Pure Ion Research Articles

Highly automatic and universal approach for pure ion chromatogram construction from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data using deep learning

Feature extraction is the most fundamental step when analyzing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) datasets. However, traditional methods require optimal parameter selections and re-optimization for different datasets, thus hindering efficient and objective large-scale data analysis. Pure ion chromatogram (PIC) is widely used because it avoids the peak splitting problem of the extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) and regions of interest (ROIs). Here, we developed a deep learning-based pure ion chromatogram method (DeepPIC) to find PICs using a customized U-Net from centroid mode data of LC-MS directly and automatically. A model was trained, validated, and tested on the Arabidopsis thaliana dataset with 200 input-label pairs. DeepPIC was integrated into KPIC2. The combination enables the entire processing pipeline from raw data to discriminant models for metabolomics datasets. The KPIC2 with DeepPIC was compared against other competing methods (XCMS, FeatureFinderMetabo, and peakonly) on the MM48, simulated MM48, and quantitative datasets. These comparisons showed that DeepPIC outperforms XCMS, FeatureFinderMetabo, and peakonly in recall rates and correlation with sample concentrations. Five datasets of different instruments and samples were used to evaluate the quality of PICs and the universal applicability of DeepPIC, and 95.12% of the found PICs could precisely match their manually labeled PICs. Therefore, KPIC2+DeepPIC is an automatic, practical, and off-the-shelf method to extract features from raw data directly, exceeding traditional methods with careful parameter tuning. It is publicly available at https://github.com/yuxuanliao/DeepPIC.

Structural analysis and properties of novel Terbium Samarium Zirconate functional ceramic

Synthesis and characterization of Terbium Samarium Zirconate (TbSmZr2O7) is reporting for the first time. XRD analysis along with Raman spectroscopy revealed that citrate-nitrate combustion synthesized TbSmZr2O7 powder and sintered sample crystallize in defect-fluorite structure with Fm3‾m space group. This composition lies at the pyrochlore-defect fluorite phase boundary. TEM analysis showed that the powder particles are in size range between 3 nm and 9 nm. FESEM image showed a well-sintered pellet surface with a grain size distribution between 0.1 μm and 2 μm. TbSmZr2O7 has an optical band gap of 1.66 eV and has an indirect allowed mechanism of optical transition. Due to intrinsic defect structure, TbSmZr2O7 exhibits photoluminescence with excitation bands at 270 nm and 313 nm and emission bands at 364 nm and 400 nm. Impedance spectroscopic analysis established that from 400 °C to 900 °C TbSmZr2O7 is a pure oxide ion conductor with a conductivity value of 1.9 × 10−3 S/cm at 900 °C.

Study and Analysis of the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Iron Substituted with Different Proportions of Cerium

Magnetic nanoferrites were prepared from nickel substituted with pure cerium ions by the following formula, NiCexFe2-xO4, where (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) and in different proportions and weights using the chemical sol-gel method, after which it was calcined at 600, 800, and 1000 °C. And by using different characterization methods to examine the prepared powders such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The X-ray diffraction patterns of the prepared samples confirmed the formation of single-phase soft magnetic nanoparticles of spinel nature and measured the particle size by XRD and FESEM analysis. Through, EDS analysis it was confirmed that there are no extra impurities and that the samples are pure. The VSM technique was used to analyze the magnetic properties of the as-prepared composites, and the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) decreased with increasing concentration of compensated cerium ions. These properties reveal the highly magnetic nature of cerium-substituted nickel nanoparticles and their potential for use in modern communication technology. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Nickel ferrites, cerium ion, X-ray diffraction, FESEM analysis, VSM analysis

