Pure Ferrite Research Articles

Effect of carbon reinforcement on the EMI shielding response of LiFe5O8 ceramics

Carbon black (CB) reinforced lithium ferrite composites (LFO/CB) are synthesized to enhance EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding effectiveness (SE) as nowadays EMI pollution is becoming a serious matter of concern for technology as well as human health. The formation of pure phase lithium ferrite and composites are analyzed. Though saturation magnetization decreased with the incorporation of CB, it did not create any huge decrement. Shielding efficiency is analyzed in the X band (8.2–12.4 GHz) and Ku (12.4–18 GHz) band frequency range. The highest total SE (28 dB) is obtained for 20 wt% of CB with LFO (3 mm thickness), out of which reflection-based shielding effectiveness (SER) is 4.58 dB and absorption based (SEA) is 23.17 dB. The highest absorption efficiency of the composites is measured to be ~99.68% for both LFO/CB (15) and LFO/CB (20) in the broad frequency range (8.2–18 GHz), which confirmed that the composite provides absorption-based SE rather than reflection based. Both real and imaginary part of permittivity drastically increased with incorporation of CB concentration (LFO: ε’ = 4, ε“= 0.11; LFO/CB (20) : ε’ = 46, ε”= 19.05 @8.2 GHz). Complex permeability also increased with CB content. However, dielectric, magnetic, and EMI shielding responses can be tailored by governing the amount of ferrite as well as carbon compound. Further, this study confirms that LFO/CB composites can be a potential candidate for application in the defense and telecommunication sector.

A detailed investigation of lanthanum substituted bismuth ferrite for enhanced structural, optical, dielectric, magnetic and ferroelectric properties

Lanthanum substituted bismuth ferrites (Bi1-xLaxFeO3) (x = 0.0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.045 and 0.06) was successfully synthesized by using co-precipitation method. Rare earth substitution in bismuth ferrites enhanced the leakage current which is one of the problems faced by the pure bismuth ferrites. The prepared samples were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis spectroscopy, BET, LCR for dielectric measurements, VSM for magnetic properties and ferroelectric for electric polarization. XRD pattern showed that the structure of bismuth ferrite was rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure of space group R3c and average crystallite size was determined to increase (19 nm to 35 nm) with increase in lanthanum concentration. Morphology of SEM images was found to be spherical shape. TEM shows average particle size increases from 35 nm to 50 nm. Metal-oxide bonds at 440 cm−1 and 539 cm−1 in IR spectra confirmed the perovskite structure of bismuth ferrites. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed that energy band gap decreased by increasing the Lanthanum concentration. BET shows the surface area increased from 4.79 m2/g to 9.03 m2/g. Dielectric constant increases by increasing the lanthanum concentration. AC conductivity showed maximum value at higher frequency nearly equal to 11 Ω cm−1. Electric modulus gradually increased by increasing frequency which was equal to 4.2 k Ω. Magnetic susceptibility increased by increasing the concentration and maximum value 0.008 cm3/g was observed for (x = 0.06). Magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr), polarization (Pr) increased whereas coercivity decreased with increasing lanthanum substitution. Such properties make these materials as potential candidates for microwave devices and electromagnetic shielding application.

A Comparative Analysis of Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline/Ferrite (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) Composite

In this study, PANI, PANI/MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) composites were studied. Polyaniline and their composites with ferrites were prepared via chemical oxidation method. Ferrites were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Structural properties were investigated using X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. Pure ferrites were found to be of crystalline nature, whereas composites are found to be semi crystalline in nature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed the formation of all the synthesized composites. The optical band gap of composites is reducing as compared to Pure PANI (1.7 eV), which is in agreement with already reported work. The inclusions of ferrites particles have caused an enhancement in electrical conductivity of pure PANI. Conduction mechanism observed from Nyquist plots of composites is found to involve both grain as well as grain boundaries. The transition metal spinel ferrites have enhanced the optical and electric properties of PANI to a great extent, making them promising materials for different applications.

