Punishment Of Crime Research Articles

2023년 헌법 중요 판례 평석 (Ⅰ)

This paper analyzed the meaning and content of major decisions on normative control among the Constitutional Court decisions made in 2023.
 The Constitutional Court made a constitutional decision on the provisions of the former School Violence Prevention Act, which stipulated a written apology as one of the principal's actions against the perpetrators of school violence.
 In a unanimous decision, the Constitutional Court ruled unconstitutional against the provisions of the 'Special Cases Act on the Punishment of Sexual Violence Crimes', which required life imprisonment or more than 7 years of imprisonment for the crime of forced assault on a residence. The above provisions were contrary to the principle of proportionality between responsibility and punishment.
 In addition, with a 4:5 opinion, the Constitutional Court sentenced a constitutional decision on the provisions of the former Act on Special Cases concerning the Punishment of Domestic Violence Crimes, etc., which did not stipulate the prohibition of access using mail in the victim protection order.
 In the opinion of judges 6:3, the Constitutional Court ruled that the provisions of the Immigration Control Act, which allowed the protection of those who were ordered to deport but did not establish an upper limit on the period of protection, violate the principle of excess prohibition and due process, violating the freedom of the body, and were not in accordance with the Constitution.
 The Constitutional Court recently ruled against the constitutional inconsistency with the consensus of all the judges on the former Act on Assembly and Protests, which bans rallies near the official residence of the National Assembly and punishes those who host rallies in violation of them, and the Public Official Election Act, which prohibits anyone from spraying printed materials or installing wreaths to affect the election from 180 days before the election day.

피의자·피고인 신상공개 여부 결정에 대한 불복절차

「Act on special cases concerning the punishment of specific violent crimes」 didn’t have no provision on the appeal procedure against decision on the disclosure of suspects identity. According to precedents, the suspect can file an administrative litigation against an identity disclosure decision. This situation is the same under the 「Act on the disclosure of suspect’s identity concerning specific serious crimes」. However, the 「Act on the disclosure of suspects identity concerning specific serious crimes」 expanded the application scope of the institution of disclosure of suspects identity. Therefore, Appeal procedure against decision on the disclosure of suspects identity can be crucial in future. In this light, this article examines problems of the current appeal procedure against decision on the disclosure of suspects identity and suggests improvement methods after comparative law research.
 Disclosure decision of a public prosecutor or a judicial police officer is an administrative disposition of investigative agency during investigation phase. Therefore, it has rationality that the criminal court has jurisdiction over the appeal against an disclosure decision. Furthermore, in order that an determinate judicial ruling can be made quickly quasi-appeal procedure is appropriate for the appeal process against suspect’s identity disclosure decision.

Comparing Attitudes toward Sexual Consent between Japan and Canada

Japanese and Canadian laws regarding sexual assault vary in the degree to which they incorporate the concept of sexual consent, with Japanese law being less consent-oriented than Canadian law. Although the Japanese law has incorporated the concept of sexual consent in the 2023 amendment, the public understanding of the concept is still limited. Reflecting such difference, it could be expected that the general public in both countries also differ in their perceptions and attitudes regarding punishment of sexual crime and sexual consent. The present study aimed to test these expectations and further examine the mediational mechanism that explains the national difference between Japan and Canada. The data from 1125 Japanese and 1125 Canadian respondents showed that Japanese respondents were less likely to perceive the imposition of punishment on an alleged perpetrator described in scenarios as appropriate. In contrast, the difference in the perceived victim’s consent was significant only in three out of seven scenarios. The relation between nations (Japan vs. Canada) and perceived appropriateness of punishment was mediated by the perceived victim’s consent.

Assessing the impact and implications of the revised Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes in preventing child traffic injuries in school zones in Korea: an interrupted time series analysis.

In 2019, a child's death in Korea led to legislation that imposed stricter penalties for school zone traffic violations. We assessed the impact of that legislation using 2017-2022 Traffic Accident Analysis System data. Adjusted analyses revealed a significant decline in severe injuries in school zones, decreasing from 11 cases to 8 cases per month (p=0.017). The legislation correlated with a reduced risk of all child traffic injuries (risk ratio, 0.987; 95% confidence interval, 0.977 to 0.997; p=0.002), indicating its efficacy in curbing accidents.