STUDY OF LEAD ACID CHARGING & DISCHARGING CHARACTERISTICS

ABSTRACT:-The lead-acid batteries provide the best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour; have the longest life cycle and a large environmental advantage in that they are recycled at an extraordinarily high rate. No other chemistry can touch the infrastructure that exists for collecting, transporting and recycling lead-acid batteries.The rechargeable and secondary batteries category includes lead acid batteries. Despite the battery's low energy-to-volume and energy-to- weight ratios, it can deliver higher surge currents. This refers to the fact that lead acid cells have a high power-to-weight ratio. These are the batteries that transform chemical energy into electrical energy by using lead peroxide and sponge lead. Because of the elevated cell voltage levels and low cost, these are commonly used in substations and power systems. Lead Acid batteries are widely used in automobiles, inverters, backup power systems etc. Unlike tubular and maintenance free batteries, Lead Acid batteries require proper care and maintenance to prolong its life. The Lead Acid battery consists of a series of plates kept immersed in sulphuric acid solution. The plates have grids on which the active material is attached. The plates are divided into positive and negative plates. The positive plates hold pure lead as the active material while lead oxide is attached on the negative plates. A completely charged battery can discharge its current when connected to a load. During the process of discharge, the sulphuric acid combines with the active materials on the positive and negative plates resulting in the formation of Lead sulphate. Water is the single most important step in maintaining a Lead Acid battery. The frequency of water depends on usage, charge method and operating temperature. During process, the hydrogen atoms from the sulphuric acid react with oxygen to form water.This results in the release of electrons from the positive plates which will be accepted by the negative plates. This leads to the formation of an electric potential across the battery. The electrolyte in the Lead Acid battery is a mixture of Sulphuric acid and water which has a specific gravity. Specific gravity is the weight of the acid-water mixture compared to equal volume of water. The specific gravity of pure ions free water is 1.

Superionicity of Hδ− in LaH10 superhydride

Recent computational studies have successfully predicted the dramatic uptake of hydrogen by metals under pressure leading to the formation of superhydrides, now ubiquitously observed. ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{10}$ exemplifies the properties of these novel H-rich compounds, some of which form a novel class of superconducting materials. We show here another remarkable property for superhydrides, namely, ${\text{H}}^{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}}$ superionicity. By means of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{10}$, an exceptionally high hydride $({\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}})$ diffusion coefficient is calculated at high temperature, with $D=1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm} {}^{2}$/s at 170 GPa and 1500 K, corresponding to an ionic conductivity of $\ensuremath{\sigma}=0.9\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and so indicating a superionic phase. The superionic phase is surprisingly stable up to 2500 K and its melting temperature is remarkably high, similar to that of pure La. The connected path for the hydride ionic diffusion is disclosed, with the H sublattice keeping its clathrate structure. The conductivity properties of ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{10}$ are discussed in relation to the recently discovered family of compounds showing fast pure hydride ions transport.

Glycine Peptide Chain Formation in the Gas Phase via Unimolecular Reactions

Peptide chain formation from amino acids such as glycine is a key step in the emergence of life. Unlike their synthesis by living systems, how peptide chains grow under abiotic conditions is an open question given the variety of organic compounds discovered in various astrophysical environments, comets and meteorites. We propose a new abiotic route in the presence of protonated molecular dimers of glycine in a cold gaseous atmosphere without further need for a solid catalytic substrate. The results provide evidence for the preferential formation of mixed protonated dimers of glycine consisting of a dipeptide and a glycine molecule instead of pure protonated glycine dimers. Additional measurements mimicking a cosmic-ray impact in terms of internal excitation show that a single gas-phase collision induces polymerization via dehydration in both the mixed and pure dimer ions. Peptide chain growth is thus demonstrated to occur via a unimolecular gas-phase reaction in an excited cluster ion.

Magnocolumbites Mg1–xMxNb2O6−δ (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2; M = Li and Cu) as New Oxygen Ion Conductors: Theoretical Assessment and Experiment

MgNb2O6 with a columbite structure was theoretically predicted as a prospective oxygen ion conductor. This compound was successfully synthesized by the Pechini method. The Li- and Cu-doped samples Mg1–xMxNb2O6−δ (x = 0.1 and 0.2; M = Li and Cu) were prepared in the same way. The columbite structure (Sp.gr. Pbcn) was formed for the samples with x = 0 and x(Cu) = 0.1 and 0.2, while Li-doping led to the formation of two-phase ceramics with Mg1–xLixNb2O6−δ and LiNbO3 components. The lithium and copper doping led to a decreasing sintering temperature by 100–200 °C down to ∼1050 °C. For Mg1–xLixNb2O6−δ (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2), the experiments revealed pure oxygen ion conductivity of σ ∼10–5 Scm–1 at 800 °C, an activation energy Ea,σ of 0.86 eV, and good stability in a wide range of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. For the Cu-doped samples, mixed n-type electronic and oxygen ion (T > 400 °C) conductivity was determined up to 2 × 10–3 Scm–1 at 800 °C with Ea,σ = 0.21 eV at x(Cu) = 0.2.