Impact of erbium (Er) doping on the structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Cu (Ni0.1Cu0.9Fe2O4) nanoferrites

Rare earth erbium (Er) doped spinel Ni-Cu nanoferrites having chemical composition Ni0.1Cu0.9ErxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025 and 0.030) were prepared by standard citrate-gel auto combustion (CGAC) technique. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of these ferrites. X-ray diffraction spectra clearly revealed that the pure Ni-Cu ferrite shows a tetrahedral distortion due to John Tellar ion (Cu2+) subsequently erbium doping transformed the tetragonal phase in to the cubic spinel phase with minor traces of impurity phase. Using Scherer's equation, the average crystallite size was found to be between 7.39 and 27.78 nm. The average crystallite size (7.39–27.78 nm) obtained from XRD and average grain size (64.84–83.36 nm) measured from FESEM confirmed the nano structure of prepared samples. Energy dispersive analysis X-ray (EDAX) spectra with elemental analysis verified the existence of Ni, Cu, Er, Fe, and O elements without any impurities. Two prominent absorption bands detected in FTIR spectra within the wave number range of 575.54–586.73 cm−1 (υ1) and 370.24–372.53 cm−1 (υ2) indicate the stretching vibrations of Fe3+-O2− complexes in tetrahedral and octahedral sites of spinel structure respectively. TG and DTA techniques were used to analyze the thermal behavior of the composition x = 0.030. It was observed that exhibiting a rapid loss in weight after 900 °C promotes the formation of pure phase nanoferrite. Direct and indirect optical band gap values were computed from UV absorption studies with Tauc plots. The obtained band gap values revealed the semiconducting behavior of the prepared samples. VSM was used to explore the magnetization of samples as a function of field at temperatures of 15 K and 300 K. The maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) was observed for x = 0.030 composition and it was estimated as 31.18 emu/g at 15 K and 26.80 emu/g at 300 K temperatures. The experimental and theoretical values of lattice parameter and room temperature magnetic moment are good agreement with suggested cation distribution.

Influence of neodymium doping in tuning microstructural, optical and magneto-dielectric properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles

The present work reports the successful synthesis of pure and doped nickel ferrite (NFO) nanoparticles by a sol-gel technique using nitrates salts as precursors. A systematic investigation is done to study the impact of rare earth Neodymium (Nd) doping for modulating the microstructural, optical, electrical and magnetodielectric properties of NFO. Shifting of diffraction peaks towards higher glancing angles by Nd doping is confirmed through X-ray analysis. The Nelson-Riley extrapolation method evaluates the average value of lattice parameters. Scanning electron microscopy confirms noticeable morphological changes in doped NFO. Polycrystallinity arising in higher doping concentrations is visualized from transmission electron microscopy. Uv–visible spectroscopy demonstrates the redshift phenomenon in Nd-doped NFO due to the shrinkage of the band structure. Electric modulus and impedance studies show a higher frequency shift of relaxation peaks for doped samples. The enhancement of magnetodielectric response and the operational frequency is achieved with the effect of Nd ions doping.

Synthesis, Characterizations and Magnetic Properties of Ce-Al Co-Doped Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles

Here, we report the synthesis, characterizations and magnetic properties of Ce-Al co-doped nickel ferrite. The samples of pure nickel ferrite ( NiFe2O4 ) and Ce-Al doped nickel ferrite (NiFe1.96Ce0.02Al0.02O4 ) were prepared in nanocrystalline form using sol-gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction technique was employed to know the phase purity and for the determination of structural properties. Examination of XRD pattern shows the presence of those reflections which belongs to cubic spinel structure indicating the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice constant, X-ray density and other structural parameters were determined from the XRD data and the influence of Al-Ce doping is studied. It is observed from structural studies that the lattice constant and other structural parameters increased. as compared to pure nickel ferrite. The magnetic properties were studied at room temperature using pulsed field hysteresis loop technique. The M-H plot show typical ferrimagnetic behaviour from which the values of saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence magnetization were obtained. The magnetic data suggests that, Al-Ce co-doping strongly influences the magnetic properties also. The doping of Ce-Al in nickel ferrite leads to canted spin structure. The observed magnetic bahaviour of Ce-Al doped nickel ferrite is explained on the basis of Neel’s and Yafet-Kittel model.

