Punjab Pakistan Research Articles

Implicit Bias in Health Care Providers During Providing Health Care Ser-vices to Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital South Punjab Pakistan

Introduction: Bias means an unreasoned and unfair distortion of judgment in favour of or against a person or thing. It is the evaluation of something or someone that can be positive or negative, and implicit or unconscious bias is when the person is unaware of their evaluation. Unconscious or implicit bias describes associations or attitudes that reflexively alter our perceptions, there by affecting behaviour, interaction, and decision-making Methods: This study qualitative cross-sectional study design is used. Implicit Assessment Tool (IAT) used to assess the age Implicit, Religion Implicit and Skin tone Implicit among nurses. The data was analysed by SPSS version-18 & Microsoft Excel. Out of 100 respondent 23% showed a strong automatic preference for light skin compared to dark skin people in Skin-tone IAT. Results: Out 0f 100 just 2% showed strong automatic preference for dark skin as compared to light skin people. During the Religion IAT out of 100 respondents just 1% nurses showed a strong preference for Judaism compared to Islam. 96.0% showed strong automatic preferences for Islam compared to Judaism. 29 % respondents showed a strong automatic preference for Islam compared to Christianity. While 2% participants showed a strong preference for Christianity compared to Islam. In Age implicit assessment test 30% nurses showed strong automatic preference for young people to old people. Just 1 % nurses showed strong automatic preference for old people compared to young people. 30 % nurses showed moderate level of automatic preferences for young people as compared to old people, while just 2 % have moderate automatic preference for old people as compared to young people. Conclusion: This study concluded that Nurses have a strong automatic preference towards their own religion so that they prefer Muslim patients unconsciously rather than the other religion. This study also reveal that during giving care nurses have strong automatic preference to young people and light skinned people as compared to dark skinned and old people.

Challenges Regarding Access to Higher Education among Rural Women in Punjab Pakistan: Impact & Implication

This study examined the challenges regarding access to higher education among rural women in Punjab, Pakistan, and explored the impacts and implications of these challenges. The study examined the role of socioeconomic factors, family size and distance to educational institutions in shaping access to higher education for rural women. A sample of 384 participants from the region was surveyed using a well-structured questionnaire. The analysis revealed that household income and the perceived difficulty in paying school fees significantly influenced access to higher education with greater financial resources increasing the likelihood of educational opportunities for women. The size of a family has become another factor that affects educational outcomes because there are not enough resources and attention available for girl’s higher education. Moreover, the distance of educational institution from home presented a significant barrier, hindering access to higher education for rural women. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling showed that these factors were important to effect the rural women's ability to attend the institute. The study showed the need for targeted interference and policies to promote higher education and enhance access to higher education for rural women in Punjab, Pakistan.

Determine of Ginger in Punjab Pakistan

This study employs Multiple Linear Regression to analyze factors influencing ginger cultivation in Punjab. Notably, increased availability of newly introduced seeds positively impacts ginger supply. Livestock ownership also correlates with higher ginger production, suggesting household asset programs could aid in addressing supply concerns. However, revenue from non-ginger sources negatively affects supply. This research highlights the need for informed decision-making by farmers, emphasizing the roles of extension agents and stakeholders in providing guidance. The findings underscore the potential of seed distribution and livestock-focused initiatives to enhance ginger production and offer avenues for sustainable agricultural practices.

Detection of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Multan, Punjab Pakistan

Pesticide residues are most frequently found in fruits and vegetables, which are hazardous to human health and may cause serious diseases. However, little information is available on the occurrence of pesticides in fruits and vegetables in Multan, Pakistan. A study was conducted to detect the possible pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables available at the local markets of Multan. A total of 40 fruits and vegetables were selected, and samples were collected from the local market of Multan from 2021 to 2022. Moreover, the samples were analyzed by the multi-residue pesticide scan method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the Central Laboratory MNS University of Agriculture, Multan. The finding of the study showed traces of Carbaryl, Linuron, and phorate which were detected in the samples of pear, lemon, and cabbage. However, this is a matter of concern that pesticide residues are detected in the samples of the market, indicating that extensive efforts are required to reduce the possible health risk of pesticides to consumers due to the residue in fruits and vegetables. It is concluded that pesticide residues should be monitored regularly on national level, and the farming community must educate about improved pesticide safety procedures, particularly the need to adhere to the pre-harvest intervals.