Metal Bioleaching of Used Lithium-Ion Battery Using <i>Acidophilic ferrooxidans</i> Isolated from Acid Mine Drainage

The cobalt content in LIB (Lithium-ion Battery) can be recycled using green technology through a bioleaching process with the help of microorganisms to have high efficiency, low cost, easy method, and environmentally friendly. The bacterial strain of A. ferrooxidans in the bioleaching process isolated from acid mine water was capable to extracting cobalt in LIB to obtain pure metal ions. The aim of this research is to isolate bacteria A. ferrooxidans from acid mine water in order to extract the element cobalt from a LIB. This study has recovery with culture time of 0-14 days, aerobic systems, inoculum concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%. The optimization of bacterial growth was done by aerating the culture. The recovered cobalt were analyzed from the filtrate after the bioleaching process using ICP analysis. LIB and sediment of the bioleaching process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDX. The conclusion of this study showed that the recovery of cobalt metal (Co) using the bacterial strain of A. ferrooxidans was obtained at 73.95% for 14 days with the addition of a battery cathode of 1 gram/100 ml at the optimum conditions obtained when the addition of 20% inoculum, pH: 2-4, temperature: 30°C, and the aeration system uses an aerator. Bacterial strains isolated from acid mine drainage have the potential as oxidizing agents for lithium and cobalt metals in bioleaching processes.

Highly efficient photodegradation of toxic organic pollutants using Cu-doped V2O5 nanosheets under visible light

Photodegradation of organic pollutants using metal oxides has shown extraordinary promise owing to the catalytic efficacy, low cost, less noxiousness, and good chemical constancy. In this research, pure and transition metal ions (Cu)-doped V2O5 nanosheets were synthesized and investigated for their photocatalytic efficiency using methyl blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) organic dye pollutants under visible light irradiation. The orthorhombic crystal phase was confirmed by XRD analysis, which exhibited a stable phase upon incorporating Cu dopant ions. Optical properties were examined using optical absorption spectroscopy, while a reduced band gap was observed in the doped V2O5 nanosheets over the undoped sample. EIS analysis confirmed lower charge resistance in doped V2O5 nanosheets. The Cu dopant incorporation into the host matrix considerably enhanced photodegradation efficiency for MB and RhB impurities under light illumination. The improvement in catalytic efficacy is attributed to dopant ions that can separate photoinduced charge carriers and the quick movement of the charge. Moreover, comparatively lesser crystalline size, improved specific surface area, and hydroxyl group onto the catalyst surface are quite advantageous to offer better photocatalytic activity of Cu-doped V2O5 nanosheets.

The Puzzling Processes at Electrode | Ionic Liquid Interface

J.M. Lehn stated in his Nobel prize lecture in 1988 that supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry of the intermolecular bond, covering the structure and functions of entities formed by the association of two or more chemical species [1]. The adsorption of organic molecules is the net result of the interactions between the molecules and the two phases, the metal and the electrolyte, and the interactions between the latter two.To this day, the universal understanding that the adsorption of organic molecules results in the formation of an ordered monolayer is based on the phenomenon observed in mainly aqueous solutions. However, the conception might not be straightforwardly transferrable to the organic additive + ionic liquid | electrode interface. For example, the existence of an interfacial multilayer structure of pure IL ions in contrast with an aqueous electrolyte has been previously shown in both experimental and computational studies. Furthermore, it has been shown that in ILs, if the ions form rigid layers on the electrode, it is necessary to apply an overpotential for interfacial restructuring. Therefore, studying the adsorption of organic additives in ionic liquids (IL) should contribute to a better understanding of metal | IL interfaces.In the given presentation we overview the characteristics of solid-liquid interface characteristics of various additives from ionic liquid media at different electrodes.Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements were conducted to characterize the electrochemical behavior of the self-assembled layers of 4,4’-bipyridine (4,4’-BP) and 2,2’-bipyridine (2,2’-BP) at the Sb(111) | x-BP+1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4) interface [2-3]. The specific adsorption of iodide ions was studied at Bi(111), Cd(0001) and pyrolytic graphite electrodes [4-6]. All the experiments were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell in a glovebox.The halide ions are surface active ions with specific adsorption behavior [4-6]. The strong specific adsorption of halide ions at single crystal electrodes, as well as other electrodes, is a complicated process due to the partial charge transfer between adsorbed ions and the solid electrode surface. The properties of the adsorption layer depend on the electrode potential and the concentration of the surface-active ions in an electrolyte. The theory that the adsorption of organic molecules results in SAM formation is mainly based on the results observed in aqueous solutions. However, these findings may not be as straightforwardly linkable to the organic additive + ionic liquid | electrode interface. The analysis of cyclic voltammetry and impedance results revealed that 2,2′-BP and 4,4′-BP indeed adsorb at the Sb(111) interface, forming a thin dielectric layer at the electrode surface, confirmed by in situ STM measurements, resulting in the differential capacitance values nearly two times lower compared to EMImBF4. Acknowledgments:This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council grant PSG249, and by the EU through the European Regional Development Fund under project TK141 (2014-2020.4.01.15-0011).