Thinking Palestine, Decolonization and Abolition in Ethnic Studies

What does it mean to produce and engage in liberatory scholarship and teaching pedagogy on Palestine, given the extant forms of policing, surveillance and censorship that continue to target scholars of Palestine within the US academy? Why do these forms of repression appear even within a field of study—ethnic studies—that grew from emancipatory radical student movements seeking to dismantle (settler) colonial and white-supremacist hegemony in scholarship and teaching pedagogy? And how might we, as scholars engaged in the radical work and theory of abolition and decolonization, protect the field of ethnic studies from a mutilation of the pedagogical structure that such repression seeks to accomplish? To be clear about these terms, by abolition, I mean the insurgent praxis of Black rebellion that sought to abolish not only the system of but the foundational logics of racial-chattel-slavery. This insurgent praxis was not only sustained but renewed following the passage of the 13th amendment which abolished slavery except for as a punishment for crime. Since then, abolition continues to forcefully recreate itself as an ethos, school of thought, praxis, and movement, that redefines Blackness, and Black being against white-supremacist state violence codified in multiple liberal and neoliberal reconfigurations. In the contemporary moment abolitionist praxis seeks a dismantlement of the prison-industrial-complex and carceral logic that animates racist-state violence: policing, extrajudicial killing, racial surveillance and captivity of Black bodies (Browne 2015). But abolition also allows for and invites rebellion among all those whose lives are threatened by the white-being character of the state and its carceral logic and structure as well. This carceral logic extends to structures of regulated exclusion, taking form for example in the erection of carceral borders and border regimes to keep refugees and migrants out or contained, and the counter-insurgent war against knowledge curators, artists, and activists that question the fundamental coloniality and whiteness of the US state. I recognize true decolonization as that which has always been an abolitionist worldview and practice as well. Decolonization seeks not only to undue structures and ideologies of coloniality but to foreground Indigenous ways of being, knowing, and understanding in its place. When I refer to decolonization however, I am not referring only to an epistemic, psychological, or discursive project—I quite literally believe in the rematriation of stolen Indigenous lands to its stewards. By speaking and practising decolonization within, to, and against the academy and university, I am concerned with how our work within this space enables this rematriation. Within this framework, I offer this review of Sherene Razack’s Nothing Has to Make Sense (2022), Saree Makdisi’s Tolerance is a Wasteland (2022) and Lara Sheehi and Stephen Sheehi’s Psychoanalysis Under Occupation (2022) to explore partial causality for the institutionalized repression and absence of Palestinian studies within the field of ethnic studies as an institutional project. I propose that these three texts, when read in conversation with one another and alongside the rich tradition of decolonial and abolitionist thought and practice, offer important insights relevant to protecting the radical potential of the ethnic studies project from Zionist liberal co-optation.

Using Latent Class Analysis to Produce a Typology of Korean Stalking Based on Court Judgments

This study was carried out to develop guidelines for more appropriate interventions for people who stalk following the enforcement of the Stalking Crime Punishment Act. By content analysis, 407 cases of the first trial judgment data from the start of the stalking punishment law application were collected and substituted with categorical data. Three types of stalking persons—Aggressors, Indirect Contactors, and Approachers—were created by latent class analysis. Notable distinctions emerged among these types, encompassing criminal history, mental health, online sexual crimes, and the frequency of contact. For instance, Aggressors were individuals who displayed aggressive behaviors most frequently; Indirect Contactors engaged in online sexual harassment against victims; and Approachers approached victims without mutual agreement. Therefore, considering these findings would hold great significance when approaching individuals who engage in stalking with a more comprehensive understanding. This approach aims to provide insights to enhance criminal responses and practices in South Korea.

In Absentia Data Bahasa dalam Kejahatan Berbahasa Putusan Mahkamah Agung: Kajian Linguistik Forensik

Violation of language norms committed by an individual can result in sanctions or punishment. The penalties imposed in cases of hate speech may include fines or imprisonment. In the case of Bahar bin Smith and Yulianus Paonganan, there were language violations, particularly in the form of insults, defamation, and tarnishing the reputation of President Joko Widodo. Bahar bin Smith was sentenced to six months and fifteen days, while Yulianus Paonganan was sentenced to one year of imprisonment. Interestingly, in the Supreme Court’s decision regarding Bahar bin Smith’s case, there is no information regarding language violations. This raises questions about how a punishment for language-related crimes can be decided without linguistic evidence. This research is descriptive and qualitative, using a semantic approach to identify forms of hate speech. The linguistic forensic research results highlight the forms, types, and grammatical meanings of hate speech. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that the Supreme Court, in issuing decisions, is not always professional, lacks transparency, and exhibits negligence and carelessness, as evidenced by the issuance of a verdict without linguistic violation evidence.