English Language Learners (ELLs) in Urdu Main Stream: Resources for State-Run Secondary Schools in Punjab Province

This research analyzed the materials used to teach English in Punjab province's public secondary schools (Pakistan). The objectives of the study were; 1) to find out the availability of resources in English teaching and 2) to explore the utilization of availing resources in the teaching of English. A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. The study's population consisted of all secondary school teachers responsible for instructing their students in English. A total of 400 secondary school instructors were chosen randomly for the study. The study relied on a questionnaire with 21 questions. In pilot testing, the questionnaire had an overall reliability of 0.83. Based on the findings, few modern resources are useful for English teachers in the classroom. Whiteboards, blackboards, charts, and other visual aids are commonly used in classrooms to teach English. English language teachers in Pakistan's Punjab province need more English language teaching (ELT) materials in their classrooms.

Analysis of Judiciary's Role in Criminal Justice System in Pakistan

The article examines the judiciary's function in Pakistan's Punjab Province's criminal justice system with a focus on the prompt and impartial conduct of trials. The study was carried out in the Faisalabad district, and 104 convicted criminals out of a total of 210 were interviewed using a multistage sample technique. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the judicial system's effectiveness and efficiency in delivering justice and facilitating a smooth legal process. The findings showed that convicts were sentenced in accordance with current legislation and in proportion to the crimes they committed. It also exposed serious flaws in the system, which had trouble effectively managing its workload. The institution had acceptable technical proficiency, but a number of roadblocks made it ineffective. These obstacles included widespread political influence and corruption, a high workload, outdated methods, a lack of expertise, and equipment limitations. A persistent culture of bribery, a lack of educational institutions, and a dearth of programmes for vocational training and rehabilitation were shown to make these obstacles worse. The study's conclusions show that these issues have severely impacted Pakistan's present criminal justice system. A thorough approach to systemic improvements is necessary to ensure that the criminal justice system is effective and capable of efficiently and impartially dispensing justice. It encourages anti-corruption measures, capacity training, significant investment in cutting-edge techniques, and rehabilitation programmes as a means of systemic reform. Keywords: Role of Judiciray, Criminal Justice System, Pakistan, Trial, Legislation, Criminals

Assessment of halotolerant bacterial and fungal consortia for augmentation of wheat in saline soils.

Adaptations of green technologies to counter abiotic stress, including salinity for crops like wheat by using halotolerant microbes, is a promising approach. The current study investigated 17 salt-affected agroecological zones from the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan to explore the potential of indigenous microbial flora, with their multiple biochemical characteristics in addition to plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, for enhanced wheat production in saline areas. Initially, 297 isolated pure bacterial colonies were screened for salt tolerance, biochemical, and PGP traits. Three bacterial strains belonging to Pantoea spp. and Erwinia rhaphontici with possession of multiple characteristics were selected for the development of the halotolerant bacterial consortium. Inoculation of two local wheat varieties, Faisalabad 2008 and Galaxy 2013, with the consortium for in vitro seed germination assay and sand microcosm experiments exhibited significant improvement of selected plant growth parameters like germination percentage and root structure. Two previously reported PGP fungal strains of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viridae were also used as fungal consortium separately for pot experiments and field trials. The pot experiments exhibited a positive correlation of consortia with metabolic viz. catalase, peroxidase, and proline and agronomical parameters including shoot length, dry weight, number of spikes, spike length, and 100 grain weight. To evaluate their performance under natural environmental conditions, field trials were conducted at three salt-affected sites. Agronomical attributes including days of flowering and maturity, flag leaf weight, length and width, shoot length, number of spikes, spike length, spike weight, number of seeds spike-1, 1,000 grain weight, and plot yield indicated the efficiency of these microbes to enhance wheat growth. Concisely, the bacterial consortium showed better performance and Faisalabad 2008 was a more resistant variety as compared to Galaxy 2013. Initial promising results indicate that further extensive research on indigenous microbes might lead to the development of Pakistan's first saline-specific biofertilizers and sustainable eco-friendly agriculture practices.

A COMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS LEARNERS’ PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS IN DISTRACT LAYYAH PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

The key purpose of the current study was to inspect the mathematics teaching and education performs of high schools educators and to recognize the break between present mathematics teaching performs in distract Layyah Punjab Pakistan and the finest teaching performs advocated through literatures. In teaching to understand this purpose, the researcher chosen a samples of 100 high school learners and 100 teachers. The sample of study were taken in two phases. In 1st phase 25 high school males schools and 25 government females schools were designated. Likewise 25 private males’ institutes and 25 females’ private institutes were also designated. 10 learners from every of the sample institutes were designated by mean of methodical random sampling method. The study was quantitative data gathering and examination expired parallel and the results accompaniment every other. The quantitative facts were composed with the help of two surveys tool 1 for learners and the other for educators. The reliability coefficient resulting in a pilot study designated that surveys were dependable sufficient to be used in the full study for data gathering. The outcomes presented a thoughtful gap among present and professed coaching and knowledge performs. It was too originated that educators did not even know what class room performs were recommended in instruction policy documents and the National Mathematics Curriculum. In the survey, it was piercing out that the argument and protest method is extremely used by the educators, though the class room comment exposed that the educators frequently used the drill and practice method. Educators give learners a guide for remembering numerous ideas and then practice it. Though numerous educators have spoken intangible considerate of mathematics, it is missing in class rooms. Problem solving teaching technique is claimed to be the best and operative repetition with the standard stated in Nationwide Curriculum Mathematics (2006), data presented that this repetition is infrequently used in mathematics class rooms. It is decided that Pakistani high school mathematics educators do not usage numerous of the finest mathematics instruction performs recommended in the literature. The study likewise observed that certain of the finest mathematics instruction practices are used in private institutes, which is illustrated in the teacher survey. It was recommended that teachers orientate themselves on the usage of the best mathematics instruction performs in high school class rooms. With the purpose of emerging a profounder conceptual considerate amongst learners. Moreover, educators may be given the chance to progress their individual knowledge and considerate of the best performs for coaching mathematics as recommended in national education policy and curriculum pamphlets. Furthermore, it is recommended that upcoming study may be lead to inspect how pre-service and in-service preparation makes middle school mathematics educators to usage the best performs in coaching mathematics.

Development Expenditure Allocation and District Wise Social Development: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan

In the wake of achieving Sustainable Development Goals, this study sets to investigate the allocation of development expenditures as government policy intervention and its role in the uplifting the social condition in districts of Punjab. The constriction of a comprehensive social development is indexed using principal factor analysis. This study considered panel data for 36 districts of Punjab ranging from 2008 to 2017. Estimates from the panel Random Effect model advocated that the rise in the development expenditures by the Government of Punjab follows U shape relationship with the social condition of the province. This quadratic model helps to estimate district-wise effects of government development intervention on social development and its components via which resource mobilization optimization can be done.

Impact of Service Quality on Business Sustainability: A Mediation-Moderation Prospective

Current study explores the elaborate relationship between customer service quality, customer retention, relationship marketing, and business sustainability of the banking sector. The basic aim of current research is to discover how customer retention mediates the relationship between customer service quality and business sustainability, while also investigating the moderating influence of relationship marketing. A survey questionnaire research strategy was used in this study along with a simple random sampling of 300 banking sector of South Punjab Pakistan. For data analysis, this research used the p-test based on SPSS. By combining theoretical insights with empirical findings, this study contributes to the expanding literature on customer-centric strategies for sustainable business growth. The implications drawn from this research will equip retail businesses with a more holistic understanding of the dynamics that underpin the nexus between customer service quality, customer retention, relationship marketing, and business sustainability. Ultimately, the findings offer practical insights that can guide retail practitioners in optimizing their strategies to not only enhance service quality and customer retention but also to fortify the foundations of their long-term business viability and success.

Stress mitigation by riparian flora in industrial contaminated area of River Chenab Punjab, Pakistan.

Faisalabad is a major industrial area in Pakistan's Punjab province that discharges wastewater into the Chenab River. Industrial effluents in Faisalabad are predicted to pose a significant threat to the riparian vegetation of the Chenab River and nearby vegetation. Heavy metal pollution of plants, water, and soils is one of the biggest problems worldwide that needs to be addressed because heavy metals above normal levels are extremely dangerous to both riparian vegetation and wildlife. The results indicated high levels of pollution in the industrial effluents as well as in the river in terms of salinity, metal toxicity, TSS, TDS, SAR, the acidic and alkaline nature of the industrial effluents, and the spread of industrial effluents up to 15 square kilometres in the Chenab River. Despite the higher pollution, four plants were found at all sites: Calotropis procera, Phyla nodiflora, Eclipta alba and Ranunculus sceleratus. It was found that most of the selected plants were phytoaccumulators, making them best suited to survive in harsh environments such as those with industrial pollution. The Fe concentration in the plant constituents was the highest, along with Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all of which were above the permissible limits of the WHO. The metal transfer factor (MTF) was higher in most of the plants studied, and even exceeded 10 at some severely affected sites. Calotropis procera proved to be the most suitable plant for growth on drainage systems and also at river sites, as it had the highest importance value across all sites and seasons.