Direct thrust test and asymmetric performance of porous ionic liquid electrospray thruster

In order to meet the demand of CubeSats for low power and high-performance micro-propulsion system, a porous ionic liquid electrospray thruster prototype is developed in this study. 10 × 10 conical emitter arrays are fabricated on an area of 3.24 cm2 by computer numerical control machining technology. The propellant is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The overall dimension of the assembled prototype is 3 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm, with a total weight of about 15 g (with propellant). The performance of this prototype is tested under vacuum. The results show that it can work in the voltage range of ±2.0 kV to ±3.0 kV, and the maximum emission current and input power are about 355 μA and 1.12 W. Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometry results show that cationic monomers and dimers dominate the beam in positive mode, while a higher proportion of higher-order solvated ion clusters in negative mode. The maximum specific impulse is 2992 s in positive mode and 849 s in negative mode. The thrust is measured in two methods: one is calculated by TOF results and the other is directly measured by high-precision torsional thrust stand. The thrust (T) obtained by these two methods conforms to a certain scaling law with respect to the emission current (Iem) and the applied voltage (Vapp), following the scale of T ∼ IemVapp0.5, and the thrust range is from 2.1 μN to 42.6 μN. Many thruster performance parameters are significantly different in positive and negative modes. We speculate that due to the higher solvation energy of the anion, more solvated ion clusters are formed rather than pure ions under the same electric field. It may help to improve thruster performance if porous materials with smaller pore sizes are used as reservoirs. Although there are still many problems, most of the performance parameters of ILET-3 are good, which can theoretically meet the requirements of CubeSats for micro-propulsion system.

Phase behavior, proton concentration, and conductivity of La2Ce2O7 doped with Y, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb

AbstractLa2Ce2O7 is a fluorite‐type oxide, showing almost pure oxide ion conduction in dry oxygen atmosphere. Under wet oxygen atmosphere, protons are introduced into La2Ce2O7 through hydration reaction, making the material proton‐conducting. However, compared with the oxide ion conductivity, the proton conductivity is negligibly small in La2Ce2O7. Here we report the effect of doping trivalent rare earth cations R3+ (R = Y, Ho, Er, Yb, or Tm) and elevating partial pressure of water vapor on the proton concentration and conductivity of La2Ce2O7. The samples show single fluorite phases with the doping level up to 0.2, and the solubilities of these dopants were within 0.2–0.3 in La2Ce2O7. The proton concentration increased by doping, due to higher amount of hydratable oxygen vacancies, and statistical coordination of oxide ions surrounded by R3+ in addition to La3+. The sample with the Y content (x) of 0.05 showed the highest conductivity at 600°C among La2(Ce1−xYx)2O7−δ (x = 0–0.3) samples, possibly due to the balance between the improved hydration ability and decreased mobility of protons with the increasing Y doping level. Then, the dopant content was fixed to 0.05, and La2(Ce0.95R0.05)2O7−δ (R = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb) was prepared. It was found that as the water vapor partial pressure increased, the proton concentration and conductivity increased regardless of the dopants. Y‐doped La2Ce2O7−δ ha the highest proton concentration and conductivity.