Responsibility for Offences against Internationally Protected Persons: Contemporary Legal Aspects

The article examines complex legal aspects of the problem of responsibility, when it comes to offences against internationally protected persons (OIPP). The article reveals that, depending on the international legal qualification of the offence, OIPP can be qualified as either an ordinary crime (the one prosecuted under domestic law following the participation of the State in the relevant international conventions the key of which is the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomatic Agents) or an international crime when it is a violent act against the protected person committed in the situation of an armed conflict. The authors argue that notwithstanding the fact that both cases entail individual criminal responsibility of the delinquent, individual criminal responsibility for OIPP as an ordinary crime occurs to the extent in which a State party to a relevant international convention has provided for punishment in its national legislation for the conduct criminalized thereby. At the same time, with regard to OIPP as a war crime, the article highlights that the commission of OIPP engenders the right to exercise universal jurisdiction under customary international law and the obligation to exercise quasiuniversal jurisdiction under the “Geneva law” for the purpose of bringing delinquents to justice. In the meantime, the most controversial issue is the question of international legal responsibility of a State in cases of OIPP. It is argued that such responsibility can arise, when OIPP is a war crime committed by a State agent or a non-State actor effectively controlled by the State, as well as when it fails to undertake necessary measures to ensure personal inviolability of protected persons in violation of diplomatic law, or in situations of the denial of justice.

Dealing with the past and the path to transitional justice: A comparative analysis of South Korea and Albania

AbstractThis article compares the authoritarian regimes of early South Korea and Albania, identifying historical anecdotes of state authoritarianism that resulted in state‐led crimes and human rights violations. It identifies the historical connections between the establishment and maintenance of authoritarian regimes, as well as the consequences of such meticulous upkeep, by comparing and contrasting the efforts made in dealing with the past and lustration, as well as their significance for peace and stability. We compare the South Korean and Albanian cases from these perspectives to find similarities and differences. By comparing two different countries with similar authoritarian pasts, this article analyzes the efforts of both countries towards transitional justice, and unified rhetoric across the political spectrum for lustration and punishment of past crimes, and discovered that when it comes to practice, these laws tend to be unilateral and were strongly challenged in courts and used as political tools against ideological opponents.

Қылмыстық заңнамасы аясында жаза тағайындау

The issue of punishment and its appointment is very relevant both in the country and in other states. Here we are talking about the social consequences that can be achieved in criminal law when imposing and applying punishment to persons found guilty of committing a criminal offense. In recent years, Kazakhstan's criminal policy has been paying more attention to combating serious and especially serious crimes, facilitating criminal liability for less serious and moderate crimes. That is, in the first case, various grounds for the application of punishment for crimes not related to isolation from society are considered, and in the second - the possibility of appropriate impact on convicts of punishments in the form of imprisonment. As already noted, in the article, the authors assess how often types of punishments are considered in criminal sanctions, based on the general grounds for imposing punishment on the guilty person in order to achieve the purpose of punishment. At the same time, the relevance of this issue indicates that there are difficulties in imposing punishment, taking into account aggravating and mitigating circumstances in accordance with criminal law. In the article, the authors provide recommendations on mitigating circumstances. The purpose of the research work is to identify contradictions that arise in law enforcement practice when imposing punishment. The paper uses formal logical, historical and comparative methods.

Қылмыстық заңнамасы аясында жаза тағайындау

The issue of punishment and its appointment is very relevant both in the country and in other states. Here we are talking about the social consequences that can be achieved in criminal law when imposing and applying punishment to persons found guilty of committing a criminal offense. In recent years, Kazakhstan's criminal policy has been paying more attention to combating serious and especially serious crimes, facilitating criminal liability for less serious and moderate crimes. That is, in the first case, various grounds for the application of punishment for crimes not related to isolation from society are considered, and in the second - the possibility of appropriate impact on convicts of punishments in the form of imprisonment. As already noted, in the article, the authors assess how often types of punishments are considered in criminal sanctions, based on the general grounds for imposing punishment on the guilty person in order to achieve the purpose of punishment. At the same time, the relevance of this issue indicates that there are difficulties in imposing punishment, taking into account aggravating and mitigating circumstances in accordance with criminal law. In the article, the authors provide recommendations on mitigating circumstances. The purpose of the research work is to identify contradictions that arise in law enforcement practice when imposing punishment The paper uses formal logical, historical and comparative methods.