Sources and Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in Different Rice Paddies of Punjab and Sindh, Pakistan

Rice is a major cash crop used all over world. The hygroscopic nature of rice kernel with warm and fumic conditions is favorable to enhance the growth and development of toxigenic fungi which produce mycotoxins. This study estimates the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 in different rice paddies collected from twelve regions of the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. All the samples were analyzed for their phenotypic characteristics (appearance, odor, and grain length). Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate AFB1, both before and after applying the steam decontamination procedure to detoxify aflatoxin contamination. Cultural assay was used to find the source of aflatoxin. PDA and SDA agar were used to detect aflatoxin producing fungal species. Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) staining was used for microscopic identification of fungal contaminants. Paddies from most regions appeared yellowish in color and odorless with the exception of Hafizabad, Jhang, Sheikhupura, and Gujarat (in Punjab), where they appeared blackish yellow in color and with a pungent smell. According to the results, 43 (61.42%) samples were detected with aflatoxin B1 out of 70 samples, with an average of 15.86±1.7 ug/kg, before treating with seam. After treatment with steam, 7 (10%) samples were detected with aflatoxin B1, with an average of 2.55±1.51 ug/kg. Most regions showed the presence of P. chrysogenum with the exception of R.Y. Khan, which showed the presence of A. niger. Steam, on average, reduced aflatoxin to 51.42%. The current study indicates that steam is an effective treatment to eradicate aflatoxin at industrial level. New approaches may be explored to target the contaminants in order to ensure food safety.

Gradient-based LASER Land Leveling Increases the Water Use Efficiency, Growth, and Yield of Cotton Crop under Changing Climate

Increasing water shortage has compelled farmers to develop plans for efficient use of water resources. The improvement in water use efficiency at the field level is very important and can redress water scarcity. LASER land leveling is increasing quickly in the world to increase water use efficiency. However, in developing countries, the practice of LASER leveling is to level land or field with zero (0 %) gradient due to unawareness of gradient-based land leveling while a small gradient (e.g., 0.1 %) is usually kept during land leveling in developed countries of the world. But farmers of developing countries are not well, therefore, an experiment was conducted in farmers’ fields covering an area of 3 acres in south Punjab of Pakistan to assess the LASER leveling with a 0 % and 0.05 % grade and general farmer’s practice of leveling. Land leveling with LASER using a 0.05 % gradient considerably decreased the amount of irrigation water and/or enhanced water use efficiency by increasing crop yield followed by LASER leveling with a 0 % gradient. Similarly, with a 0.05 % gradient, bolls per plant and final cotton yield increased considerably followed by a 0 % gradient while minimum bolls per plant and cotton yield were obtained from the farmer’s practice of leveling. LASER land leveling with a 0.05 % gradient resulted in higher net benefit due to increased yield and a considerable decrease in irrigation amount that significantly improved use efficiency. The outcomes suggest that benefits from land leveling with LASER keeping a 0.05 % gradient are significantly higher when compared with 0 % gradient and/or farmers’ practice of leveling.

Level of Adherence to the Gold Strategy Document for the Management of Patients with Acute Exacerbation of COPD in Sahiwal

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its exacerbation are a major cause of pulmonology OPD and emergency visits in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to measure the level of adherence to the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) strategy document in the management of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, in Sahiwal Punjab Pakistan.
 Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised 480 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. It was conducted in the Pulmonology Department DHQ Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal. The treatment given to these patients was compared to treatment guidelines mentioned in the GOLD strategy document for management of acute exacerbation of COPD.
 Results: Out of total 480 patients, 408 (85%) were males. 312 (65%) patients belonged to age group 50-70 years. 100% Gold strategy treatment standards were not followed in any patient. Five out of ten management steps were followed in all cases. While remaining five steps were followed variably.
 Conclusion: Overall adherence to the AECOPD management standards set by GOLD strategy document was not good. Improved physician’s awareness of guidelines and better adherence to treatment standards can improve patient care and outcome.