An investigation of the role of transition metal ions impurities in CdO: Local structure and electronic properties.

According to the high-order perturbation formulae of 3d5 (Mn2+ ) and 3d9 (Cu2+ ) ions in octahedron, the local structures and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters (g factors and hyperfine structure constants A) for Cu2+ and Mn2+ in CdO are theoretically studied in a consistent way. Due to the Jahn-Teller effect, both the substituted sites of Cu2+ and Mn2+ show the tetragonally elongated distortion with different elongation τ. Meanwhile, the crystal field and covalency around doped Cu2+ and Mn2+ are obtained, which can account for the electronic properties in doped CdO. In order to make further investigation of the potential optical and electrical properties, the band structure and density of states (DOS) of pure and transition metal ions (TMs) doped CdO are comparably calculated through density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the band gap of Mn2+ - and Cu2+ -doped CdO can be effectively reduced, due to the improved covalency between the central ions and ligand ions.

New solid state laser system for SPES: Selective Production of Exotic Species project at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro.

The Selective Production of Exotic Species project is under construction at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro-INFN. The aim of the collaboration is to produce highly pure Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) from fission fragments of a uranium carbide (UCx) target activated by a cyclotron proton beam. In order to select a specific atomic species, the main tool to be applied is the resonant laser ionization technique. We have just completed the installation of a dedicated all solid state laser system whose elements are tunable to transitions of all the elements/isotopes of interest for the project. The new laser system is based on three Titanium:sapphire laser sources, independently pumped by three Nd:YLF pump lasers, and it can be coupled to two high harmonic generation (second harmonic generation, third harmonic generation, and fourth harmonic generation) setups. The power, wavelength, and position of the laser beams are continuously monitored and stabilized by using automated active systems to improve the beam production stability of RIBs. This paper presents the main features of the laser system and examples of application of a laser ion source, including a first demonstration of photoionization of stable silver, one of the most requested elements for RIB application.

Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using microbial fuel cell.

Removal efficiency of gold from a solution of pure tetrachloroaurate ions was investigated using microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. The effects of type of catholyte solution and initial gold concentration on the removal efficiency were considered. Due to its presence at high levels in the gold wastewater, the effect of copper ions on the removal efficiency of the gold ions was also studied. The effects of pH and initial biomass concentration on the gold removal efficiency was also determined. The results showed that after 5 h contact time, 95% of gold removal efficiency from a wastewater containing 250 ppm of initial gold ions at ambient temperature using 80 g/L yeast concentration was achieved. After 48 h of the cell's operation under the same condition, 98.86% of AuCl4 – ions were successfully removed from the solution. At initial gold concentration in the waste solution of 250 ppm, pH 2, and initial yeast concentration of 80 g/L, 100% removal efficiency of the gold was achieved. On the other hand, the most suitable condition for copper removal was found at a pH of 5.2, where 53% removal efficiency from the waste solution was accomplished.

Realizing oxygen ion conduction in perovskite structure NaNbO3 by A-site Bismuth doping

The perovskite structure materials used as an oxygen ion conductor in solid oxide fuel cells have been widely studied. Here, we report novel property of NaNbO3-based ceramics about oxygen ion conduction. The grain size is significantly increased as well as the structural symmetry is enhanced with bismuth doping. Based on the analysis of AC impedance in serial pO2, nearly pure oxide ions conduction characteristic was realized in Na0.4Bi0.2NbO3 composition. Remarkably, electrical conductivity of Na0.4Bi0.2NbO3 sharply increased 3 orders of magnitude to 0.01 S/cm at 700 °C compared to that of NaNbO3 oxides. This study not only discovered the novel ionic conductor properties of Na0.4Bi0.2NbO3, but also provided a new candidate for the solid electrolyte of medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs).

XPS Study in BiFeO3 Surface Modified by Argon Etching.