범죄피해자 국선변호인 제도 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

Criminal justice procedures have historically been centered on punishment for crimes, and proof and defense of crimes have been key. The ideology of the Criminal Procedure Act, which is the principle of discovery of substantive truth, proper procedure, and prompt trial, was also established in this dimension. However, as the interest in criminal law expanded to the area of recovering criminal damage, many academic theories and legislation for this came to fruition. The need for social support for crime victims is also gaining a lot of support from the international community. The UN adopted the SDGs and suggested equal access to justice as one of the international community's efforts, and recently, “The Kyoto Congress” emphasized the need for compensation and compensation beyond the victim's participation in criminal justice procedures. Legal assistance and assistance from lawyers are essential to enable crime victims to recover to their daily lives. Currently, Korea guarantees this right to victims of crime under a special law. However, the reality is that support for crime victims is insufficient because the types of crimes that can be assisted by lawyers are limited. Therefore, there is a need to expand the scope of crime victims to use the public defender system. Currently, the system stipulated only in the special law should be stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Act, a general corporation, and there should also be legislation for the elderly who are socially vulnerable. In addition, from the beginning of the criminal damage, the effectiveness of the recovery of the damage should be secured with the assistance of a lawyer. In addition, it is necessary to clearly define the role of public defenders who have suffered criminal damage and prepare a plan that enables legal support from the investigation stage to the process of receiving damages. In order to guarantee the defendant's right to defend, the Korean Criminal Procedure Act recognizes various rights and operates a system. If so, it is appropriate to provide the same level of support to victims who have been victimized by the accused. Anyone can unintentionally become a victim of a crime, and the cause of the crime is also in the social environment. If so, the state is obligated to establish a social system so that the daily life, which has been painful due to criminal damage, can be restored to the time before the damage situation. In addition, the prerequisite of such a system is to be able to receive assistance from public defenders.

북한 마약산업의 주요 실행 주체와 생산 시설 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the main actors and production facilities in the North Korean drug industry and their implications. North Korea's drug production and smuggling are known to have started in the 1970s, but this is a long-standing crime since the division of Korea in August 1945 and continues to serve as its traditional source of income. The North Korean authorities' drug crimes have not been cut off, and the “drug business,” which was relatively small until the 1970s, has expanded to an industrial level from the 1980s that continues to this day. Despite the fact that North Korea's drug problem is an old problem, the current situation is known only in a fragmentary manner. Therefore, this paper is a follow-up on the studies dealing with North Korean drug problems from 1945 to the 1980s, with a focus on unveiling the reality of the development of the North Korean drug industry that began to thrive in the 1990s. Moreover, this is a foundational study to better understand North Korea's drug production capacities (technology and scale), networks and patterns, and the ripple effect it has on the Korean Peninsula and the international community. Unlike the typical criminal syndicate, the actors in North Korea's drug industry are workers and special agencies delegated and entrusted with the authority to operate the drug industry by suryong, or the great leader. In other words, these syndicates are actors that carried out operations in espionage, terrorism, weapons, and trade under the suryong dictatorship and were granted additional authority to operate the drug industry. These actors include Kim Jong Il’s younger sister Kim Kyung Hee and her husband, Jang Song Thaek, Office 39, Reconnaissance General Bureau, Ministry of State Security, Military Security Command, and the Second Economic Committee. The production facilities managed by these syndicates include the Ranam Pharmaceutical Factory, the Mannyon Pharmaceutical Factory, the Hungnam Pharmaceutical Factory, the State Academy of Science, espionage agencies, and third-country production facilities. The actors in North Korea's drug industry can be executed, dismissed, purged, expelled, or replaced at any time at the will of the leader. In addition, production facilities are repeatedly closed, restarted, and relocated due to personnel changes or security reasons. In other words, suryong and the North Korean leadership are unlikely to give up the drug industry as long as they generate huge profits even if temporary changes such as replacing intermediate managers, production facilities, and trafficking routes occur like a typical drug cartel. All North Korean officials under the Kim Jong Un dictatorship are also easily crossing the borders of law, morality, and national borders by any means for the sake of serving Kim Jong Un's interests and goals. Looking only at drug crimes led by North Korean authorities, the use of the term “state” itself may not be appropriate for North Korea as it goes beyond “criminal state” or “mafia state.” The reason is that in North Korea, “private” criminal organizations cannot infiltrate the regime on their own, and the leader and the leadership themselves possess criminal characteristics, making it contradictory to be the subject of punishment for drug crimes committed by themselves.