Impact of Green Human Resource Management on Environmental Performance: the Mediating Role of Green Innovation and Environmental Strategy in Pakistan

With globally increasing recognition of environmental sustainability, now businesses are also acknowledging the requirement of incorporating green practices into their company operation. The study aims in exploring the relation in between the concepts of some sustainability elements such as “green human resource management practices” (GHRMP) and variables like “environmental performances”, with the examination of environmental strategy and green innovation playing as a mediator. The study of GHRMP with respect to its elements such as green recruitment refers to selecting and hiring an employee who has significant knowledge about environmental sustainability. It also consists of an element named green training that refers to teaching and developing a set of skills in employees to take action while protecting the environment within the organization The author specifically examines the connection between them by using the resource-based view theory. They also tested their relationship using the manufacturing firm's ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) theory. A survey questionnaire research strategy was used in this study along with a simple random sampling of 247 managers from large manufacturing firms in Punjab of Pakistan. For data analysis, this research used the p-test based on PLS-SEM. The findings showed that the study elements have a direct and major influence on each other especially the GHRMP and strategic environmental approach complement each other in the presence of the sustainable innovative product by the organization. Additionally, environmental strategy (ES) also partially mediated the influence of sustainable innovative products can be termed green innovation (GI), and it has an impact on environmental performance. The result revealed significant suggestions for legislators and manufacturing industries, to promote environmentally responsible actions, manufacturing goods, plus some production methods through a successful incentive program to increase loyalty. To apply the analysis and apply the study variables in the selected large sample sizes that can also be retested for future research, further research can exclude the novelty and unique issue by replicating the same research in other regions of the world.

English

Camel milk has numerous nutraceutical and therapeutical properties due to camel s desert habitat and grazing habits on wild vegetation. However limited literature was available about the milk composition of camel breeds of south Punjab in Pakistan. The current study aims to depict variations in nutritional aspects of milk among camel breeds of South Punjab Pakistan. The various parameters of milk i.e. physicochemical analysis fatty acids composition protein contents amino acid profiling and mineral concentrations were evaluated and characterized to provide fundamental knowledge to researchers interested in working in its medicinal role. Minerals i.e. Na K Zn and Pb in camel milk were found in considerable concentrations such as 405.94?0.02 204.16?0.10 2.45? 0.02 and 0.25?0.02 ppm accordingly. During physicochemical analysis pH and protein were present in higher amounts. Casein of camel breeds contains higher amounts of amino acids i.e. Leucine (0.25?0.039 %) Lysine (0.12?0.019 %) Aspartic acid (0.18?0.017 %) and Glutamic acid (0.56?0.087 %). Fatty acids were present in significant concentrations in all camel breeds i.e. Butyric acid (0.760?0.012 g/100g) Lauric acid (0.770?0.120 g/100g) Myristic acid (12.420?1.163 g/100g) and Linoleic acid (2.390?0.112 g/100g). Camel milk is less prone to allergies and can be used in dairy-based food products infant milk formulas and medicinal industries.

POWER-DISTANCE & POLITICAL APATHY: SURVEY OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

The culture in Hofstede's work offered a lens through which to view cross-cultural disparities. The model proposes the concept of 'power distance (PD)' as means of understanding the gap between authority and power between governors/leaders and the governed/followers. 'Political apathy' (PA) and alienation are common among citizens who experience high power distance (High-PD). Citizens are more likely to get involved in politics, vote, and take action when there is less of a gap between them and those in the power. The purpose of this research was to quantify the quality of these connection from the perspective of academics at Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab Pakistan. The results of study provide significant information about the existence of the potential relationships between variables which thus help in reaching the desired conclusion. The positive and negative associations between PD and PA and PP are supported by field research. It will be crucial for stakeholders to adapt their strategies and practices in light of the recommendations made in the field study.