Fabrication of Copper Ferrite Thin Films Using Spray-Pyrolysis Technique and their Structural Characterizations

In the present work, pure copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) thin film has been grown on clean glass substrate by using the spray pyrolysis deposition technique. All the necessary parameters were optimized before the deposition. The deposited thin film was annealed at 500°C for 4 h and then cooled to room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to study the phase purity and crystal structure of the sample formed on the thin film. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice constant and other structural parameters calculated from XRD data are in good agreement with the reported data.

Structural, Magnetic, and AC Measurements of Nanoferrites/Graphene Composites.

As a contribution to the graphene-based nanoferrite composites, this article is intended to present Mn, Co, and Co-Mn nanoferrites for the preparation and investigation of such samples. Nanoparticles of Co ferrite, Mn ferrite, and Co-Mn ferrite were chemically synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The composites of ferrite/graphene were made by incorporating weight ratios of 25% graphene to 75% ferrite. Various structural and characterizing investigations of ferrite samples and ferrite/graphene composites were performed, including XRD, EDX, SEM, VSM hysteresis loops, AC conductivity, and dielectric behavior. The investigations ensured the formation of the intended nanoferrite powders, each having a single-phase crystal structure with no undesired phases or elements. All samples exhibit a soft magnetic behavior. They show a semiconducting behavior of AC electrical conductivity as well. This was proved by the temperature dependence of the AC’s electrical conductivity. Whereas the dielectric function and loss tangent show an expected, well-explained behavior, the ferrite/graphene composite samples have lower saturation magnetization values, lower AC conductivity, and dielectric constant values than the pure ferrites but still have the same behavior trends as those of the pure ferrites. The values obtained may represent steps on developing new materials for expected applications, such as manufacturing supercapacitors and/or improved battery electrodes.

Magnesium and yttrium doped superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic and microwave applications

Magnesium and yttrium doped manganese ferrite nanoparticles based on chemical formula MgxMn1-xYxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) have been prepared by chemical coprecipitation technique and calcined to 600 °C. Thereafter, structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and dielectric investigations were performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggests that the grown composition is cubic spinel. Parameters like crystallite size, lattice parameter, unit cell volume and theoretical density were determined. The crystallite size has been found to decrease from 47 nm to 37 nm for x = 0.0–0.15 respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) has been used to investigate the morphology and elemental analysis. The optical band gap calculated using Kubelk-Munk (K-M) method increases from 1.84 eV for x = 0 to 2.35 eV for x = 0.15. The spin characteristics investigated through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy gives various parameters like g-value, resonance field (Hr), peak to peak line width (Hpp) and relaxation time (τ2). The value of g is determined and comes out to be 2.086, 2.047, 2.043 and 2.039 for x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 respectively. The hysteresis curves obtained using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) shows ferrimagnetic behavior of composition. Saturation magnetization (Ms), retentivity (Mr), coercivity (Hc), remenance ratio (Mr/Ms), anisotropy constant (K1) and Bohr magneton number (n) were determined. The value of saturation magnetization decreases from 18.12 emu/g to 7.4 emu/g when the doping concentration increases from x = 0.0 to 0.15. Mr and Hc values are small representing the superparamagnetism. Mr/Ms suggests the single domain structure. The dielectric constant shows frequency dispersion which is typical in spinel ferrites. The value of dielectric constant is high in pure manganese ferrite and decreases with increase in Mg2+ and Y3+ content e.g., at 2.5 kHz the value of dielectric constant is 62 for x = 0.0 and 22 for x = 0.15.

Eco-friendly synthesis of cobalt-zinc ferrites using quince extract for adsorption and catalytic applications: An approach towards environmental remediation

Cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using environmentally friendly approach with quince extract as a reducing agent. Crystal structure and morphology of the obtained materials were studied by XRD, SEM-EDS, Mössbauer and IR spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles have a cubic spinel structure and crystallite size ranging from 5 to 9 nm. The infrared spectra contain characteristic absorption bands for the MA-O (∼560 cm−1) and MB-O bonds (∼420 cm−1). Force constants were calculated for both tetrahedral and octahedral bonds. As the Co content increases, the force constant for the tetrahedral bond increases and the force constant for the octahedral bond decreases. The obtained ferrite nanoparticles have good magnetization as shown by VSM (in the range from 36 to 67 emu/g). Magnetic nanoparticles CoxZn1-xFe2O4 were also tested for induction heating with electromagnetic field. The sample with x (Co) = 0.4 has the highest specific absorption rate. The synthesized samples were tested as adsorbents using the Congo Red dye as model pollutant. The best adsorbent was pure zinc ferrite with the adsorption capacity of 24.7 mg/g. The catalytic activity of the obtained ferrites for the decomposition of H2O2 was studied as well. The most active catalyst was pure cobalt ferrite. Probably, the active centers are octahedral cobalt ions. Thus, the obtained magnetic nanoparticles can be used for the adsorptive removal of pollutants, catalytic decomposition of the H2O2 and low-frequency hyperthermia.

First-principles calculations to investigate the structural and electronic properties of BFO through doping of holmium atom(s)

Multiferroic bismuth ferrites and holmium doped bismuth ferrites are simulated using density functional theory and first principles studies are conducted as a preliminary attempt to observe the possible modifications with doping. The unit cell of pure and doped bismuth ferrites and corresponding Brillouin zones are simulated. Band structure and density of states are computed using CASTEP and DMol3 analysis. The smaller band gap and shifting in density states are noticed with the influence of holmium addition in Bi-site, along with the transition from direct to the indirect bandgap. The tunability of these properties with doping can suggest the application possibilities of BFO in different areas, especially in optical devices, photovoltaics, and photocatalysts.

Influence of sintering temperature on structural, morphological and optical properties of nanocrystalline bismuth ferrite thin films via sol-gel processing

Nanocrystalline thin films of pure bismuth ferrite were synthesized by sol-gel deposition technique on the corning glass substrate. The influence of sintering temperature on microstructure, morphology, and optical parameters has been systematicallystudied. Optimization of sintering temperature for single-phase nanocrystalline bismuth ferrite fabrication was carried out and found to be at 550 °C. X-ray diffraction confirms the presenceof distortedrhombohedral perovskite structure of bismuth ferrite oriented along (hkl) plane of (101).Surface morphology and Root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of the thin films prepared were determined from the micrographs of atomic force microscopy (AFM).Several optical constants viz. bandgap energy, extinction coefficient,Urbach energy, has been determined using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy of the thin films within the range 200 -800 nm. With the increase in sintering temperature, there is a decrease in the optical bandgap of the material which would be essential for the wide range of applications in thin-film solar cells along with optoelectronic devices.

Structural and dielectrical analysis of rare earth doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticle at high frequency

Pure and rare-earth doped Bismuth ferrite (Bi0.85R0.15FeO3 with R = Gd and Sm) were fabricated by a modified sol–gel auto-combustion method. The precursors used were [Bi(NO3)3·5H2O], [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O], [Gd(NO3)3·6H2O] and [Sm (NO3)3·6H2O]. The pure phase rhombohedral bismuth ferrite structure with preferred orientation along (1 1 0) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern after annealing at 550 °C for 2 hrs. The structural and microstructural properties of the samples prepared were investigated by an X-ray diffractometer. Williamson-Hall Plot is used to calculate the crystallite size and microstrain from the XRD data. Dielectric measurements were carried out at room temperature in a wide frequency range ranging from 100 Hz to 1 GHz. The variation of dielectric constant and loss tangent in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 GHz were investigated. The variation of dielectric constant with temperature was also studied at low frequency.

Unveiling the effect of Gd–Co co-substitution in the enrichment of structural and dielectric properties of SrBaMn based magnetic oxide

Nano-crystalline Gd–Co substituted X-type hexagonal ferrites having formula SrBaMn2-xCoxGdyFe28-yO46 (where x = 0–1, y = −0.1) were synthesized employing sol-gel route. X-ray diffraction technique verified the formation of pure phase X-type ferrites for all samples. Crystallite size was reduced from 27.49 to 24.52 nm with Gd–Co concentration, which is favorable for attaining an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio in electronic devices. Lattice constants (a, c), bulk, and X-ray density slightly increased owing to the large ionic radius and density of Gd3+ ions than Fe3+ ions. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy displayed absorption bands in the lower wavenumber range (482-584 cm−1). The higher absorption bands (482-584 cm−1) are due to metal-oxygen vibration octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The influence of Gd–Co on dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, tangent loss, ac conductivity, and Q-value on frequency and composition were investigated in the frequency region of 1 MHz–3 GHz. The incorporation of Gd–Co resulted in the enhancement of dielectric properties of as-prepared X-type materials desired in electromagnetic devices operating at microwave frequencies. Electric modulus analyses indicated the contribution of grain boundary towards resistance.