حدود و قصاص میں عورتوں کی گواہی: فقہی آراء کا تجزیہ Women's Testimony in Hadūd and Qisās: An Analysis of Jurisprudential Opinions

This topic explores the evidence of women in Hadūd and Qisās, which are legal concepts in Islamic law. In the judicial system, testimony or eyewitness evidence plays a vital role in solving criminal cases. Hudood refers to punishments prescribed for certain crimes, such as theft, adultery, and alcohol consumption, while Qisās pertains to the principle of retribution or equal punishment for crimes involving bodily harm or murder. The objective of this study is to examine the presence and role of women within these legal frameworks. Through an analysis of Islamic jurisprudence and historical sources, this research aims to provide an overview of the evidence regarding women's involvement in Hadūd and Qisās. By examining legal interpretations and scholarly opinions, this study seeks to shed light on the evidence of women within the context of Hadūd and Qisās. The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the role of women in Islamic legal systems and the potential implications for gender equality and justice. Overall, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evidence of women in Hadūd and Qisās, highlighting the complexities and nuances of their involvement within these legal frameworks.

Concept and content of probation in criminal legislation

This article is dedicated to analyzing the concept and legal nature of probation in Ukrainian criminal legislation. The study focuses on understanding probation as a form of criminal-legal influence that combines elements of punishment and opportunities for rehabilitation for the convicted. Considering the historical context and contemporary realities of criminal legislation, the author examines the evolution of the probation institute, from the release from punishment for minor crimes in the pre-revolutionary period to conditional sentencing and suspension of the sentence in independent Ukraine. Particular attention is given to the changes that occurred following the adoption of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001, which marked a significant expansion of non-custodial punishments and defined new legal frameworks for probation. The article also explores various legal interpretations and scientific approaches to defining the essence of probation, emphasizing its ambiguity and complexity. The article analyzes the concept of «probation» in the context of criminal legislation, taking into account the perspectives of prominent scholars. The author aims to investigate the essence of this term, its object, and the subject of regulation in criminal legislation. It is revealed that the institution of probation in Ukraine developed less intensively compared to Western countries, with its formation commencing with the adoption of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001. The article highlights the stages of the establishment and development of the probationary system in independent Ukraine, emphasizing the transition to a new approach to penalties not associated with imprisonment.
 The study scrutinizes the institution of criminal law in Ukraine - release from punishment and its serving, particularly in the context of conditional releases. Section XII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine examines various forms of release. Special attention is given to conditional releases linked to the fulfillment of specific requirements during the probationary period. The article elucidates the procedure for applying release from punishment with probation, emphasizing the role of the court and the obligations of the convicted individual. It notes that different human rights advocates have different interpretations of the term «probation.»

Преступления, связанные с избирательным процессом в Сирии, Египте и Ираке: сравнительный анализ

This article is aimed at a comparative analysis of the legislation of three countries – Syria, Egypt and Iraq – in the context of criminal liability for crimes related to manipulation in electoral processes, especially in voter reg-istration and compilation of electoral lists. The study uses the method of comparative legal analysis, analyzing the legislation of Syria, Egypt and Iraq regarding crimes related to voter registration. The study is based on a systematic analysis of relevant laws, amendments and regulations defining criminal liability for violations in this area. Comparative analysis allows us to identify significant differences in approaches to criminal liability for crimes related to voter registration in Syria, Egypt and Iraq. In particular, the differences in punishments for such crimes provided for by the laws of each country were revealed. Egyptian legislation demonstrates a strict-er attitude and tougher penalties compared to Syrian and Iraqi, especially with regard to the theft, concealment or destruction of voter data. These results underline the relevance and importance of further developments in the field of election legislation in the region.

