines were lines with the higest dry pods weight compared to the other lines and controlline. These lines had potential as new superior varieties of bambara groundnut.Keywords: landrace, new superior variety, pure line selection

Farmer-participatory vs. conventional market-oriented breeding of inbred crops using phenotypic and genome-enabled approaches: A pea case study

Participatory plant breeding (PPB) has gained increasing importance in developing countries, but its value for market-oriented breeding programmes of countries with developed agriculture that are committed to pure line selection (as needed to comply with DUS requirements) is unknown. This study aimed to compare PPB vs. conventional plant breeding of pea (Pisum sativum L.) targeted to organic systems of Italy, exploring phenotypic and genome-enabled selection approaches. Priority values assigned on a 0–5 scale to 14 traits by 18 farmers from Northern and Central Italy and six breeders were used to define weights of farmer and breeder selection indexes. Farmers and breeders attributed outmost importance to a visual acceptability score assigned a few weeks before crop maturity on a 1–9 scale, followed in importance by grain yield and tolerance to lodging. However, breeders and farmers differed (P < 0.05) for trait importance in a few cases. Five phenotypic selection criteria (farmer selection index; breeder selection index; average of farmer and breeder selection indexes; grain yield; farmer acceptability score) were applied onto 306 lines evaluated in two researcher-managed experiments of Northern and Central Italy under organic crop management, selecting overall nine lines per criterion that were tested in four organically-managed environments of the same regions and one conventionally-managed site. The farmer selection index exhibited greater selection efficiency (+23% based on yield gains over elite commercial cultivars under organic farming) and farmer’s acceptability of selected material than the breeder selection index. Breeding values based on the farmer selection index or the farmer acceptability score exhibited greater correlation with grain yields in independent environments than those from breeder selection criteria. Compared with grain yield-based selection, selection for the farmer acceptability score performed comparably in terms of yield gains, and somewhat better according to correlations of its breeding values with line grain yields in independent environments. The accuracy of genome-enabled predictions issued by a Bayesian Lasso model with 3443 SNP markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing, estimated by averaging cross-environment correlations between predicted and observed values over two locations, was very high for the farmer acceptability score (rAc = 0.77), and high for grain yield (rAc = 0.59). Genomic selection for the farmer acceptability score ranked first in a preliminary comparison of eight genome-enabled or phenotypic selection criteria based on correlations of breeding values with grain yields in independent environments, suggesting its adoption for preliminary screening of genotype sets that are too numerous for field-based evaluation.