Modulation of magnetoelectric coupling through systematically engineered spin canting in nickel–zinc ferrite

AbstractA nickel–zinc ferrite system, which is one of the well‐known versatile soft‐ferromagnetic oxides, was investigated in terms of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling at room temperature. Herein, we demonstrated that spin canting is manipulated through a composition‐induced structural transition from an inverse to a normal spinel structure, leading to modulation in the ME coupling. The ME coefficient was maximized at 60 at.% Zn substitution with a value of 0.1 mV/(Oe·cm), denoting ∼70% enhancement compared to that of the pure nickel ferrite. It was revealed that the interspin angle is enhanced along the octahedral site at up to ∼60 at.% Zn substitution, consistent with the composition level at the culmination of the ME coupling, evidenced by X‐ray diffraction profiles and magnetic hysteresis loops combined with density functional theory calculations. Given that this approach is based on a tractable fabrication method, this study is expected to be widely used in modulation of the ME coupling in spinel‐structured oxides.

Multiferroic based microwave devices

Recently, there has been significant interest on the fundamental science and technological applications of complex oxides and multiferroics. Low-power multiferroic have potential to fabricate and characterize frequency tunable, compatible with MMIC Technology, small light-weight for hand-held operation, cost-effective, high-frequency (>10GHz), devices for next generation communication devices and military applications. Multiferroic materials consists of both magnetic and ferroelectric phase and they offer the possibility of magneto-electric (ME) coupling. The purpose of this research is to show strong magnetic field dependent frequency tuning of multiferroics (Nickel doped BFO – BiFe1-xNixO3) based devices over a broad frequency band. We have shown here the magnetic field control of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) field/frequency from C to Ku band frequencies. Nanoparticles of BiFe1-xNixO3 (x=0.025 & 0.05) were prepared by auto combustion method. The XRD study confirms the formation of pure phase Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles. Ferromagnetism of un-doped BFO was enhanced by Ni substitution. Microwave characterization was done in co-planar waveguide (CPW) geometry both in field sweep and frequency sweep mode. BiFe1-xNixO3 nanoparticles were deposited using electrophoretic deposition method (EPD) on top of CPW to do the FMR experiments. The operating frequency of the device was tuned by application of magnetic field (H) over a wide range (5 to 20 GHz) with a field up to 8 kOe.

Removal and recycling of hexavalent chromium from alkaline wastewater via a new ferrite process to produce the valuable chromium ferrite

Current technologies for removal of Cr(VI) are generally fit for acidic wastewater. In this study, a new ferrite process for removal and recycling of Cr(VI) from alkaline wastewater to produce the valuable chromium ferrite has been developed. The results show that this new ferrite method is a one-step process which can be divided into two successive reactions including Cr(VI) reduction to form coprecipitation (Cr0.25Fe0.75(OH)3) and subsequently magnetic conversion of Cr0.25Fe0.75(OH)3 induced by Fe2+ under the same alkaline condition. The total Fe/Cr mole ratio of 5:1 is at least required for the chromium ferrite transformation. Increasing temperature and pH can enhance the interaction of Fe2+ with Cr0.25Fe0.75(OH)3 and further promote the formation of chromium ferrite, while suppressing the generation of nonmagnetic by-product goethite. Almost pure chromium ferrite is formed under proposed optimum conditions (Fe/Cr = 7:1, 65 °C and pH of 9) with Cr(VI) removal ratio around 100%. The Cr(VI) remained in the filtrate can be reduced to 0.01 mg/L which is much lower than the limits concentration for surface water (≤0.05 mg/L). The chromium ferrite product whose molecular formula can be expressed as Cr0.5-xFe2.5+xO4 (where 0 ≤ x < 0.5) presents good magnetic properties and has the potential to be recycled as a useful material.