Prevalence of Sciatica in Female Tailors

Background: Pain in low back region is the usual problem in general population, and especially common in those population where the majority of people sit. Prolonged sitting position or poor body ergonomics are the main source of developing low back pain and Sciatic nerve tightness, which can progress to sciatica. Adolescents and younger people are more likely to adopt poor posture and body ergonomics, which leads to sciatic nerve tightness. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sciatica among female tailors. Objective: To evaluate Sciatica in female tailors in Jhelum, Punjab Pakistan. Methodology: With a sample size of 318, a cross-sectional study was conducted on female tailors of District Jhelum. This study was done from March-June 2022 to September 2022 by using a non-probability convenient sampling technique, by selecting a female tailors of Jhelum, Punjab, who were between 18-60 years age, having work experience of at-least 1 year , who takes 1-2 times break , using a sitting /standing sewing machine for a long duration of time while a female tailors who having a history of lower limb surgery. Data were collected by using a self-created questionnaire with a reliability of 0.661, which was calculated after a pilot study considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were screened and asked for consult to participate in study. SLR test and VAS scale were used to assess the sciatica and pain in female tailors respectively. Results: About 318 participants took part in the study, with the primary findings indicating that Sciatic nerve tightness were found in 162(50.9percent) of tailors who had a positive diagnostic test (SLR test). Other respondents were found to have negative test results, indicating that they did not match the selection criteria. Practical Implication: It can be controlled by reducing risk factors of sciatica and to raise knowledge about low back pain and sciatica, so that people can avoid and protect them from low back pain and sciatica. Conclusion(s): It is concluded that female tailors are more prone to develop sciatica who are obese, work for long duration in sitting position. It can be controlled by reducing risk factors of sciatica and to raise knowledge about low back pain and sciatica, so that people can avoid and protect them from low back pain and sciatica. Keywords: Prevalence, Sciatica, SLR, Low Back Pain, Musculoskeletal Disease, VAS Scale.

Micronutrient Indexing of Soils Located in Attock District of Pakistan: A Guide to Replenish the Nutrient Deficiency

The agricultural land of Attock district falls in Pothwar area of the Punjab Pakistan which is mostly rainfed (barani) and agriculture in the area depends on rainfall which is erratic and scanty. Therefore, soil health becomes more crucial for crop growth while application of micronutrients is negligible in this area. During the years from 2016 to2018, 15,337 soil samples were collected from the district Attack to determine micronutrient status of the soil. These soil samples were analyzed for Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Manganse (Mn) using DTPA extraction method while dilute HCl method for Boron (B). The results indicated that nutrient index value of plant available Zn was in the marginal category (1.84) with 30.7% soil samples falling in low, 54.1% in marginal and 15.2% in adequate category. Nutrient index value of plant available Cu was in the adequate category (2.18) with 16.9 % soil samples in low, 47.9% in marginal and 35.2% in adequate category. Nutrient index value of plant available Fe was 1.46 (low) where 76.8% soil samples were found to be low and 23.2% adequate. Nutrient index value of plant available Mn was 1.11 (very low) where 89.3% soil samples were low, 9.9% marginal and only 0.8% adequate. Nutrient index value of plant available B was also in very low category (1.25) with 74.2% soil samples low and 25.8% marginal. The results indicated depletion and low concentration of micronutrient in most soil of Attock district which ultimately urges the use of balanced fertilizer for higher crop yield.

IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION TO IMPROVE TEACHER PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AT INDONESIAN AND PAKISTANI SCHOOL

Educational supervision should be conducted for various reasons one of them is to improve teachers’ perfomance as well as to improve students’ learning and quality of education. This is a comparative study of Indonesian and Pakistani school; Madrasah Ummul Quro At-Tarbawiyah Indonesia and Dar-e-Arqam School Bawalpur Punjab Pakistan. There are three research focuses, namely (1) how is the educational supervision implemented in those schools? (2) how effective is the implemenetation of educational supervision in those schools? (3) what are the problems and solutions of the implementation of the educational supervision. This study adopted a descriptive qualitative approach with interviews, observation and documentation as data collection. The results show that the director of Madrasah at Madrasah Ummul Quro At-Tarbawiyah Indonesia implemented educational supervision by using group technique through 3 activities- a monthly meetings, weekly meetings and trainings. through these forms of activity, the results are obtained in the form of positive changes from the teachers which also indirectly affect the effectiveness of the learning activities carried out so as to obtain optimal results through students’ achievements. The obstacles faced are related to the teacher's internal condition so that the alternative is by giving summons, providing motivation, and the final action is in the form of teacher transfers. Menwhile, in Dar-e-Arqam School Pakistan, head office monitoring visits implemented the supervision by monitoring visit and training session (physical and online), reports, and performance conducted monthly and in the end of semester. The head office then made the decision and guidelline for the improvement.