This paper reports an XPS surface study of pure phase BiFeO thin film produced and later etched by pure argon ions. Analysis of high-resolution spectra from Fe , Bi and , O , and the valence band, exhibited mainly Fe and Bi components, but also reveal Fe. High-energy argon etching induces the growth of Fe and Bi and an increment of Fe, as expected. The BiFeO semiconductor character is preserved despite the oxygen loss, an interesting aspect for the study of the photovoltaic effect through oxygen vacancies in some ceramic films. The metal-oxygen bonds in O spectra are related only to one binding energy contrary to the split from bismuth and iron reported in other works. All these data evidence that the low-pressure argon atmosphere is proved to be efficient to produce pure phase BiFeO, even after argon etching.

Electrodialysis through nafion membranes coated with polyelectrolyte multilayers yields >99% pure monovalent ions at high recoveries

Separation of monovalent and multivalent ions is important in processes ranging from water softening to recycling of Li. Previous studies show that cation-exchange membranes coated with multilayer polyelectrolyte films exhibit monovalent/divalent ion selectivities as high as 1000 in electrodialysis (ED) under ideal conditions with low ion recoveries. This work shows that even at 60–80% monovalent-ion recoveries, ED through Nafion membranes coated with protonated poly(allylamine)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) multilayers can separate equimolar K + and Mg 2+ or Li + and Mg 2+ to give 99.5% pure monovalent ion. Moreover, the use of a low-volume receiving phase allows ED to concentrate the monovalent ion. Typical current efficiencies are around 70% for these separations. Selectivities appear to increase when the membrane-coating procedure uses a higher polyelectrolyte concentration in the deposition solution. Because the limiting current declines with ED time due to depletion of the monovalent ion in the source phase, use of a gradually decreasing applied current enhances current efficiency compared to ED at a constant high current. The membranes also show Li + /Mg 2+ selectivities around 100 when Mg 2+ is in a 20-fold excess in the source phase at an ionic strength of 0.6 M, but selectivity decreases at even higher ionic strengths. • Electrodialysis through coated membranes gives 99.5% pure monovalent ions. • High purity accompanies 60–80% recovery. • Underlimiting currents lead to high current efficiencies with high purities. • Electrodialysis can concentrate monovalent ions in the receiving phase. • High selectivities occur for Li + over Mg 2+ or K + over Mg 2+ .

Clear imaging of ion cloud rotation using a combination of a thin metal wire, a micro-channel plate attached to a phosphor screen, and a high-speed camera

To obtain the radial profile of the ion velocity ui(r) of a pure ion cloud, for the first time, we successfully captured images of the shadow of a thin rotating metal wire by scanning the pure ion cloud using a combination of a micro-channel plate attached to a phosphor screen and a high-speed camera. It appears that the rotation angle of the measured metal wire agrees with the estimated value based on the theory of two-dimensional equilibria of non-neutral plasmas, rather than the magnetron motion of a single ion confined in a Penning trap. This method may be utilized as a tool to experimentally investigate ui(r, t) in electrically non-neutral two-fluid plasmas, which is an unexplored topic in advanced plasma physics.

High Energy, Long Cycle, and Superior Low Temperature Performance Aqueous Na-Zn Hybrid Batteries Enabled by a Low-Cost and Protective Interphase Film-Forming Electrolyte.

A hybrid aqueous Na-Zn ion battery derived from the Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode is one of the most promising systems among aqueous batteries because it exhibits higher energy density than a pure Zn ion battery due to different ion intercalation mechanisms related to various electrolytes. However, it is more difficult to improve the electrochemical performance of the hybrid aqueous Na-Zn ion battery versus Zn ion battery. In addition, searching for suitable protective interphase film-forming electrolyte additives in order to increase cycling stability and developing a new electrolyte recipe to improve the low temperature performance are significant and still big challenges for the hybrid aqueous Na-Zn battery. Herein, the introduction of protective interphase film-forming additives (VC), an economical 10 M NaClO4-0.17 M Zn(CH3COO)2-2 wt % VC electrolyte, was proposed. Based on such an electrolyte, the carbon-coated single crystalline Na3V2(PO4)3 nanofiber//Zn aqueous Na-Zn hybrid battery involving high energy, long cycle, and outstanding low temperature performance was successfully obtained. For example, it delivered a remarkable output voltage of 1.48 V and excellent cycle stability (retained 84% after 1000 cycles). The capacities were 94.4 mA h/g at 0.2 A/g at -10 °C and 90.0 mA h/g at 0.2 A/g at -20 °C, respectively.