Structural and magnetic studies of nickel doped barium ferrite via Co-Precipitation method

During this paper, it's projected to synthesize new compound nickel doped barium ferrite (BaNixFe12-xO19) by co-precipitation method of two different ratios (0.5% & 1%) so as to extend the coercivity value that successively will increase the storage medium capability of the nickel doped barium ferrite material. This methodology was accustomed prepare enhanced magnetic sustainable capacity of the compound like nickel doped barium ferrite compound exposed to sintering method of the temperature for pure barium ferrite and nickel doped barium ferrite is 950 °C for 6 h. The two materials combine to create a brand new compound. After the sintering process the final compound is concerned the TGA/DTA and XRD analysis. From XRD, the obtained values are matched with the standard parameters (a = b = 5.86 Å and c = 23.09 Å), so that the compound proven as hexagonal crystal structure. From the beam of X-rays and XPS spectra obtained the structure and separation energy of the sample is measured. The vibratory sample magnetometer measures the magnetic saturation, magnetic remanence, coercivity and Curie temperature of a sample.

Synthesis of pure and lanthanum-doped barium ferrite nanoparticles for efficient removal of toxic pollutants

Treatment of wastewater for reuse is an important strategy undertaken to deal with water scarcity. In this study, pure and La-doped barium ferrites were produced using a facile hydrothermal technique. Lanthanum was doped at 1% and 2% molar ratio and the obtained product was analyzed for further confirmation of crystal structure, optical properties, vibrational properties, and morphology. X-ray powder diffraction pattern confirmed material formation. Bandgap energies were estimated from a Tauc plot. The vibrational properties of the pure and doped samples were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectra. The pure barium ferrite sample showed a spherical agglomerated morphology. The 1% La-doped barium ferrite sample showed reduced agglomeration and the particles were attached together. The 2% La-doped barium ferrite sample showed small nanoballs with no agglomeration on the surface. The transmission electron microscopy images confirmed no agglomeration for the 2% La-BaFe2O4 sample. The M–H loop revealed the ferromagnetic behavior of the pristine and doped samples. The 2% La-BaFe2O4 sample had 24.53 m2/g surface area. The photocatalytic activity was examined employing degrading methylene blue under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. Prepared product showed better efficiency on UV light exposure. The 2% La-doped barium ferrite sample exhibited almost 80% of efficiency under UV light and 85% efficiency under visible light toward toxic pollutants. The sample attained 0.02 min−1 rate constant value. The main advantage of ferrite samples is that the particles can be separated by magnetic methods and the water will be fit for reuse. The sample will be a promising candidate for use in the wastewater treatment.

Transport Properties of Ce-Doped Cd Ferrites CdFe2−xCexO4

Cadmium ferrites belong to normal spinel ferrites, and they exhibit interesting electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The pure and cerium-doped cadmium ferrites CdFe2−xCexO4 (x = 0.0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.5) were synthesized by a chemical co-precipitating technique using sodium hydroxide as a co-precipitating agent. The structures and phase purity of fabricated nanomaterials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size for all the prepared nanomaterials was in the range of 28–46 nm. The lattice constant and unit cell volume were found to decrease with the increasing concentration of Cerium, which was confirmed by the peak shift in the XRD pattern. The X-ray density for all nano ferrites increased with the enhancement of cerium composition. The resistivity of the nanomaterials has random behavior with the enhancement of cerium composition for a temperature, but the value of resistivity at x = 0.125 has the lowest value and at x = 0.375 has the highest value for almost all temperatures. For specific concentrations, a decreasing trend of resistivity of fabricated materials was found with an increment of temperature. The activation energies were also calculated, and it increased for x = 0.125 and then decreased for all the nanomaterials. For the confirmation of the M–O bonds, FTIR analysis of all the nano ferrites was also performed. The analysis shows a higher frequency absorption band in the range of 531.24–534.84 cm−1. This absorption band confirms that metal oxides are formed in all the synthesized nanoparticles.