Application of Capital Punishment for Narcotics Offenders in the Perspective of Responsive Law

This study employs a normative legal research method, grounded in the Nonet and Selznick theory of responsive law, to examine the implementation of capital punishment for narcotics offenders in Indonesia. Evaluating the punitive measures through the lens of responsiveness to societal goals, participation of vulnerable groups, and legal institutions' balanced response, the research highlights the need for a nuanced approach. Findings indicate that the current use of capital punishment lacks effectiveness and contradicts human rights principles. The study suggests a reassessment, prioritizing rehabilitation and decriminalization for a more humane and sustainable approach to combating narcotics trafficking.
 Highlights: 
 
 The study reevaluates the application of capital punishment for narcotics crimes in Indonesia through the lens of responsive legal principles.
 Findings underscore the ineffectiveness of the current punitive measures and their conflict with human rights norms.
 The research advocates for a reconsideration of the approach, emphasizing rehabilitation and decriminalization to achieve a more humane and sustainable strategy against narcotics trafficking.
 
 Keywords: Capital Punishment, Narcotics Offenses, Responsive Law, Human Rights, Rehabilitation.

The Question of Diplomatic Immunity and Privileges in International Law: The D.S.P Alamieyeseigh Experience

The complex nature of the international system prompted states to adopt treaties, laws and conventions to facilitates peaceful international relations and mutual co-existence hence, this paper examined the relevance of these treaties, laws, rules and conventions especially as it relates to diplomatic immunity and who is qualified to enjoy such diplomatic immunity in contemporary international law. The study observed that elected state governors in Nigeria are entitled to diplomatic immunity as reflected in section 308 of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended. Further findings also revealed that the arrest, detention and trial of D.S.P. Alamieyeseigha in London by the British government violated the provisions of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons including diplomatic agents. Data for the study were drawn from secondary sources while analysis was done descriptively through the qualitative method. In other to strengthen international law and regulate the actions of states and leaders at the global level, state legislatures, national parliaments and agencies of government including the judiciary should be empowered to moderate and check the actions of state governors, president's and other category of political leaders. This will ensure that personal actions and acts are not misrepresented as acts of state/government at all levels.

Ragging: The Psychology and Perspectives of Students from a Medical College in Bangladesh

Medical students have a greater risk of depression than students of other subjects. When ragging is added to an already stressful condition, it severely affects their academic and occupational life. Our objective of the study was to explore the student’s perspective on ragging at a government medical college in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2022 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical College, Faridpur, Bangladesh. A questionnaire regarding the students’ views and experiences of ragging was distributed among the first-to-fifth-year medical students. To encourage honest responses, the complete anonymity of respondents was maintained. Out of 820 students, 748 (91%) participated in the study. Nearly 1 in every 2 students reported being victims of ragging, with a statistically significant gender difference. More than 65% of victims said that they became afraid of the seniors and distanced themselves from them. Indicators of clinical depression were prevalent among the victims. Total 42% of the victims had to seek help from friends or family members, 92% of the students agreed that ragging affects the mental health of juniors, and it should be a punishable crime. The majority (77%) of the students believed that seniors seek revenge by ragging their juniors. Establishing a sense of superiority and gaining influence over political and cultural groups were also influential reasons for ragging. Awareness against ragging, alternative programs for senior-junior respectful interaction, and strict management for the rule breakers should be ensured to discontinue the culture of ragging and to maintain a healthy academic environment. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2023;2(1): 14-21

Mass Incarceration and Its Devastating Effects

This research paper utilizes various sources from Canadian studies and firsthand accounts to identify the issues within penitentiaries and the Canadian criminal justice system. There are numerous pressing issues related to the handling, punishment, and sentencing of crime, many of which stem from racial injustice and underlying societal problems. Inmates endure harsh prison conditions and face barriers when trying to maintain connections with their families and friends. The mental well-being of prisoners is often overlooked, creating an unjust and unfavourable environment for Canadian citizens. The legal system requires reform and improvement to support individuals and promote rehabilitation effectively. Addressing these problems requires focusing on systemic injustices disproportionately affecting minorities and impoverished individuals. Studies have demonstrated that visitation and human contact contribute to law-abiding behaviour in criminals. Therefore, to enhance our criminal justice system, we must address the root causes of crime.